| 1. |
- Pettersson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Paradoxical spaces of feminist resistance : mapping the margin to the masculinist innovation discourse
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:3, s. 323-341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - Various studies indicate that men and certain masculinities are ascribed a normative role in innovation policies and innovation networks. This article aims to analyse which feminist approaches have been used in order to articulate and perform resistance to the hegemonic ‘masculinist’ discourses on innovation, applying the concept of paradoxical space coined by Rose (1993). We specifically focus on Swedish gender and innovation research and development (R&D) projects, as Sweden has been depicted as progressive in the theoretical and practical development of this field.Design/methodology/approach - We analyse feminist approaches used in the ‘margin to the mainstream’ of innovation R&D. The analysis is conducted on research and evaluation – where the authors have been involved as ‘outsiders within’. The empirical material is gathered through literature searches and interviews. Findings - We conclude that three approaches to feminist resistance, outlined by Rose, are used in the analysed material: movements between the centre and margin; reaching beyond representation and definition, and paradoxical spaces used as separatism. A fourth approach – using paradoxical space for recognising differences in terms of, for example, ‘race’, class and sexuality – is mainly lacking in the material, except in a few cases. Our theoretical contribution lies in clarifying and delineating the occurrence of different approaches to the application of a gender perspective on innovation R&D, and in highlighting the implication for gendered innovation discourses in policy, research and practice. Practical implications - Implications based on the analysis include the need for applying different approaches to feminist resistance against the masculinist central discourse on innovation, since different approaches are able to perform resistance against the different aspects of the masculinist discourses. Our findings indicate that policy support and specific calls in the field of gender and innovation are necessary for the development of this field. Further, policy support should enable various approaches to feminist resistance. Originality/value - The article contributes by providing an overview of programs, projects and studies concerning gender and innovation R&D in Sweden – thus delineating the forefront of the scientific and practical field of gender and innovation. It also links feminist theories to practical efforts, identifying different approaches to feminist resistance towards a masculinist central discourse on innovation.
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| 2. |
- Abbasian, Saeid, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the financing gap between native born women- and immigrant women-owned firms at the start-up stage : Empirical evidence from Swedish data
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:2, s. 157-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence which identifies the impact of ethnicity and other relevant variables on external capital acquisition among Swedish women-owned businesses at start-up. Design/methodology/approach: Several methods have been employed to analyze the sample including a binary logistic regression model. The sample consists of 836 women-owned businesses in southeast Sweden; 97 immigrant-owned, 739 native born-owned. Findings: The results indicate that there are partly significant differences between native women-owned firms and immigrant woman-owned businesses at start-up. Unlike the native-owned firms, the immigrant woman-owned businesses rely more on loans from family members and less on bank loans. Practical implications: The results reveal that age has a positive impact on loans from family members, while the additional job outside one's own business, the amount of the owner's personal start-up capital and firm size positively influenced access to capital from banks. The owners' level of education, previous business experience, the legal form taken by the firm and the industry affiliation conversely played no significant role in explaining the women owners' attitudes toward loans from either friends or the bank. Originality/value: To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first empirical investigation addressing this issue in the Swedish context.
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| 3. |
- Achtenhagen, Leona, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Studies on women's entrepreneurship from Nordic countries and beyond
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:1, s. 4-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to recent research on women'sentrepreneurship, focusing on Nordic countries.Design/methodology/approach– The paper encourages research that investigates how context, at the micro, meso and macro level, is related to women's entrepreneurship, and acknowledges that gender is socially constructed.Findings– This paper finds evidence that recent calls for new directions in women's entrepreneurship research are being followed, specifically with regard to how gender is done and how context is related to women's entrepreneurial activities.Originality/value– This paper assesses trends in research on women's entrepreneurship, mainly from the Nordic countries.
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| 4. |
- Achtenhagen, Leona, et al.
(författare)
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With a focus on context - studies on women's entrepreneurship from Nordic countries and beyond : Guest Editorial
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:1, s. 4-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to recent research on women's entrepreneurship, focusing on Nordic countries.Design/methodology/approach– The paper encourages research that investigates how context, at the micro, meso and macro level, is related to women's entrepreneurship, and acknowledges that gender is socially constructed.Findings– This paper finds evidence that recent calls for new directions in women's entrepreneurship research are being followed, specifically with regard to how gender is done and how context is related to women's entrepreneurial activities.Originality/value– This paper assesses trends in research on women's entrepreneurship, mainly from the Nordic countries.
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| 5. |
- Aggestam, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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How women entrepreneurs build embeddedness : a case study approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 9:3, s. 252-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how women entrepreneurs are building embeddedness into male-gendered fields and how they are creating embedding in such fields in practice.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative methodology and three indicative case stories within gastronomic industry are illustrated and analysed.FindingsThe contribution of this study lies in the examination of the multifaceted embedding building process from dis-embedded, marginalised and suppressed position by women entrepreneurs. This was achieved with the help of building embedding through two strategies: sameness, that is, becoming one of the boys and then becoming a challenger, thereby enhancing their professional position.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is subject to limitations; a small sample is not suited for the generalizability of results. The most important implication of this study is the identification of the process of building embeddedness as the most critical resource for women’s entrepreneurship that should be supported by the scholarly and business community.Originality/valueThe theoretical framework developed for this study laid the foundation for developing literature on the embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship and how the process of creating embedding becomes instrumental in business ownership.
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| 6. |
- Ahl, Helene, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Moving forward: Institutional perspectives on gender and entrepreneurship
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 2:1, s. 5-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a re‐directed and purposeful attention to the design of research on gender and entrepreneurship moving forward.Design/methodology/approach – The paper questions the value of more studies on the men v. women binary and encourages research on the institutions supporting the gendered construction.Findings – The paper suggests a re‐framing of gender (to include men, women, femininity, masculinity, etc.) both in topics investigated and in building the cadre of scholars engaged. It asks for discrimination of gender from biological sex in language use and believes that dialogue will be improved if the word “gender” is maintained as a socially constructed phenomenon directed at distinguishing the norms around “what women do” and “what men do”. Researchers, too, must necessarily confront personal pre‐existing ideas and language shaped by the norms and habits of one's upbringing and daily life in societies that are not acute observers of gender in action.Originality/value – The paper assesses trends in research on gender and entrepreneurship and recommends ideas regarding new directions to create better research and application in practice, teaching, and training.
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| 7. |
- Balkmar, Dag, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Masculinity in Scandinavian tech entrepreneurship : male technology entrepreneurs negotiating gender (in)equality
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - Leeds : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Both entrepreneurship and technology are significantly gendered, and when combined in technology entrepreneurship, they make up a fundamentally masculine field. This article investigates men tech entrepreneurs' negotiations of gender and gender (in)equality. The purpose is to gain knowledge on masculinity in tech entrepreneurship and to explore what role this might play in any change towards more gender-equal entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Swedish and Norwegian male tech entrepreneurs in tech incubators. The interviews dealt with gender (in)equality and masculinity in tech entrepreneurship. The data were coded in NVivo and inductively analysed using thematic analysis. We apply a social constructivist understanding of gender.Findings: We categorise the male entrepreneurs' views of gender equality along “privileged”, “paradoxical” and “potential” articulations of gender (in)equality. Building on these articulations, we discuss the potential entrepreneurial men and masculinities could have for changing gender inequality in the Scandinavian tech entrepreneurship context. The findings are applicable to several entrepreneurial contexts.Originality/value: The study contributes to further the theoretical understanding of tech entrepreneurship as a gendered phenomenon, its dynamics and its potential for change, particularly in promoting gender equality in tech entrepreneurship. Empirically, it investigates the perceptions about gender (in)equality and gender as negotiated concepts amongst male tech entrepreneurs.
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| 8. |
- Berggren, Caroline, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Self-employment and field of education understood from current entrepreneurship research
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:3, s. 291-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look at how results from a large-scale study can be understood in the context of contemporary gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – Thisstudyisinspiredbyamixedmethodsmethodology.Togain a qualitative understanding of the general patterns in a large-scale study, research results in articles from the International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship (IJGE) were used. To make such a heterogeneousresearchfieldasappearsinIJGEcomparable,amodelwascreatedthathelpedustofocus our attention when reading the articles. The core of each article was identified. Findings – The categorisation of the articles in IJGE resulted in three perspectives: liberal, functional and structural. The liberal and functional perspectives improved our understanding only partially because these perspectives usually focused on a certain aspect in the society. The structural perspective more readily lent itself for interpretation of our large-scale results. Research limitations/implications – The dissonance between our perspective and the perspective of others has been a challenge; it has been a delicate task. Originality/value – This could be a way to improve communication of research not only within a perspective, but also between perspectives. It is important that scholarly journals provide the possibility to express different perspectives on, as in this example, gender and entrepreneurship. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 9. |
- Billore, Soniya, 1972-
(författare)
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Female immigrant entrepreneurship : Exploring international entrepreneurship through the status of Indian women entrepreneurs in Japan
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 3:1, s. 38-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to explore how entrepreneurial opportunities are used by the rapidly increasing immigrant Indian female population in Japan. Given that a majority of Indian women are housewives and grew up in conservative family backgrounds, this analysis seeks to provide an insight into the situations that aided them and the challenges they faced in their entrepreneurial business ventures far from home.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a case study analysis through a semi‐structured questionnaire designed on the concept of “Life cycle of minority owned businesses” to track enterprise activity from beginning to end.FindingsThe analyses show that although respondents began their stay in Japan as housewives, they shed their image with time, used their talents and diversified into a different role without sacrificing family duties, while also creating employment opportunities for both natives and immigrants. Major hindrances faced due to socio/cultural influences, lack of government initiatives and support facilities were identified.Research limitations/implicationsThe research analysis has been done on three case studies only as most available respondents were in the birth phase of their enterprises. More research is required on issues like capital availability, native employee and ethnic owner relationships, legal challenges and institutional support.Practical implicationsThe paper draws attention to problem areas where changes in governance structure and social acceptance can create a more viable environment for immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan.Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first of its kind that explores and evaluates the status of Indian female immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan. As Indian immigrants in entrepreneurial activities in Japan are increasing every year, the paper can contribute in restructuring opportunity creation and facilitate maximum advantage.
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| 10. |
- Bjursell, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Proactive and reactive plots : Narratives in entrepreneurial identity construction
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 3:3, s. 218-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a new perspective on entrepreneurial identity as a narrative construction, emerging in stories about entering the family business.Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative methodological approach involves an interpretative analysis of transcribed interviews conducted in narrative style with 12 women from Swedish family businesses.Findings – By presenting entrepreneurial identity as a combination of two distinct narratives, the “passive” entrance into the family business is highlighted. The “Pippi Longstocking” narrative illustrates conscious choices, drive and motivation based on an entrepreneurial identification: the proactive plot. The “Alice in Wonderland” narrative on the other hand, illustrates women who happen to become entrepreneurs or business persons because the family business was there: the reactive plot. The contrasting and complementing narratives illustrate ambiguities in the identity process.Practical implications – The authors identified the following opportunities for women in family business: the family business can offer easy access to a career and on-the-job learning opportunities; education in other areas can be useful when learning how to manage and develop the family business; and the family business offers a generous arena for pursuing a career at different life stages. Implications for education as well as for policy makers are also presented.Originality/value – The narratives presented are given metaphorical names with the intention to evoke the reader's reflection and reasoning by analogy, which can lead to new insights. The use of metaphors illustrates multiple layers and ambiguities in identity construction. Metaphors can also create awareness of the researcher as a co-creator of knowledge.
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| 11. |
- Bogren, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Networking women entrepreneurs : fruitful for business growth
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:1, s. 60-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the kinds of contacts and networks women find supportive in their role as business leaders, and which also support their willingness to grow their business. The approach is to investigate the context of women entrepreneurs and the kinds of supporting social networks of which they are part. This is seen in relation to their willingness to grow.Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires were sent to women entrepreneurs in mid-Sweden and mid-Norway, relating to supportive assets and willingness for growth.Findings – The results show: that personal networks are seen as a more supportive asset than business networks; that personal contacts with other entrepreneurs are regarded as valuable; and that women entrepreneurs who are positive towards new networks already have a more heterogenic network than those who do not express this willingness.Practical implications – Without a relational attitude and a willingness to put oneself into a relational interplay, women entrepreneurs will have a hard time succeeding in growing their businesses.Originality/value – This study is unique in three ways: first, it combines different theoretical perspectives, above all a variety of network perspectives seen in an entrepreneurial context. Second, from a huge set of data containing women entrepreneurs, the paper presents valid findings about social network configurations among this group. Third, it introduces the term “willingness”, and discusses the effects related to this and to network expansion and business growth. These dimensions help us to increase the understanding of networking and growth in women-owned enterprises.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Dalborg, Cecilia, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond the numbers: qualitative growth in women's businesses
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 4:3, s. 289-315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the growth of women’s businesses from a qualitative perspective. The paper identifies strategic building blocks for defining a set of different growth platforms. Moreover, we investigate growth ambitions for women inside each identified "type" of growth platform and identify critical motivation variables that can influence the decision to move from growing one business platform to growing another platform.Design/methodology/approach - The results are based on 191 women entrepreneurs. Data was analyzed by coding narrative statements from the survey into overarching themes for business platforms, descriptive frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis techniques.Findings - We discerned five different growth platforms and noticed intrinsic or extrinsic growth ambitions for platform growth. The extrinsic platforms are the most common, but all platforms can be characterized by equally high growth aspirations. Each of the identified platforms is associated with distinct and unique blocks that the women entrepreneurs try to put together and resolve in order to grow their companies. Women entrepreneurs move between the different platforms when the building blocks of previous platforms have been established and secured. Variables such as profits and ownership may explain such transfers of growth ambitionsResearch limitations/implications - While acknowledging the qualitative growth of business platforms, we take an approach that goes against the traditional view of quantitative growth. Originality/value - This study is a response to the lack of research on qualitative growth and women’s entrepreneurship and suggests that the manifested qualitative growth can be in order to secure blocks on different business platforms.
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| 14. |
- Dalborg, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Risk perception matters : why women's passion may not lead to a business start-up
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:1, s. 87-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – This paper aims to explore whether nascent women entrepreneurs perceive more risks than men, and to determine how higher risk perceptions might limit start-up decisions by mediating the potential influence of passion and self-efficacy. Design/methodology/approach – This study surveyed 103 participants in Sweden – both women and men – who, in the period 2008 through 2011, intended to start a business. ANOVA tests and binominal logistic regression models were conducted to test hypothesized framework. Findings – The authors found that nascent women entrepreneurs perceive more risk than nascent male entrepreneurs, that risk perceptions influence start-up decisions and that risk preferences partial out the otherwise identified influence of passion on start-up decisions. Research limitations/implications – The authors reveal a consequence of gender socialization and how it impacts the start-up decisions of nascent women entrepreneurs. Support systems should consider developing activities that change the public's perception of who is an entrepreneur and seek ways to balance risk perceptions between men and women. Originality/value – The authors argue here that risk perceptions play a prominent role in start-up decisions. Specifically, they consider that nascent women entrepreneurs perceive more risks than men, and that their view of risk partials out any potential influence of their perceived passion and self-efficacy on their start-up decision.
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| 15. |
- Dalborg, Cecilia
(författare)
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The life cycle in women-owned businesses : From a qualitative growth perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:2, s. 126-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate women-owned businesses from a life cycle perspective and with a qualitative growth approach. Building on previous research that has identified qualitative growth platforms, this paper takes into account the time aspect and investigates perceived barriers and support needs inside different qualitative growth platforms. Design/methodology/approach – The study took place in Sweden and is based on 191 women entrepreneurs in a first survey and 101 women entrepreneurs in a follow-up questionnaire three years later. Toanswer the research questions, descriptive frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis techniques have been used. Findings – The motivation of growth changes throughout the life cycle, and women entrepreneurs move between different qualitative growth platforms when required building blocks of previous platforms have been established and secured. In this transfer of growth ambition, a significant correlation between business age and intrinsic growth aspiration was identified. Initially, growth is extrinsically motivated and later on in the life cycle, it is intrinsically motivated. In the late life cycle, the motivation is extrinsically motivated again. The results discern barriers to growth that hinder movement from extrinsic to intrinsic business platforms, and the author argues that the transfer of growth ambition from one growing platform to another requires different types of advice and support from the surrounding community. Research limitations/implications – By broadening the view of growth to include both a quantitative and qualitative approach, it is possible to identify a widespread growth ambition in women-owned businesses which experience various barriers and supportive needs. Business programs that encourage exchange of experience among entrepreneurs in various growth platforms might be a way to overcome the perceived barriers. As women's businesses only receive a low proportion of the government funding, they are prevented from developing their growth ambitions. To ensure that all forms of growth are stimulated, different measures are required depending on which stage in their life cycle the women-owned businesses belong to. Originality/value – By considering business growth from a qualitative perspective, barriers and needs that the traditional approach may overlook can be highlighted. For example, growth aspiration in terms of more employees will not be considered until the previously, qualitative growth platforms are established and secured. The support system, however, is designed to only favor growth in terms of employment, which results in difficulties to qualify for financial support.
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| 16. |
- Fogelberg Eriksson, Anna
(författare)
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A gender perspective as trigger and facilitator of innovation
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 6:2, s. 163-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore whether a gender perspective contributes to or functions as a driving force for innovations in organizations. The following questions are addressed: how can a gender perspective generate innovations and what are the conditions that favour innovations driven by a gender perspective?Design/methodology/approach – This study builds on a qualitative case study of an upper secondary school in Sweden, which has been showcased as a good example of gender awareness and gender mainstreaming in schools. Semi-structured interviews with representatives of the school were conducted and documents were analysed.Findings – The gender perspective contributed to innovations by triggering them and supporting the innovative processes, ensuring that the innovations did not stop at essentialist solutions. New ways of performing core processes were developed with the innovative leverage of the gender perspective. The perspective must be actively used and integrated into the core processes if it is to work properly, which was the case in this school.Research limitations/implications – This study indicates the importance of conducting further studies on innovations in the public sector as well as acknowledging gender in innovation studies, not least because this study focuses on a local case in a specific national context.Practical implications – This school exemplifies the use of a gender perspective as a driving force for innovations in organizations. The case points to important organizational conditions for innovation and actual gender-aware innovations.Originality/value – The study expands the understanding of innovation(s) in organizations and elaborates on the gendered dimensions of innovation as both process and product.
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| 17. |
- Foss, Lene, et al.
(författare)
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Creativity and implementations of new ideas : Do organisational structure, work environment and gender matter?
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:3, s. 298-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper uses a combination of organisation theory, gender theory and the work environment to study the generation and implementation of new ideas in organisations. How do employees' perceptions of organisational structure and the work environment affect idea generation and implementation, and how does gender moderate this relationship?Design/methodology/approach: The study develops and tests a structural equation model using data from a survey of a large Norwegian energy corporation. Survey items are measured using five-point scales and show good internal consistency levels. Exploratory factor analyses are used to ensure internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analyses are used to assess the fit of the model. Convergent and discriminant validity tests are also performed. Common method bias and invariance are evaluated across the female and male samples.Findings: The theoretical model had a better fit for the male sample than the female sample, indicating that men's innovations were better captured than women's. The relationship between creativity and implementation is moderated by gender: women's ideas are not implemented to the same degree as men's. Work pressure has a positive effect on creativity; support from colleagues affects both idea generation and implementation, though support from managers does not.Research limitations/implications: The study has the usual limitations of cross-sectional surveys. The findings confirm that the two phases of the innovation process (idea generation and implementation) depend on similar intrinsic motivational factors in the work environment. However, implementing ideas also depends on decision-making authority.Practical implications: Managers should be aware of how to increase innovative potential among employees. Employees should be given decision-making authority and work in an environment with supportive colleagues. The gendered findings in the study indicate that more attention should be paid to women's innovations in male-dominated corporations.Originality/value: The study integrates research from disciplines that traditionally do not communicate into one theoretical framework to explore the conditions for employee-driven innovation. The findings highlight the need for developing gender-neutral innovation measures and understanding context-embedding innovation processes.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Foss, Lene
(författare)
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Research on entrepreneur networks : The case for a constructionist feminist theory perspective
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 2:1, s. 83-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The paper aims to clarify how a gendered analysis of entrepreneurial networks may benefit by the use of a constructionist (post-structuralist) perspective.Design/methodology/approach – The paper makes use of a discourse analysis: first, the paper reviews a selection of empirical research articles from 1980 to 2008 on gender and networks in entrepreneurship research in order to convey the main research question, the hypotheses, the methodology and the main findings. Second, the paper identifies in a broader literature the hegemonic statements that characterize the discourse of gender and networks.Findings – The main findings of the studies reviewed is that there are no major differences in the networks of female and male entrepreneurs. Research on the significance of gender for entrepreneurial success indicates that there is probably more variation within than between sex categories with regard to network activities. This may be an indication that empiricist feminism and standpoint feminism have outplayed their role as approaches to the study of gender and networks in entrepreneurial settings. The discourse analysis reveals five hegemonic statements: entrepreneurs use social networks strategically, women are disadvantaged compared to men and therefore cannot network effectively, weak ties are the source of men's success; strong ties are women's drawback and, finally, women are inherently relational.Research limitations/implications – Methodologically, the current status of research on networks, gender and entrepreneurship demonstrates that most of the knowledge is gained through cross-sectional surveys. Typically, the majority of studies on entrepreneurship, due to the methods chosen, does not allow for first-hand, real and authentic experiences of entrepreneurial lives. Acknowledging the presence of the speaker can be done in various ways. Entrepreneurs may reveal their thoughts, their experience and reflections only if the relationship between the researcher and the researched is symmetrical. Narrative approaches are suggested in order to “tap” the voice – and thus the stories – of the acting entrepreneurs.Practical implications – Theoretically, the discourse is limited by the lack of an explicit “gendered” perspective. The analysis of the texts reveals an implicit empiricist feminist approach, resulting in networks and entrepreneurship as well as gender and networks being portrayed in a very special and limited way.Originality/value – The findings of the discursive approach to research texts on gender and entrepreneurial networks, is that the discourse is limited with regard to both theory and method. This paper has shown that the discourse in the research field is limited, and that the field needs to be challenged by other disciplinary procedures regulating what counts as knowledge.
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| 20. |
- Fältholm, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Gender diversity and innovation in mining : corpus-baseddiscourse analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 9:4, s. 359-376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this study is to gain increased knowledge about gender diversity and innovation in mining by analyzing how women are discursively represented in relation to these two concepts, and in doing so establish how diversity management is received and communicated in the industry.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on analysis of texts including references to gender diversity and innovation in mining found on the web. The tool used to retrieve the data has been WebCorpLive, a tool designed for linguistic analysis of web material.FindingsAlthough increased female representation is communicated as a key component in the diversity management discourse, based on the idea that diversity increases innovation and creativity, closer analysis of texts on diversity and innovation in mining shows that what women are expected to contribute with has little explicit connection with innovation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes with increased knowledge about diversity management by providing an example of how it is received in a traditionally male-dominated industry.Practical implicationsOur findings indicate that for diversity management to have a real effect in mining, it needs to be based on gender equality and social justice motives, rather than on a business case rationale – the principal motive today. To enable this change stereotypical gender patterns, as shown in this study, need to be made visible and problematized among policy makers, practitioners and actors on all levels of the industry.Originality/valueThe study contributes with new knowledge about gender in the mining industry previously not attended to by using a method which so far has been sparsely used in discourse analysis, although pointed out as promising.
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| 21. |
- Gashi Nulleshi, Shqipe, et al.
(författare)
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Gender roles or gendered goals? Women's return to rural family business
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 15:1, s. 44-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper aims to add to the theorization of the gender dynamic in rural areas by investigating the motives of women who join their family firm (or their spouse's family firm) and thereby defy the demographic trend of rural flight. The context of this study is the depopulation of rural areas with the closing of basic services and relocation of the younger population, and educated women in particular, to urban areas. Consequently, rural family businesses risk failing to find successors and suffering forced closure or relocation. The empirical site of the study is rural family firms in Sweden, a context characterized by a high level of gender equality in legislation and culture but gender-conservative business structures in rural regions.Design/methodology/approach: The empirical case in this paper builds on a qualitative study of nine (9) life course narratives of women entrepreneurs in a rural region of Southern Sweden who have returned to rural areas to join their family business. The authors follow the view established by gender scholars that women are active agents in navigating their lives, and their life story narratives offer insight into the considerations that inform their choice to stay or return to rural locations. In Sweden, the setting for the study, gender equality is widely supported by legislation, policy and institutional frameworks and popular understanding of gender relations. In contrast to the gender-progressive policies of Sweden at large, women's entrepreneurship in rural regions of Sweden tends to follow traditional gender hierarchies and face similar constraints as in rural areas of other countries. The juxtaposition of these competing sets of ideals makes Sweden an important and interesting place to study and draw insights from the experiences of women entrepreneurs.Findings: The findings reveal that women who choose to join rural family firms view them primarily in a positive light and see this choice as aligned with their need for professional flexibility and assertiveness, rewarding relationships, and a calm, secure, well-balanced life. Theoretically, the study implies that women choosing to engage in rural family firms seek non-material benefits, such as work–life balance and social support, and may be driven in part by a sense of psychological ownership that extends to the rural community.Originality/value: The findings provide novel insights on women as active agents in navigating their lives and the intrinsic (e.g. alignment of personal values) and extrinsic (e.g. community support) motives that inform their decisions. The study also raises questions regarding how women perceive themselves as “fitting in” to rural settings and to what extent the sense of security within these settings that the women describe may be contingent upon factors such as their families' embeddedness within the community as well as their conformity to the local social norms.
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| 22. |
- Gherardi, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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Daughters taking over the family business : Their justification work within a dual regime of engagement
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 8:1, s. 28-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - This paper aims to explore gender and legitimacy in family business succession. Design/methodology/approach - Within the theoretical framework of French pragmatic sociology, the authors conceptualise the family business as the locus where two regimes of engagement are present, generating the co-presence of two orders of worth, namely the domestic and the industrial. Taking a processual approach to entrepreneuring, and using case studies of small enterprises in Italy, this paper explores the case of daughters taking over the family firms. Findings - The paper shows how the daughters' perceived gender inequality in the succession process is justified and how the justification work and the production of legitimacy are accomplished, shifting from one order of worth to the other. Originality/value - The value of the contribution consists in pointing to how gender inequality is reproduced and justified inside the family business. The dual regime of engagement is what justifies the reproduction of a specific gender regime within the family business. Moreover, the paper adds a "gender" perspective to French pragmatist sociology.
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| 23. |
- Hashim, Sumaya, et al.
(författare)
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An exploration of women entrepreneurs “doing context” in family business in the Gulf States
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Drawing on indigenous theory of Ibn Khaldun, the rise and fall of States, this paper explores the agency of women entrepreneurs in family business in Bahrain and the underlying enablers in supporting and facilitating the exercise of this agency. This study attempts to move beyond the Western-centric studies to reflect and bring to light the unique institutional settings of the Gulf States. Design/methodology/approach: The research builds on a rich qualitative single case of a family business based in Bahrain. The single case study methodology was motivated by the potential for generating rich contextual insights. Such an approach is particularly valuable to gain a more holistic and deeper understanding of the contextualized phenomenon and its complexity. Findings: In this study the authors show how women entrepreneurs take two different paths to enter and become involved in the family business, the barriers they are subjected to and the active role they play in dismantling the challenges to the extent that they become the main mediators between the family business and central institutions in society. Originality/value: By incorporating indigenous theory with Western family business concepts, the study extends existing understanding of women entrepreneurs in family business by underscoring the agency that women entrepreneurs have in “doing context” and the role that women play in strengthening common cause and destiny within the family and the business by building and drawing on different forms of loyalty.
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| 24. |
- Henry, C., et al.
(författare)
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Women’s entrepreneurship policy : a 13 nation cross-country comparison
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 9:3, s. 206-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Government attention to women’s entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades; however, there are few cross-cultural studies to inform policy development. This paper aims to draw on gender and institutional theory to report on the status of female-focused small and medium-sized enterprises/entrepreneurship policies and to ask how – and to what extent – do women’s entrepreneurship policies differ among countries?Design/methodology/approach: A common methodological approach is used to identify gaps in the policy-practice nexus.Findings: The study highlights countries where policy is weak but practice is strong, and vice versa.Research limitations/implications: The study’s data were restricted to policy documents and observations of practices and initiatives on the ground.Practical implications: The findings have implications for policy makers in respect of support for women’s entrepreneurship. Recommendations for future research are advanced.Originality/value: The paper contributes to extant knowledge and understanding about entrepreneurship policy, specifically in relation to women’s entrepreneurship. It is also one of the few studies to use a common methodological approach to explore and compare women’s entrepreneurship policies in 13 countries.
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| 25. |
- Holmquist, Carin, et al.
(författare)
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Is there a place for gender questions in studies on entrepreneurship, or for entrepreneurship questions in gender studies?
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 12:1, s. 89-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This paper aims to add to the diversity of gender and entrepreneurship studies by presenting the (lived experience) perspective on the development of research on women as entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approach An essay built on personal reflections on the development of the field since the 1980s.Findings Research on entrepreneurship has shifted toward quantitative studies and the paper format, leading to fragmented research. Research on gender shows another trend, where empirical data have become less central – “women” as individuals are to a large extent not discussed. The authors conclude that the field of gender and entrepreneurship, therefore, is a fruitful arena to perform research in as long as the physical women are not neglected.Originality/value Building on the lived experience for almost 40 years as researchers of women as entrepreneurs, the perspective contributes to the understanding of the development of the field.
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| 26. |
- Kremel, Anna, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Business advisory services and risk among start-ups and young companies : A gender perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:2, s. 168-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – This study aims to investigate the demand for business advisory services by owners of start-ups and young companies by taking a gender perspective. The study also examines whether risk-taking is more characteristic of masculine than feminine behaviour in this context. Design/methodology/approach – Aliterature review examines business advisory services and risk aversion from a gender perspective. The empirical data are derived from interviews with owners of more than 2,700 start-ups and young companies in Sweden.Anumber of key variables compare how the company owners (women and men) view business advisory services as a way to overcome risk and to gain access to information in networks. Several statistical tests are used to analyse these data. Findings – Women owners of start-ups and young companies use more and different business advisory services than men owners. There are differences among the men owners and women owners with regard to the amount of start-up capital, company size and industry sector. Given the risks associated with start-up, business advisory services are important to women in helping them reduce their risk in the start-up and early stages of their companies. Research limitations/implications – Companies in Sweden’s largest city, Stockholm, were not included in the sample. Financial data were not used as variables. Practical implications – Policymakers should address women owners’ greater demand for business advisory services in their companies’ early stages. Originality/value – This study’s originality is its gender perspective on the demand for business advisory services by start-ups and young companies and its challenge to previous findings about entrepreneurial behaviour and risk-taking. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 27. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Women business ventures in Swedish university incubators
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - Bingley : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:1, s. 78-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Despite a growing interest in both women and university academic entrepreneurship, there are very few studies addressing women’s academic entrepreneurship. The authors address this gap by focusing on university incubators for women’s academic entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze the significance of university incubators for the promotion and development of women’s academic business start-ups.Design/methodology/approach: The authors use a unique Swedish database for multivariate statistical tests on the performance of groups of women- and men-led ventures, as well as on groups of women incubatees. The database includes data for over 1,400 ventures, out of which 210 ventures are by women entrepreneurs.Findings: About 15 percent of the ventures in the incubators are started and managed by women entrepreneurs. Several significant differences were found between the groups, but the overall conclusion is that the Swedish incubators in this study do not show any evidence of being able to decrease the gender gap in the commercialization of university science.Originality/value: The study makes three important contributions. First, it applies a multilevel design that takes into consideration the relationship between individual firms and the incubator environment. Second, the authors conducted their analysis on women academic entrepreneurs who start their ventures in incubators, which means that the authors are concerned with a specific knowledge-intensive context, where men and women entrepreneurs possess fairly similar levels of human capital. Third, the unique database allows statistical analysis on a large data set, which provides research-based knowledge about the conditions for entrepreneurial career development among women in academic environments. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 28. |
- Nählinder, Johanna, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a gender-aware understanding of innovation : a three-dimensional route
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:1, s. 66-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose– The purpose of this study is to discuss the theory of gender bias in innovation studies, to illustrate the gender bias of innovation studies by using empirical means and to suggest what is needed to reduce such bias. Previous studies on innovation have primarily focussed on male-dominated industries. These studies have been biased and hence unable to capture the range of innovations covered by theoretical definitions.Design/methodology/approach– An innovation survey was conducted among entrepreneurs in the traditionally “female-labelled” health-care industry, avoiding the “male-labelled” concept of innovation itself in the questionnaire. The authors endeavoured to ascertain whether there is a significant difference between males and females in terms of innovativeness. Quantitative analyses were used to analyse the results and draw comparisons with an ordinary innovation survey.Findings– Using a gender-aware operationalisation of innovation, no significant difference in innovativeness was found between men and women. This suggests that more attention is needed to correct the prevailing gender bias in innovation studies. A research model is presented to further understand the gender-biased operationalisations of innovation. Each of its three dimensions has a clear impact upon perceived innovativeness: the gender-label of the sector studied, the gender-neutrality of the operationalisation used in the study and the gender of the actors involved. All dimensions should be taken into account in future innovation studies that aim for gender neutrality.Practical implications– Operationalisations for measuring innovations are usually biased. Therefore, women appear less innovative, which, in turn, leads to less visibility.Originality/value– Gender perspectives are very seldom employed in innovation studies. In quantitative studies of this sort, it is even rarer. Our empirical evidence from the quantitative study shows the urgency of the need to broaden the concept both in academic, political and public debates. This is not the least for efficiency reasons in resource allocation and public policy.
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| 29. |
- Rad, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Female and male risk aversion : An empirical study of loan officers’ assessment of SME loan applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 6:2, s. 121-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The aim of the paper is to analyse female and male loan officers' (LOs) risk aversion as they assess different types of small- and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) loan applications.Design/methodology/approach – The data were gathered from a sample of 75 Swedish LOs, using the repertory grid technique and related questions. The data were analysed statistically.Findings – The findings demonstrate that female LOs focus more on collateral (used as a proxy for risk aversion) in their evaluations of first-time loan applications than male LOs. However, the findings also suggest that there are no significant differences between the two groups as far as risk aversion when they evaluate additional loan applications. The other variables controlled for (age, tenure, insight, education, and location) did not significantly affect the LOs' risk aversion.Research limitations/implications – The study might have benefited from the use of complementary data collection approaches. Access to actual assessment and decision-making procedures could have increased the understanding of female and male LOs' attitudes toward risk.Practical implications – The findings suggest that by the use of female-male LO teams, banks may achieve more balanced assessments of SMEs' loan applications.Originality/value – To the authors' knowledge, the literature has not explicitly addressed risk aversion among female and male LOs with respect to different types of bank loans. Moreover, the authors investigated risk aversion in the context of standardised assessments procedures used to reduce exposure to credit risk.
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| 30. |
- Roos, Annie, et al.
(författare)
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Forging an entrepreneur - gendered ideas and ideals
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the gendered ideas and ideals attached to an imagined ideal Entrepreneur in a post-industrial rural community in Sweden. While research has not yet clearly explained how the ideal entrepreneur is constructed, the result, i.e. the gendered representations of entrepreneurs, is well-researched. Previous results indicate a prevalent portrayal of entrepreneurship as a predominantly masculine construct characterised by qualities such as self-made success, confidence and assertiveness.Design/methodology/approachEthnographic fieldwork was conducted in a community that is attempting to re-brand itself through garden tourism. Through inductive reasoning, this study analyses the gendered ideas and ideals regarding the community's imagined ideal Entrepreneur who is to help the community solve its problems.FindingsThis study finds that the community forges the Entrepreneur into an imagined masculine ideal as holy, a saviour and a god and is replacing its historical masculine ironmaster with a masculine Entrepreneur. This study develops forging as a metaphor for the construction of the masculine ideal Entrepreneur, giving the community, rather than the entrepreneur himself, a voice as constructors. From social constructionism, this study emphasises how gendered ideas and ideals are shaped not only by the individual realities but more so in the reciprocal process by the realities of others.Originality/valueThe metaphor of forging adds an innovative theoretical dimension to the feminist constructionist approach and suggests focusing on how the "maleness" of entrepreneurship is produced and reproduced in the local. Previously, light has been shed on how male entrepreneurs perform their identities collectively; the focus of this study is on the social construction of this envisioned Entrepreneur within a rural community. The development of forging thus contributes as a way of analysing entrepreneurship in place. The choice of an ethnographic study allowed the authors to be a part of the real-life world of community members, providing rich data to explore entrepreneurship and gender.
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| 31. |
- Rönnblom, Malin, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Constructions of Innovation and Gender (Equality) in Swedish Universities
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:3, s. 342-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – This paper utilizes the concept of innovation as a form of methodological starting-point in order to analyse the gendered meanings of marketization in Swedish universities. The purpose of the paper is to scrutinize how the concept of innovation is produced in Swedish universities, and how these versions of innovation are gendered and related to different understandings of gender equality.Design/methodology/approach – The analysis departs from a critical perspective to studies of gender equality and is anchored in a critical policy analysis approach – the “what's the problem represented to be? Approach” developed by Bacchi. This approach is used in the analysis of interviews with top-level leaders at two Swedish universities and how they perceive innovation. The results are related to a governmentality framework in order to explain the gendered innovation discourse in academia.Findings – One of the main results is that innovation is represented in a broad way when discussed at a more abstract level. However, when the discussion becomes more concrete and also related to a gendered understanding of the researchers actually turning their research results into innovations, this broad representation of innovation shrinks. The analysis also shows how a governmentality framework both explains the inevitability of innovation and the difficulties of working for political change for women in the academy.Originality/value – In analysing innovation as produced instead of taken for granted, this article puts forward a critical understanding of innovation, both in relation to gender and to the inevitability of de-politicisation processes of the neo-liberal audit culture in academia.
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| 32. |
- Sköld, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Resilient gender order in entrepreneurship : the case of Swedish welfare industries
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:1, s. 2-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this article is to use quantitative empirical data to analyse the degree of resilience, as well as change or reproduction of the gender order, in the era of New Public Management. The propositions are constructed based on liberal- and socialist-feminist perspectives, and discussed in light of the empirical results.Design/methodology/approachWe report from a longitudinal quantitative study of female-dominated welfare industries. Data, available from Statistics Sweden, include the total population of entrepreneurs available on the individual level. However, the level of analysis that was used in the study was in accordance with the industry level. Data were processed from an aggregated level to the most detailed level of classification.FindingsThe findings reveal resilience in the prevailing gender order. The order is being reproduced in the entrepreneurship context, in most of the industries that were studied.Practical implicationsThe results may potentially have profound impact on entrepreneurship policy, equality policy and public sector restructuring.Originality/valueThis quantitative longitudinal study shows a complex pattern on the detailed industry level, which can be understood in terms of male gender labelling of entrepreneurship. The results thus support previous qualitative studies that have observed this phenomenon. Methodologically, this paper contributes to the field by showing that without breaking down the analysis into the different female-dominated industries on a five-digit level, the various results of the public sector reforms and the attendant gendered effects would not have been revealed.
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| 33. |
- Sundin, Elisabeth, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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The Masculinization of the Elderly Care Sector : Local-Level Studies of Public Sector Outsourcing
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 2:1, s. 49-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- – The paper aims to explore the consequences of new public management (NPM) inspired reforms in general and outsourcing of traditional public sector responsibilities in Sweden to private organizations in particular. At centre stage are the roles of entrepreneurs, women‐owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and socially constructed paradigms of gender in this process. The paper's aim is to explore, through a local‐level case study, the currently ongoing process of gendering and regendering in a female‐dominated sector. This is done by a qualitative real‐time study of the introduction of a customer‐choice system in elder care in a Swedish municipality.Design/methodology/approach– The formal decision in Spring 2008 to introduce a “customer‐choice model” into home‐based elderly care in the municipality is the formal starting point of the research. The authors are given full access to all relevant information and informants including all questions and suggestions from the potential suppliers who were applying to be “authorized and certified suppliers”. Interviews are the main method but also written material like applications and newspaper articles and “letters to the editor” are studied.Findings– The outcome of the changes are, from the decision‐makers point of view, disappointing. The consequences so far of the customer‐choice system, that have been examined here, can be labelled increased masculinism or even a masculinization of the elderly care sector. Whether the polarization is a presage of the process to come is too early to tell. If so, the masculinization observed in this paper extends along three dimensions: governing logic, leadership and ownership. These gender consequences are not those expected or intended by the leading local actors.Research limitations/implications– The study is made in an ongoing process. The politicians are making changes aiming at making better working conditions for SMEs and former employees especially women. It is therefore important to follow up what is going to happen in the future. Comparisons with other municipalities and other regimes, nationally and internationally, would also be valuable.Practical implications– In this case, the practical implications are, almost, the same as the research implications.Originality/value– The real‐time research design is used focusing on what is happening in practise at the lower organizational levels of an organizational “experiment” of this kind make this paper unusual and valuable both for researchers and practioners.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Tillmar, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Women's rural businesses : for economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 14:3, s. 323-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss to what extent and why women's entrepreneurship contributes to rural economic viability and gender equality in an advanced welfare state. Design/methodology/approach The authors use detailed register data to explore men's and women's rural businesses in the most common industries for rural women entrepreneurs in the Swedish welfare state. Based on a literature review, the authors develop hypotheses and analyse how family, business and industry factors influence earnings. Findings Women's rural entrepreneurship is important for rural viability, as women's businesses provide a wide range of services necessary for life in rural areas. Although women's rural businesses are not significantly smaller than those of men, women's income is lower and more sensitive to business and industry variables. Marriage has positive effects for the earnings of men but negative effects for the earnings of women. The authors argue that the results are contingent on the gendering of entrepreneurship and industries, as well as on the local rural gender contracts. For these reasons, the importance of women entrepreneurs for rural viability is not reflected in their own incomes. Hence, women's rural entrepreneurship does not result in (economic) gender equality. Originality/value Entrepreneurship scholars rarely explore women's rural entrepreneurship, and particularly not in the Global North or Western welfare states. Therefore, this empirical study from Sweden provides novel information on how the gender order on the business, industry and family levels influences the income of men and women entrepreneurs differently.
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| 36. |
- Wigren-Kristoferson, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the masculinization of innovation practice within a municipality
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 13:3, s. 243-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose of this study is to generate an empirically informed theoretical framework which can be used to analyze the relationship between gender and innovation in the context of a municipality. The authors present and analyze three illustrative tales from a feminist perspective. The authors thus offer a more balanced approach to the conceptualization of gendered ascriptions with respect to the possible outcomes of innovation work in a public context. Design/methodology/approach: An ethnographic account which employed “shadowing” as a method of observation. Findings: The article presents a debate on how the social construction of gender and innovation can be placed in the context of a municipal reality. Our analysis reveals how the complexities of a gendered work life within a municipality can create paradoxes. A constructionism approach was used in the identification of hidden and unspoken paradoxes that exist in public spheres. Research limitations/implications: The authors used empirical tales from a very specific context, namely a Swedish municipality. The central implication of this study is the recognition of innovation as being masculine-gendered within the feminine context. This implication thereby deepens our understanding of gender paradoxes in the public sector. Practical implications: This study provides insights to practitioners who intend to work with innovation in a public organization. Social implications: The social implications of this study is that when a male-gendered concept like innovation is implemented in a female-gendered context, like a municipality, it is of importance to contextualize the concept. Originality/value: The empirical value of examples of a gendered work landscape at a Swedish municipality.
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| 37. |
- Yazdanfar, Darush, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and the use of external business advice : A Swedish study
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:1, s. 105-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine whether there are significant differences betweenfemale and male entrepreneurs’ use of consultation during business start-ups.Design/methodology/approach – Using several statistical tools, including ANOVA and seeminglyunrelated regressions, empirical analyses are conducted on a unique and firm-level panel database of837 female- and 1926 male-owned active small firms.Findings – The results indicate that gender may be an important variable in the use of advice amongsmall business owners in Sweden. Female owners in this study are shown to be more eager than maleowners to use external business advice, and do so to a higher extent.Practical implications – One implication of this study is that firms may not be able to use allbusiness advice types simultaneously during their start-up stage, so an ordered list of consultancyservices would help them prioritize and adjust their needs accordingly. Because the use of businessadvice is context-based, the findings of this study may not be generalized to firms in othercountries. This paper shows some gender-based attributes/features relating to the use of businessadvice, which need to be better integrated into policymaking for the future assistance of smallbusinesses.Originality/value – This article focuses on an important issue and is unique partly because fewstudies have examined the relationship between gender and external business advice. By explicitly andempirically examining this issue, this article makes a contribution to the small- and medium-sizedenterprises’ literature.
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| 38. |
- Aggestam, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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How women entrepreneurs build embeddedness : a case study approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266. ; 9:3, s. 252-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how women entrepreneurs are building embeddedness into male-gendered fields and how they are creating embedding in such fields in practice.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative methodology and three indicative case stories within gastronomic industry are illustrated and analysed.FindingsThe contribution of this study lies in the examination of the multifaceted embedding building process from dis-embedded, marginalised and suppressed position by women entrepreneurs. This was achieved with the help of building embedding through two strategies: sameness, that is, becoming one of the boys and then becoming a challenger, thereby enhancing their professional position.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is subject to limitations; a small sample is not suited for the generalizability of results. The most important implication of this study is the identification of the process of building embeddedness as the most critical resource for women’s entrepreneurship that should be supported by the scholarly and business community.Originality/valueThe theoretical framework developed for this study laid the foundation for developing literature on the embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship and how the process of creating embedding becomes instrumental in business ownership.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Ettl, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Gender, Context and Entrepreneurial Learning
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266. ; 2:2, s. 108-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to offer an insight into gender, context and entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs in Germany.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs both conceptually and empirically. Section 1 introduces a conceptual framework, which allows analysing entrepreneurial learning both from an individual gender-specific and from a context-based perspective. Empirically, the paper explores how women entrepreneurs acquire the (business-related) knowledge to start and grow an enterprise and the impact of regional, sector, family and social as well as macro environments in this regard. Findings are based on 31 in-depths interviews with women entrepreneurs and 23 interviews with key experts.Findings – It is found that the meso environment is more of an indirect influence; the macro and micro environments are strong influences on lives and decisions of women entrepreneurs, especially on their opportunity recognition. The business environment has both a direct and indirect influence.Practical implications – The results demonstrate an ongoing need for a contemporary image of women's entrepreneurship in Germany. The major challenge for policy-makers and support organizations therefore lies in propagating diverse entrepreneurial images and in incorporating the diversity of women's entrepreneurship and their specific learning approaches into policies and support offers.Originality/value – The paper contributes a different and so far neglected perspective on entrepreneurial learning and opportunity recognition, drawing attention to the contextual influences and the embedding of cognitive processes.
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| 41. |
- Gaddefors, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Rural entrepreneurship and the context: navigating contextual barriers through women's groups
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266. ; 14, s. 213-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This study aims to examine how women's groups help women to navigate context-related barriers to their engagement in rural entrepreneurship. The paper combines the contextualisation of entrepreneurship framework and the feminist separatist theory to describe how women's groups in patriarchal rural communities enable women to circumvent context-related barriers and actively engage in rural entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Based on a case study of 12 women's groups engaged in paddy farming, rice processing and marketing in rural Tanzania, this study draws on semi-structured interviews with 46 women, four focus group discussions, four in-depth key informant interviews and non-participant observation. Findings Rural women face unique context-related challenges that hinder them from effectively participating in rural entrepreneurship. Specifically, limited access to farmlands and profitable markets, lack of business networks, limited time, poverty and insufficient financial resources constrain women's engagement in entrepreneurship. To overcome these contextual barriers, rural women have organised themselves into groups to gain access to business services, business-related training, grants and business networks. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the existing literature on contextualising entrepreneurship by focussing on how rural contexts may constrain women's entrepreneurial engagement while showing how women respond to contextual barriers that enable them to participate in rural entrepreneurship. Practical implications This study shows that women with low education can pursue rural entrepreneurship if they are supported through training and access to networks. This will support the performance of these groups of women. Originality/value This study offers new insights into the role of women's groups in navigating gender-related constraints that hinder women from participating in rural entrepreneurship within the patriarchal context of low-income countries. Thus, new perceptions for the gender and rural entrepreneurship theory and the policy implications thereof are proffered.
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| 42. |
- K. Franck, Anja, 1973
(författare)
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Factors motivating women's informal micro-entrepreneurship: Experiences from Penang, Malaysia
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - The aim of this paper is to examine the factors which motivate women’s informal micro-entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach - The qualitative analysis employed in this paper is based upon empirical findings from field work conducted in the state of Penang on the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. 39 hawkers (petty traders) were interviewed using an interview guide which contained open-ended questions regarding work-life history, labor market choices and conditions of work. Two selected case stories are presented as well as the general findings across the whole sample. Findings - In contrast to the view that women’s informal micro-entrepreneurship is motivated only by ‘involuntary exclusion from the labor market’ or ‘poverty’ this paper has found that women’s micro-entrepreneurship can be motivated by a wide range of factors – including: to earn an income, interest in doing business, increased flexibility and autonomy, possibility to combine with family obligations and re-negotiating spatial practices. Conclusive with previous studies it also argues that necessity and choice may be ‘co-present’ in the motives to enter entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications - The limited sample of this study has implications for the generalizability of results. Further studies into the women’s micro-entrepreneurial activities in Malaysia are therefore encouraged. Originality/value - There are very few studies in the Malaysian context which focus upon women's informal micro-entrepreneurship in general and hawking in particular. This study therefore presents new knowledge around women's informal micro-entrepreneurship in Malaysia.
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| 43. |
- Remneland Wikhamn, Björn, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Open Innovation, Gender and the infiltration of masculine discourses
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266. ; 5:3, s. 275-297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to illustrate how open innovation is implemented in practice in a large multinational corporation and to discuss how masculine discourses of rational control and competition are reinforced during such a process. An exploratory single case study approach has been employed. Qualitative empirical data (interviews and documents) are derived from a four year longitudinal research project on open and distributed innovation processes in the automotive industry. Masculinity enters the discourse of open innovation through prescribed classical management ideals in line with auditing and bureaucratisation. The paper illustrates how these masculine discourses are reproduced rather than challenged by open innovation. It also highlights how the preoccupation with control and conquest tends to silence alternative (feminine) discourses which could otherwise enrich the radical and creative features of the open innovation paradigm. The paper is suggesting that the potential disruptive force in the open innovation paradigm tends to be watered down when appropriated by classical managerial ideals. It shows how difficult it is for managers to incorporate alternative (feminine) discourses when acting within a strong masculine hegemony. The open innovation paradigm leans on aspects such as “openness”, “collaboration”, “creativity” and “intuition” – much in line with feminine discursive connotations. But when masculine norms govern the company setting, these alternative modes of organising tend to be either marginalised or appropriated and transformed in ways that ensure they are compatible with discourses and practices of masculinity. This study provides insights into how discourses of masculinity play out and manifest themselves in the management of the firm. By doing so, it challenges the underlying and often uncritical assumptions of open innovation’s disruptive force on contemporary managerial practice
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