| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Baron, J, et al.
(författare)
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Short and tall stature: a new paradigm emerges
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 11:12, s. 735-746
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bauer, Ann Z., et al.
(författare)
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Paracetamol use during pregnancy - a call for precautionary action
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Nature. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 17, s. 757-766
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), otherwise known as acetaminophen) is the active ingredient in more than 600 medications used to relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce fever. APAP is widely used by pregnant women as governmental agencies, including the FDA and EMA, have long considered APAP appropriate for use during pregnancy when used as directed. However, increasing experimental and epidemiological research suggests that prenatal exposure to APAP might alter fetal development, which could increase the risks of some neurodevelopmental, reproductive and urogenital disorders. Here we summarize this evidence and call for precautionary action through a focused research effort and by increasing awareness among health professionals and pregnant women. APAP is an important medication and alternatives for treatment of high fever and severe pain are limited. We recommend that pregnant women should be cautioned at the beginning of pregnancy to: forego APAP unless its use is medically indicated; consult with a physician or pharmacist if they are uncertain whether use is indicated and before using on a long-term basis; and minimize exposure by using the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time. We suggest specific actions to implement these recommendations. This Consensus Statement reflects our concerns and is currently supported by 91 scientists, clinicians and public health professionals from across the globe. A growing body of research suggests that prenatal exposure to paracetamol (APAP) might alter development and increase the risk of some reproductive, urogenital and neurodevelopmental disorders. This Consensus Statement calls for precautionary action, including a focused research effort, increasing awareness among health professionals and pregnant women and, whenever possible, minimizing use.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Berryman, Darlene E, et al.
(författare)
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The GH/IGF-1 axis in obesity: pathophysiology and therapeutic considerations.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 9:6, s. 346-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obesity has become one of the most common medical problems in developed countries, and this disorder is associated with high incidences of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and specific cancers. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 in most tissues, and together GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 exert powerful collective actions on fat, protein and glucose metabolism. Clinical trials assessing the effects of GH treatment in patients with obesity have shown consistent reductions in total adipose tissue mass, in particular abdominal and visceral adipose tissue depots. Moreover, studies in patients with abdominal obesity demonstrate a marked effect of GH therapy on body composition and on lipid and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, administration of recombinant human GH or activation of endogenous GH production has great potential to influence the onset and metabolic consequences of obesity. However, the clinical use of GH is not without controversy, given conflicting results regarding its effects on glucose metabolism. This Review provides an introduction to the role of GH in obesity and summarizes clinical and preclinical data that describe how GH can influence the obese state.
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| 9. |
- Betz, M. J., et al.
(författare)
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Targeting thermogenesis in brown fat and muscle to treat obesity and metabolic disease
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 14:2, s. 77-87
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brown fat is emerging as an interesting and promising target for therapeutic intervention in obesity and metabolic disease. Activation of brown fat in humans is associated with marked improvement in metabolic parameters such as levels of free fatty acids and insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle is another important organ for thermogenesis, with the capacity to induce energy-consuming futile cycles. In this Review, we focus on how these two major thermogenic organs - brown fat and muscle - act and cooperate to maintain normal body temperature. Moreover, in the light of disease-relevant mechanisms, we explore the molecular pathways that regulate thermogenesis in brown fat and muscle. Brown adipocytes possess a unique cellular mechanism to convert chemical energy into heat: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which can short-circuit the mitochondrial proton gradient. However, recent research demonstrates the existence of several other energy-expending 'futile' cycles in both adipocytes and muscle, such as creatine and calcium cycling. These mechanisms can complement or even substitute for UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. Moreover, they expand our view of cold-induced thermogenesis from a special feature of brown adipocytes to a more general physiological principle. Finally, we discuss how thermogenic mechanisms can be exploited to expend energy and hence offer new therapeutic opportunities.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Calissendorff, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Adrenal cysts : an emerging condition.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Nature. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 19, s. 398-406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adrenal cysts are rare lesions representing approximately 1-2% of adrenal incidentalomas. The majority of these rare lesions are benign. Rarely, phaeochromocytomas and adrenal malignant masses can present as cystic lesions and can occasionally be difficult to distinguish from benign cysts. Histologically, adrenal cysts are subdivided into pseudocysts, endothelial cysts, epithelial cysts and parasitic cysts. The radiological appearance of an adrenal cyst is generally similar to that of cysts in the kidney. They are thus well demarcated, usually rounded, with a thin wall and homogenous internal structure, low attenuating (<20 Hounsfield Units) on CT, low signalling on T1-weighted MRI sequences and high signalling on T2-weighted MRI sequences, and anechoic or hypoechoic on ultrasonography. Benign adrenal cysts have a slight female predominance and are usually diagnosed between the ages of 40 and 60. Most adrenal cysts are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally, although very large adrenal cysts can lead to mass effect symptoms, with surgery required to alleviate the symptoms. Thus, conservative management is usually recommended for asymptomatic cysts. However, when uncertainty exists regarding the benign nature of the cyst, additional work-up or follow-up is needed. The management of an adrenal cyst should preferably be discussed at an adrenal multidisciplinary team meeting.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Chow, LS, et al.
(författare)
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Exerkines in health, resilience and disease
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 18:5, s. 273-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 14. |
- Chow, LS, et al.
(författare)
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Reply to 'Lactate as a major myokine and exerkine'
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 18:11, s. 713-713
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 15. |
- Cools, M, et al.
(författare)
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Caring for individuals with a difference of sex development (DSD): a Consensus Statement
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 14:7, s. 415-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The term differences of sex development (DSDs; also known as disorders of sex development) refers to a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions affecting human sex determination and differentiation. Several reports highlighting suboptimal physical and psychosexual outcomes in individuals who have a DSD led to a radical revision of nomenclature and management a decade ago. Whereas the resulting recommendations for holistic, multidisciplinary care seem to have been implemented rapidly in specialized paediatric services around the world, adolescents often experience difficulties in finding access to expert adult care and gradually or abruptly cease medical follow-up. Many adults with a DSD have health-related questions that remain unanswered owing to a lack of evidence pertaining to the natural evolution of the various conditions in later life stages. This Consensus Statement, developed by a European multidisciplinary group of experts, including patient representatives, summarizes evidence-based and experience-based recommendations for lifelong care and data collection in individuals with a DSD across ages and highlights clinical research priorities. By doing so, we hope to contribute to improving understanding and management of these conditions by involved medical professionals. In addition, we hope to give impetus to multicentre studies that will shed light on outcomes and comorbidities of DSD conditions across the lifespan.
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| 16. |
- Crona, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Adrenocortical carcinoma : towards genomics guided clinical care
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 15:9, s. 548-560
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive and rare neoplasm that originates in the cortex of the adrenal gland. The disease is associated with heterogeneous but mostly poor outcomes and lacks effective pharmaceutical treatment options. Multi-omics studies have defined the landscape of molecular alterations in ACC. Specific molecular signatures can be detected in body fluids, potentially enabling improved diagnostic applications for patients with adrenal tumours. Importantly, pan-molecular data sets further reveal a spectrum within ACC, with three major subgroups that have different disease outcomes. These new subgroups have value as prognostic biomarkers. Research has revealed that the p53-RB and the WNT-beta-catenin pathways are common disease drivers in ACC. However, these pathways remain difficult to target by therapeutic interventions. Instead, a unique characteristic of ACC is steroidogenic differentiation, which has emerged as a potential treatment target, with several agents undergoing preclinical or clinical investigations. Finally, a large proportion of ACC tumours have genetic profiles that are associated with promising therapeutic responsiveness in other cancers. All these opportunities now await translation from the laboratory into the clinical setting, thereby offering a real potential of improved survival outcomes and increased quality of life for patients with this serious condition.
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| 17. |
- Delzenne, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 7:11, s. 639-646
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- At birth, the human colon is rapidly colonized by gut microbes. Owing to their vast number and their capacity to ferment nutrients and secrete bioactive compounds, these gastrointestinal microbes act as an environmental factor that affects the host's physiology and metabolism, particularly in the context of obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Experiments that compared germ-free and colonized mice or analyzed the influence of nutrients that qualitatively change the composition of the gut microbiota (namely prebiotics) showed that gut microbes induce a wide variety of host responses within the intestinal mucosa and thereby control the gut's barrier and endocrine functions. Gut microbes also influence the metabolism of cells in tissues outside of the intestines (in the liver and adipose tissue) and thereby modulate lipid and glucose homeostasis, as well as systemic inflammation, in the host. A number of studies describe characteristic differences between the composition and/or activity of the gut microbiota of lean individuals and those with obesity. Although these data are controversial, they suggest that specific phyla, classes or species of bacteria, or bacterial metabolic activities could be beneficial or detrimental to patients with obesity. The gut microbiota is, therefore, a potential nutritional and pharmacological target in the management of obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Granath-Panelo, M, et al.
(författare)
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On the cutting edge: perspectives in bioenergetics
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 19:5, s. 250-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 23. |
- Hawley, JA, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolism: One step forward for exercise
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 12:1, s. 7-U34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Kopchick, J. J., et al.
(författare)
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Covert actions of growth hormone: fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 18:9, s. 558-573
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since its discovery nearly a century ago, over 100,000 studies of growth hormone (GH) have investigated its structure, how it interacts with the GH receptor and its multiple actions. These include effects on growth, substrate metabolism, body composition, bone mineral density, the cardiovascular system and brain function, among many others. Recombinant human GH is approved for use to promote growth in children with GH deficiency (GHD), along with several additional clinical indications. Studies of humans and animals with altered levels of GH, from complete or partial GHD to GH excess, have revealed several covert or hidden actions of GH, such as effects on fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer. In this Review, we do not concentrate on the classic and controversial indications for GH therapy, nor do we cover all covert actions of GH. Instead, we stress the importance of the relationship between GH and fibrosis, and how fibrosis (or lack thereof) might be an emerging factor in both cardiovascular and cancer pathologies. We highlight clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GHD, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel phenotypes and molecular pathways responsible for these actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.
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| 26. |
- Korsgren, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Imagining a better future for all people with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 15:11, s. 623-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For a person with type 1 diabetes mellitus, lifelong insulin treatment is the only therapeutic option. However, increased blood levels of glucose are just a symptom of impaired beta-cell function. Approaching the centenary of the first insulin injection, broadening of international therapeutic guidelines to improve diagnostics, as well as monitor and preserve beta-cell function, is warranted.
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| 27. |
- La Merrill, Michele A, et al.
(författare)
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Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 16:1, s. 45-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals that interfere with hormone action, thereby increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive impairment, cognitive deficits and obesity. A complex literature of mechanistic studies provides evidence on the hazards of EDC exposure, yet there is no widely accepted systematic method to integrate these data to help identify EDC hazards. Inspired by work to improve hazard identification of carcinogens using key characteristics (KCs), we have developed ten KCs of EDCs based on our knowledge of hormone actions and EDC effects. In this Expert Consensus Statement, we describe the logic by which these KCs are identified and the assays that could be used to assess several of these KCs. We reflect on how these ten KCs can be used to identify, organize and utilize mechanistic data when evaluating chemicals as EDCs, and we use diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A and perchlorate as examples to illustrate this approach.
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| 28. |
- Larqué, Elvira, et al.
(författare)
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From conception to infancy — early risk factors for childhood obesity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 15, s. 456-478
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maternal lifestyle during pregnancy, as well as early nutrition and the environment infants are raised in, are considered relevant factors for the prevention of childhood obesity. Several models are available for the prediction of childhood overweight and obesity, yet most have not been externally validated. Moreover, the factors considered in the models differ among studies as the outcomes manifest after birth and depend on maturation processes that vary between individuals. The current Review examines and interprets data on the early determinants of childhood obesity to provide relevant strategies for daily clinical work. We evaluate a selection of prenatal and postnatal factors associated with child adiposity. Actions to be considered for preventing childhood obesity include the promotion of healthy maternal nutrition and weight status at reproductive age and during pregnancy, as well as careful monitoring of infant growth to detect early excessive weight gain. Paediatricians and other health-care professionals should provide scientifically validated, individual nutritional advice to families to counteract excessive adiposity in children. Based on systematic reviews, original papers and scientific reports, we provide information to help with setting up public health strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in childhood.
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| 29. |
- Lernmark, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Immune therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 9:2, s. 92-103
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder directed against the β cells of the pancreatic islets. The genetic risk of the disease is linked to HLA-DQ risk alleles and unknown environmental triggers. In most countries, only 10-15% of children or young adults newly diagnosed with T1DM have a first-degree relative with the disease. Autoantibodies against insulin, GAD65, IA-2 or the ZnT8 transporter mark islet autoimmunity. These islet autoantibodies may already have developed in children of 1-3 years of age. Immune therapy in T1DM is approached at three different stages. Primary prevention is treatment of individuals at increased genetic risk. For example, one trial is testing if hydrolyzed casein milk formula reduces T1DM incidence in genetically predisposed infants. Secondary prevention is targeted at individuals with persistent islet autoantibodies. Ongoing trials involve nonautoantigen-specific therapies, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies, or autoantigen-specific therapies, including oral and nasal insulin or alum-formulated recombinant human GAD65. Trial interventions at onset of T1DM have also included nonautoantigen-specific approaches, and autoantigen-specific therapies, such as proinsulin peptides. Although long-term preservation of β-cell function has been difficult to achieve in many studies, considerable progress is being made through controlled clinical trials and animal investigations towards uncovering mechanisms of β-cell destruction. Novel therapies that prevent islet autoimmunity or halt progressive β-cell destruction are needed.
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| 30. |
- Lidell, Martin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Brown adipose tissue-a new role in humans?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 6, s. 319-325
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- New targets for pharmacological interventions are of great importance to combat the epidemic of obesity. Brown adipose tissue could potentially represent one such target. Unlike white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue has the ability to dissipate energy by producing heat rather than storing it as triglycerides. In small mammals, the presence of active brown adipose tissue is pivotal for the maintenance of body temperature and possibly to protect against the detrimental effects of surplus energy intake. Animal studies have shown that expansion and/or activation of brown adipose tissue counteracts diet-induced weight gain and related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several independent studies have now confirmed the presence of functional brown adipose tissue in adult humans, for whom this tissue is probably metabolically beneficial given its association with both low BMI and low total adipose tissue content. Over the past few years, knowledge of the transcriptional control and development of brown adipose tissue has increased substantially. Thus, several possible targets that may be useful for the expansion and/or activation of this tissue by pharmacological means have been identified. Whether or not brown adipose tissue will be useful in the battle against obesity remains to be seen. However, this possibility is certainly well worth exploring.
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| 31. |
- Ling, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Epigenetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus and weight change — a tool for precision medicine?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 18:7, s. 433-448
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pioneering studies performed over the past few decades demonstrate links between epigenetics and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the metabolic disorder with the most rapidly increasing prevalence in the world. Importantly, these studies identified epigenetic modifications, including altered DNA methylation, in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the liver from individuals with T2DM. As non-genetic factors that affect the risk of T2DM, such as obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, ageing and the intrauterine environment, have been associated with epigenetic modifications in healthy individuals, epigenetics probably also contributes to T2DM development. In addition, genetic factors associated with T2DM and obesity affect the epigenome in human tissues. Notably, causal mediation analyses found DNA methylation to be a potential mediator of genetic associations with metabolic traits and disease. In the past few years, translational studies have identified blood-based epigenetic markers that might be further developed and used for precision medicine to help patients with T2DM receive optimal therapy and to identify patients at risk of complications. This Review focuses on epigenetic mechanisms in the development of T2DM and the regulation of body weight in humans, with a special focus on precision medicine.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Mejhert, N, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the complexity of insulin resistance
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 18:45, s. 269-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Morigny, P., et al.
(författare)
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Lipid and glucose metabolism in white adipocytes: pathways, dysfunction and therapeutics
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 17, s. 276-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In mammals, the white adipocyte is a cell type that is specialized for storage of energy (in the form of triacylglycerols) and for energy mobilization (as fatty acids). White adipocyte metabolism confers an essential role to adipose tissue in whole-body homeostasis. Dysfunction in white adipocyte metabolism is a cardinal event in the development of insulin resistance and associated disorders. This Review focuses on our current understanding of lipid and glucose metabolic pathways in the white adipocyte. We survey recent advances in humans on the importance of adipocyte hypertrophy and on the in vivo turnover of adipocytes and stored lipids. At the molecular level, the identification of novel regulators and of the interplay between metabolic pathways explains the fine-tuning between the anabolic and catabolic fates of fatty acids and glucose in different physiological states. We also examine the metabolic alterations involved in the genesis of obesity-associated metabolic disorders, lipodystrophic states, cancers and cancer-associated cachexia. New challenges include defining the heterogeneity of white adipocytes in different anatomical locations throughout the lifespan and investigating the importance of rhythmic processes. Targeting white fat metabolism offers opportunities for improved patient stratification and a wide, yet unexploited, range of therapeutic opportunities. White adipocyte metabolism is important for the regulation of systemic metabolism and is often dysregulated in various conditions, such as cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this Review, Langin and colleagues provide an overview of lipid metabolism in white adipocytes and the related metabolism of glucose and discuss how these pathways provide therapeutic targets in metabolic disorders.
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| 36. |
- Nilsson, Ola, 1970-
(författare)
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Growth and growth disorders in 2017 : Genetic and epigenetic regulation of childhood growth
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 14:2, s. 71-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of rare growth disorders taken together with large-scale genetic studies of adult height variability have uncovered a large genetic network regulating childhood growth. Advances in technology and experimental model systems will help decipher the molecular mechanisms of this complex network and lead to novel treatment approaches for growth disorders.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Nyberg, Fred, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Growth hormone and cognitive function
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 9:6, s. 357-365
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emerging data indicate that growth hormone (GH) therapy could have a role in improving cognitive function. GH replacement therapy in experimental animals and human patients counteracts the dysfunction of many behaviours related to the central nervous system (CNS). Various behaviours, such as cognitive behaviours related to learning and memory, are known to be induced by GH; the hormone might interact with specific receptors located in areas of the CNS that are associated with the functional anatomy of these behaviours. GH is believed to affect excitatory circuits involved in synaptic plasticity, which alters cognitive capacity. GH also has a protective effect on the CNS, as indicated by its beneficial effects in patients with spinal cord injury. Data collected from animal models indicates that GH might also stimulate neurogenesis. This Review discusses the mechanisms underlying the interactions between GH and the CNS, and the data emerging from animal and human studies on the relationship between GH and cognitive function. In this article, particular emphasis is given to the role of GH as a treatment for patients with cognitive impairment resulting from deficiency of the hormone.
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| 39. |
- Ohlsson, Claes, 1965
(författare)
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Bone metabolism in 2012: Novel osteoporosis targets.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 9:2, s. 72-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers are trying to develop more efficient and safer antifracture treatments. Besides the ongoing promising clinical trials involving antibodies to the Wnt antagonist sclerostin or inhibition of the osteoclast enzyme cathepsin K, the year 2012 has seen several novel osteoporosis targets identified by using different methodological approaches.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Rorsman, Patrik, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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The somatostatin-secreting pancreatic delta-cell in health and disease
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 14:7, s. 404-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The somatostatin-secreting delta-cells comprise similar to 5% of the cells of the pancreatic islets. The delta-cells have complex morphology and might interact with many more islet cells than suggested by their low numbers. delta-Cells contain ATP-sensitive potassium channels, which open at low levels of glucose but close when glucose is elevated. This closure initiates membrane depolarization and electrical activity and increased somatostatin secretion. Factors released by neighbouring alpha-cells or beta-cells amplify the glucose-induced effects on somatostatin secretion from d-cells, which act locally within the islets as paracrine or autocrine inhibitors of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion. The effects of somatostatin are mediated by activation of somatostatin receptors coupled to the inhibitory G protein, which culminates in suppression of the electrical activity and exocytosis in alpha-cells and beta-cells. Somatostatin secretion is perturbed in animal models of diabetes mellitus, which might explain the loss of appropriate hypoglycaemia-induced glucagon secretion, a defect that could be mitigated by somatostatin receptor 2 antagonists. Somatostatin antagonists or agents that suppress somatostatin secretion have been proposed as an adjunct to insulin therapy. In this Review, we summarize the cell physiology of somatostatin secretion, what might go wrong in diabetes mellitus and the therapeutic potential of agents targeting somatostatin secretion or action.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Scarpellini, E., et al.
(författare)
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International consensus on the diagnosis and management of dumping syndrome
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 16:8, s. 448-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dumping syndrome is a common but underdiagnosed complication of gastric and oesophageal surgery. We initiated a Delphi consensus process with international multidisciplinary experts. We defined the scope, proposed statements and searched electronic databases to survey the literature. Eighteen experts participated in the literature summary and voting process evaluating 62 statements. We evaluated the quality of evidence using grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Consensus (defined as >80% agreement) was reached for 33 of 62 statements, including the definition and symptom profile of dumping syndrome and its effect on quality of life. The panel agreed on the pathophysiological relevance of rapid passage of nutrients to the small bowel, on the role of decreased gastric volume capacity and release of glucagon-like peptide 1. Symptom recognition is crucial, and the modified oral glucose tolerance test, but not gastric emptying testing, is useful for diagnosis. An increase in haematocrit >3% or in pulse rate >10 bpm 30 min after the start of the glucose intake are diagnostic of early dumping syndrome, and a nadir hypoglycaemia level <50 mg/dl is diagnostic of late dumping syndrome. Dietary adjustment is the agreed first treatment step; acarbose is effective for late dumping syndrome symptoms and somatostatin analogues are preferred for patients who do not respond to diet adjustments and acarbose. Dumping syndrome is a frequent complication of oesophageal and gastric surgery, as well as bariatric surgery; however, guidance on how to manage patients with this condition is lacking. In this Evidence-based guideline, the authors use a Delphi consensus process to develop uniform guidance for the definition, diagnosis and management of dumping syndrome.
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| 44. |
- Starling, S
(författare)
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Long-term treatment outcomes for Graves disease
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 15:11, s. 628-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Taïeb, David, et al.
(författare)
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Management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma in patients with germline SDHB pathogenic variants : an international expert Consensus statement
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Nature. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 20:3, s. 168-184
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adult and paediatric patients with pathogenic variants in the gene encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunit B (SDHB) often have locally aggressive, recurrent or metastatic phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). Furthermore, SDHB PPGLs have the highest rates of disease-specific morbidity and mortality compared with other hereditary PPGLs. PPGLs with SDHB pathogenic variants are often less differentiated and do not produce substantial amounts of catecholamines (in some patients, they produce only dopamine) compared with other hereditary subtypes, which enables these tumours to grow subclinically for a long time. In addition, SDHB pathogenic variants support tumour growth through high levels of the oncometabolite succinate and other mechanisms related to cancer initiation and progression. As a result, pseudohypoxia and upregulation of genes related to the hypoxia signalling pathway occur, promoting the growth, migration, invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells. These factors, along with a high rate of metastasis, support early surgical intervention and total resection of PPGLs, regardless of the tumour size. The treatment of metastases is challenging and relies on either local or systemic therapies, or sometimes both. This Consensus statement should help guide clinicians in the diagnosis and management of patients with SDHB PPGLs.
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| 47. |
- Toledo, Rodrigo A., et al.
(författare)
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Consensus Statement on next-generation-sequencing-based diagnostic testing of hereditary phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 13:4, s. 233-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are neural-crest-derived tumours of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system that are often inherited and are genetically heterogeneous. Genetic testing is recommended for patients with these tumours and for family members of patients with hereditary forms of PPGLs. Due to the large number of susceptibility genes implicated in the diagnosis of inherited PPGLs, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology is ideally suited for carrying out genetic screening of these individuals. This Consensus Statement, formulated by a study group comprised of experts in the field, proposes specific recommendations for the use of diagnostic NGS in hereditary PPGLs. In brief, the study group recommends target gene panels for screening of germ line DNA, technical adaptations to address different modes of disease transmission, orthogonal validation of NGS findings, standardized classification of variant pathogenicity and uniform reporting of the findings. The use of supplementary assays, to aid in the interpretation of the results, and sequencing of tumour DNA, for identification of somatic mutations, is encouraged. In addition, the study group launches an initiative to develop a gene-centric curated database of PPGL variants, with annual re-evaluation of variants of unknown significance by an expert group for purposes of reclassification and clinical guidance.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- van Essen, Martijn, et al.
(författare)
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Neuroendocrine tumours : the role of imaging for diagnosis and therapy
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5029 .- 1759-5037. ; 10:2, s. 102-114
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In patients with neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), a combination of morphological imaging and nuclear medicine techniques is mandatory for primary tumour visualization, staging and evaluation of somatostatin receptor status. CT and MRI are well-suited for discerning small lesions that might escape detection by single photon emission tomography (SPECT) or PET, as well as for assessing the local invasiveness of the tumour or the response to therapy. Somatostatin receptor imaging, by (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy or PET with (68)Ga-labelled somatostatin analogues, frequently identifies additional lesions that are not visible on CT or MRI scans. Currently, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with (111)In-pentetreotide is the more frequently available of the two techniques to determine somatostatin receptor expression and is needed to select patients for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. In the future, because of its higher sensitivity, PET with (68)Ga-labelled somatostatin analogues is expected to replace somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Whereas (18)F-FDG-PET is only used in high-grade neuroendocrine cancers, PET-CT with (18)F-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine or (11)C-5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan is a useful problem-solving tool and could be considered for the evaluation of therapy response in the future. This article reviews the role of imaging for the diagnosis and management of intestinal and pancreatic NETs. Response evaluation and controversies in NET imaging will also be discussed.
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| 50. |
- Vandenput, Liesbeth, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Estrogens as regulators of bone health in men.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-5037 .- 1759-5029. ; 5:8, s. 437-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bone metabolism is influenced by sex steroids during growth and adulthood in both men and women. Although this influence is well described in women, the relative importance of androgens and estrogens in the regulation of the male skeleton remains uncertain. Even though estradiol has been considered the 'female hormone', levels of serum estradiol in elderly men are higher than those in postmenopausal women. Estradiol levels are more strongly associated with BMD, bone turnover and bone loss than testosterone levels are in adult men. Case reports of young men with estrogen resistance or aromatase deficiency also suggest a crucial role for estradiol in regulation of skeletal growth in men. Moreover, serum levels of both estrogens and androgens are inversely associated with the risk of fracture in aging men. A large, prospective, population-based study showed that levels of serum estradiol predict the risk of fracture, independently of serum testosterone. Evidence suggests that a threshold level of estradiol exists below which the male skeleton is impaired; rates of bone loss and fracture seem to be increased and bone maturation delayed in men with estradiol levels below this threshold. On the basis of these findings, we propose that not only androgens, but also estrogens, are important regulators of bone health in men.
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