| 1. |
- Malmberg Gavelin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Neural activation in stress-related exhaustion : cross-sectional observations and interventional effects
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - Clare : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506 .- 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123. ; 269, s. 17-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the association between burnout and neural activation during working memory processing in patients with stress-related exhaustion. Additionally, we investigated the neural effects of cognitive training as part of stress rehabilitation. Fifty-five patients with clinical diagnosis of exhaustion disorder were administered the n-back task during fMRI scanning at baseline. Ten patients completed a 12-week cognitive training intervention, as an addition to stress rehabilitation. Eleven patients served as a treatment-as-usual control group. At baseline, burnout level was positively associated with neural activation in the rostral prefrontal cortex, the posterior parietal cortex and the striatum, primarily in the 2-back condition. Following stress rehabilitation, the striatal activity decreased as a function of improved levels of burnout. No significant association between burnout level and working memory performance was found, however, our findings indicate that frontostriatal neural responses related to working memory were modulated by burnout severity. We suggest that patients with high levels of burnout need to recruit additional cognitive resources to uphold task performance. Following cognitive training, increased neural activation was observed during 3-back in working memory-related regions, including the striatum, however, low sample size limits any firm conclusions.
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| 2. |
- Månsson, Kristoffer N T, et al.
(författare)
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Altered neural correlates of affective processing after internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506 .- 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123. ; 214:3, s. 229-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Randomized controlled trials have yielded promising results for internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) for patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). The present study investigated anxiety-related neural changes after iCBT for SAD. The amygdala is a critical hub in the neural fear network, receptive to change using emotion regulation strategies and a putative target for iCBT. Twenty-two subjects were included in pre- and post-treatment functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T assessing neural changes during an affective face processing task. Treatment outcome was assessed using social anxiety self-reports and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale. ICBT yielded better outcome than ABM (66% vs. 25% CGI-I responders). A significant differential activation of the left amygdala was found with relatively decreased reactivity after iCBT. Changes in the amygdala were related to a behavioral measure of social anxiety. Functional connectivity analysis in the iCBT group showed that the amygdala attenuation was associated with increased activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and decreased activity in the right ventrolateral and dorsolateral (dlPFC) cortices. Treatment-induced neural changes with iCBT were consistent with previously reported studies on regular CBT and emotion regulation in general.
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| 3. |
- Naghavi, Hamid Reza, et al.
(författare)
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Personality traits predict response to novel and familiar stimuli in the hippocampal region
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123 .- 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 173:2, s. 94-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current evidence from genetic, neurochemical, and clinical research supports the notion that a combination of high novelty seeking and low harm avoidance traits (NS-ha) is reliably dissociable from the opposite personality profile (i.e., low novelty seeking and high harm avoidance, ns-HA). Little is known, however, about how the differences between these two types of personality are regulated by brain function. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and recruited two groups of individuals, one group with the NS-ha profile and the other group with the ns-HA profile, to examine whether there is a difference between the two groups in their brain response to novel versus familiar word stimuli. Results revealed a differential pattern of response in an area in the hippocampal region, with the NS-ha group showing a greater sensitivity to novel stimuli and the ns-HA group demonstrating a greater response to familiar stimuli. We conclude that the response pattern to novel and familiar stimuli in the hippocampal region has a role in mediating differences between the NS-ha and ns-HA temperamental profiles.
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| 4. |
- Tangen, Ämma, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between cognition and serotonin receptor 1B binding in patients with major depressive disorder : a pilot study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. - Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Neuroscience. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neurotransmitter serotonin has been widely implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). In animal studies and human neuroimaging studies, involvement of the serotonin receptor 1B (5-HT1BR) in MDD and memory performance has been reported. However, the role of the 5-HT1BR in cognitive functions affected in MDD remains to be clarified. Ten patients with MDD diagnosis were examined with positron emission tomography (PET) and a battery of cognitive tests before and after Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ICBT). The results were compared to ten matched control subjects in order to investigate putative changes in 5-HT1BR availability and cognitive performance. Patients treated with ICBT showed statistically significant improvement relative to baseline in Verbal fluency, both letter and category production. Significant correlations were found between improvement in letter production and changes in 5-HT1BR availability in ventral striatum, between category production and amygdala, as well as between the improvement in Trailmaking test B and change in 5-HT1BR binding in dorsal brainstem, in amygdala and in hippocampus. The results suggest an association between 5-HT1BR binding and improvement in cognitive functioning. Replications in larger-scale studies are required to confirm these findings.
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| 5. |
- Åhs, Fredrik, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Disentangling the web of fear : amygdala reactivity and functional connectivity in spider and snake phobia
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506 .- 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123. ; 172:2, s. 103-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective was to study effects of fear on brain activity, functional connectivity and brain-behavior relationships during symptom provocation in subjects with specific phobia. Positron emission tomography (PET) and (15)O water was used to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 16 women phobic of either snakes or spiders but not both. Subjects watched pictures of snakes and spiders serving either as phobic or fear-relevant, but non-phobic, control stimuli depending on phobia type. Presentation of phobic as compared with non-phobic cues was associated with increased activation of the right amygdala and cerebellum as well as the left visual cortex and circumscribed frontal areas. Activity decreased in the prefrontal, orbitofrontal and ventromedial cortices as well as in the primary somatosensory cortex and auditory cortices. Furthermore, amygdala activation correlated positively with the subjective experience of distress. Connectivity analyses of activity in the phobic state revealed increased functional couplings between voxels in the right amygdala and the periamygdaloid area, fusiform gyrus and motor cortex. During non-phobic stimulation, prefrontal activity correlated negatively with amygdala rCBF, suggesting a phobia-related functional decoupling. These results suggest that visually elicited phobic reactions activate object recognition areas and deactivate prefrontal areas involved in cognitive control over emotion-triggering areas like the amygdala, resulting in motor readiness to support fight or flight.
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| 6. |
- Ahlberg, AC, et al.
(författare)
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Depression and anxiety symptoms in relation to anthropometry and metabolism in men
- 2002
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 112:2, s. 101-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Depression is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Abdominal obesity is also a high risk factor for these diseases. Therefore, symptoms of depression and anxiety were examined in relation to abdominal obesity. A total of 59 middle-aged men volunteered for measurements with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS). These results were examined in relation to body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR) and sagittal abdominal diameter, a measurement of intra-abdominal fat mass, and metabolic variables. Men with WHR > 1.0 (n=26) in comparison with men with normal WHR (< 1.0, n=33) showed significantly higher sum scores in all the scales used. There were positive correlations between the sum scores of all the depression scales and the WHR or the sagittal abdominal diameter. BMI correlated comparatively weakly only with the HDS. The correlations with the WHR remained when the influence of BMI was eliminated, suggesting that obesity is less involved than centralization of body fat. Insulin and glucose were significantly related to the HDS. Morning cortisol levels were negatively related to the BDI and (borderline) to the MADRS, suggesting perturbations of the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.. We conclude that men with abdominal obesity have symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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| 7. |
- Ashworth, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Neural activation of anxiety and depression in children and young people : A systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently demonstrate altered neural activation in youth experiencing anxiety and depression in a way that is distinct from adult-onset disorders. However, there is a paucity of research systematically reviewing this, and no meta-analyses have been conducted using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE). The present study conducted a systematic literature search to identify fMRI studies in youth (age 4?18) with depression or anxiety disorders. 48 studies with over 2000 participants were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Significant foci were extracted. Five ALE meta-analyses were conducted: a) activation for both anxiety disorders and depression; b) activation for anxiety disorders only; c) activation for depression only; d) deactivation for both anxiety disorders and depression; e) deactivation for depression. Results indicated significant clusters of increased activation in the bilateral amygdala for youth with internalising disorders, and specifically for those with anxiety disorders. Significant increased activation extended into the dorsal anterior cingulate, entorhinal cortex, the putamen, and the medial and lateral globus pallidus in youth with anxiety disorders. These findings help to detail the nature of anxiety being an amygdala hyperactivity disorder, whilst also defining the distinction between neural activation patterns in anxiety and depression.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bengtsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Autonomic modulation networks in schizophrenia : The relationship between heart rate variability and functional and structural connectivity in the brain
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heart rate variability (HRV), a measurement of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, has been found reduced in schizophrenia. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is important in regulating the ANS, is structurally and functionally affected in schizophrenia. We investigate the relationship between HRV and functional and structural connectivity of the ACC in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Ten patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and ten healthy controls were recruited. Heart rate was monitored in a naturalistic out-of-clinic setting. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, including resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower HRV compared to controls. A positive correlation between ACC connectivity with the bilateral cerebellum and HRV was found in the patients. HRV was also positively correlated with amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in the cerebellum, and with axial diffusivity in the middle cerebellar peduncle, in the patients. There was a significant negative relationship between antipsychotic medication dosage, HRV and all neuroimaging measures related to HRV. We conclude that ACC connectivity seems to be affected in schizophrenia, both structurally and functionally, and that the ACC-cerebellum connectivity, as well as cerebellar function, is associated with ANS regulation in patients with schizophrenia.
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| 10. |
- Budhiraja, Meenal, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical structure abnormalities in females with conduct disorder prior to age 15
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 289, s. 37-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among females, conduct disorder (CD) before age 15 is associated with multiple adverse outcomes in adulthood. The few existing structural neuroimaging studies of females with CD report abnormalities of gray matter volumes. The present study compared cortical thickness and surface area of young women with childhood/adolescent CD and healthy women to determine whether cortical abnormalities were present in adulthood and whether they were related to prior CD. Structural brain images from 31 women with CD and 25 healthy women were analyzed using FreeSurfer. Group differences between cortical thickness and surface area were assessed using cluster-wise corrections with Monte Carlo simulations. Women with prior CD, relative to healthy women, showed: (1) reduced cortical thickness in left fusiform gyrus extending up to entorhinal cortex and lingual gyrus; (2) reduced surface area in right superior parietal cortex; (3) increased surface area in left superior temporal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus. These differences remained significant after adjusting for past comorbid disorders, current symptoms of anxiety and depression, current substance use as well as maltreatment. The study suggests that among females, CD prior to age 15 is associated with cortical structure abnormalities in brain regions involved in emotion processing and social interaction.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Curreri, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of occupation type and complexity on cognitive performance in older adults
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sociodemographic factors, such as education and occupation, may influence the individual's cognitive reserve. We explored the extent to which the type and complexity of previous work activities influence cognitive performance (evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE, and the Animal Naming Test, ANT) in 799 older people with or without brain damage. The presence of cortical/subcortical ischemic brain lesions and right/left hippocampal atrophy was derived from magnetic resonance imaging. We found that individuals who had done intellectual work had better MMSE and ANT scores than their counterparts in the presence of brain lesions or hippocampal atrophy. Among the manual workers there were significant differences between the MMSE scores of individuals with and without brain damage (mean MMSE difference (2.09 [SD: 0.68], p=0.01), but not among the intellectuals (0.19 [SD: 0.29], p=0.36) nor the service providers (1.67 [SD: 0.55], p=0.21). Occupations involving more complex dealings with people were associated with better MMSE scores in the presence of brain lesions [β=-0.41, 95%CI: -0.72,-0.09] and hippocampal atrophy [β=-0.29, 95%CI:-0.58,-0.001]. These results indicate that in more cognitively stimulating work with greater social interaction may help older individuals preserve cognitive functions, even in the presence of brain damage.
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| 14. |
- Davidovic, Monika, et al.
(författare)
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Abnormal brain processing of gentle touch in anorexia nervosa
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research : Neuroimaging. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 281, s. 53-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body image disturbance is a core symptom in anorexia nervosa (AN). Recent research suggests that abnormalities in touch perception may contribute to the disease mechanisms in AN. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study possible abnormalities in cortical processing of affective touch in AN. Gentle skin strokes were applied to the right forearm during fMRI scanning in women diagnosed with AN (n=25) and in matched healthy controls (HC; n=25). Blocks of skin stroking were alternated with blocks of static skin indentation. Participants provided ratings of the pleasantness of skin stroking stimulation. AN participants perceived skin stroking as significantly less pleasant than HC. We observed no group differences for the contrast between skin stroking and skin indentation in primary tactile regions. We did find, however, significantly less activity in the AN group in areas including left caudate nucleus. Also, we found less activity in the AN group in bilateral lateral occipital cortex for the main effect of skin stroking. Our results suggest that abnormal functioning of the dorsal striatum could affect evaluation of pleasant tactile stimuli, and that abnormal functioning of the lateral occipital cortex might be related to disturbed body image perception.
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| 15. |
- Dierks, T, et al.
(författare)
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Editorial
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7506 .- 0925-4927. ; 306, s. 111175-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 16. |
- Duarte Fernandes, Carla Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Lack of association of the rs1344706 ZNF804A variant with cognitive functions and DTI indices of white matter microstructure in two independent healthy populations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 222:1-2, s. 60-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rs1344706 single nucleotide polymorphism with in intron 2 of the ZNF804A gene is strongly associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This variant has also been associated in some studies with a range of cognitive and neuro imaging phenotypes, but several studies have reported no effect on the same phenotypes in other samples. Here, we genotyped 670 healthy adult Norwegian subjects and 1753 healthy adult Swedish subjects for rs1344706, and tested for associations with cognitive phenotypes including general intellectual abilities, memory functions and cognitive inhibition. We also tested whether rs1344706 is associated with white matter microstructural properties using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 250 to 340 of the Norwegian and Swedish subjects, respectively. Whole-brain voxel-wise statistical modeling of the effect of the ZNF804A variant on two DTI indices, fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD), was performed using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and commonly reported effect sizes were calculated within several large-scale white matter pathways based on neuroanatomic atlases. No significant associations were found between rs1344706 and the cognitive traits or white matter microstructure. We conclude that the rs1344706 SNP has no significant effect on these phenotypes in our two reasonably powered samples.
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| 17. |
- Eriksson, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Mood changes correlate to changes in brain serotonin precursor trapping in women with premenstrual dysphoria.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Psychiatry research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1781 .- 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 146:2, s. 107-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cardinal mood symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria can be effectively treated by serotonin-augmenting drugs. The aim of the study was to test the serotonin hypothesis of this disorder, i.e. of an association between premenstrual decline in brain serotonin function and concomitant worsening of self-rated cardinal mood symptoms. Positron emission tomography was used to assess changes in brain trapping of 11C-labeled 5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor of serotonin, in the follicular and premenstrual phases of the menstrual cycle in eight women with premenstrual dysphoria. Changes in mood and physical symptoms were assessed from daily visual analog scale ratings. Worsening of cardinal mood symptoms showed significant inverse associations with changes in brain serotonin precursor trapping; for the symptom "irritable", r(s)=-0.83, and for "depressed mood" r(s)=-0.81. Positive mood variables showed positive associations, whereas physical symptoms generally displayed weak or no associations. The data indicate strong inverse associations between worsening of cardinal symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria and brain serotonin precursor (11C-labeled 5-hydroxytryptophan) trapping. The results may in part support a role for serotonin in premenstrual dysphoria and may provide a clue to the effectiveness of serotonin-augmenting drugs in this disorder but should, due to small sample size and methodological shortcomings, be considered preliminary.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Gaudio, Santino, et al.
(författare)
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White matter abnormalities in treatment-naive adolescents at the earliest stages of Anorexia Nervosa : A diffusion tensor imaging study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 266, s. 138-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Few studies have examined white matter (WM) integrity in long-lasting Anorexia Nervosa (AN) patients using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). In this paper, we investigated WM integrity at the earliest stages of AN (i.e. less than 6 months duration). Fourteen treatment-naive female adolescents with AN restrictive type (AN-r) in its earliest stages and 15 age-matched healthy females received brain MRI. Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Axial Diffusivity (AD), Radial diffusivity (RD), and Mean Diffusivity (MD) maps were computed from DTI data using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis. AN-r patients showed FA decreases compared to controls (p(FwE) < 0.05) mainly in left anterior and superior corona radiata and left superior longitudinal fasciculus. AN-r patients also showed decreased AD in superior longitudinal fasciculus bilaterally and left superior and anterior corona radiata, (p(FwE) < 0.05). No significant differences were found in RD and MD values between the two groups. FA and AD integrity appears to be specifically affected at the earliest stages of AN. Alterations in the microstructural properties of the above mentioned tracts, also involved in cognitive control and visual perception and processing, may be early mechanisms of vulnerability/resilience of WM in AN and sustain the key symptoms of AN, such as impaired cognitive flexibility and body image distortion.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Gupta, Anvita, et al.
(författare)
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Extending the "resting state hypothesis of depression"-dynamics and topography of abnormal rest-task modulation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by changes in both rest and task states as manifested in temporal dynamics (EEG) and spatial patterns (fMRI). Are rest and task changes related to each other? Extending the "Resting state hypothesis of depression" (RSHD) (Northoff et al., 2011), we, using multimodal imaging, take a tripartite approach: (i) we conduct a review of EEG studies in MDD combining both rest and task states; (ii) we present our own EEG data in MDD on brain dynamics, i.e., intrinsic neural timescales as measured by the autocorrelation window (ACW); and (iii) we review fMRI studies in MDD to probe whether different regions exhibit different rest-task modulation. Review of EEG data shows reduced rest-task change in MDD in different measures of temporal dynamics like peak frequency (and others). Notably, our own EEG data show decreased rest-task change as measured by ACW in frontal electrodes of MDD. The fMRI data reveal that different regions exhibit different rest-task relationships (normal rest-abnormal task, abnormal rest-normal task, abnormal rest abnormal task) in MDD. Together, we demonstrate altered spatiotemporal dynamics of rest-task modulation in MDD; this further supports and extends the key role of the spontaneous activity in MDD as proposed by the RSHD.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Habich, Annegret, et al.
(författare)
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Stimulating aged brain with transcranial direct current stimulation : Opportunities and challenges
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ageing involves significant neurophysiological changes that are both systematic while at the same time exhibiting divergent trajectories across individuals. These changes underlie cognitive impairments in elderly while also affecting the response of aged brains to interventions like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). While the cognitive benefits of tDCS are more variable in elderly, older adults also respond differently to stimulation protocols compared to young adults. The age-related neurophysiological changes influencing the responsiveness to tDCS remain to be addressed in-depth. We review and discuss the premise that, in comparison to the better calibrated brain networks present in young adults, aged systems perform further away from a homoeostatic set-point. We argue that this age-related neurophysiological deviation from the homoeostatic optimum extends the leeway for tDCS to modulate the aged brain. This promotes the potency of immediate tDCS effects to induce directional plastic changes towards the homoeostatic equilibrium despite the impaired plasticity induction in elderly. We also consider how age-related neurophysiological changes pose specific challenges for tDCS that necessitate proper adaptations of stimulation protocols. Appreciating the distinctive properties of aged brains and the accompanying adjustment of stimulation parameters can increase the potency and reliability of tDCS as a treatment avenue in older adults.
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| 24. |
- Hamilton, Paul J., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of salience-network-node neurofeedback training on affective biases in major depressive disorder
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 249, s. 91-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neural models of major depressive disorder (MDD) posit that over-response of components of the brains salience network (SN) to negative stimuli plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of MDD. In the present proof-of-concept study, we tested this formulation directly by examining the affective consequences of training depressed persons to down-regulate response of SN nodes to negative material. Ten participants in the real neurofeedback group saw, and attempted to learn to down-regulate, activity from an empirically identified node of the SN. Ten other participants engaged in an equivalent procedure with the exception that they saw SN-node neurofeedback indices from participants in the real neurofeedback group. Before and after scanning, all participants completed tasks assessing emotional responses to negative scenes and to negative and positive self-descriptive adjectives. Compared to participants in the sham-neurofeedback group, from pre- to post-training, participants in the realneurofeedback group showed a greater decrease in SN-node response to negative stimuli, a greater decrease in self-reported emotional response to negative scenes, and a greater decrease in self-reported emotional response to negative self-descriptive adjectives. Our findings provide support for a neural formulation in which the SN plays a primary role in contributing to negative cognitive biases in MDD. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Henriksson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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A morphometric magnetic resonance method for measuring cranial, facial and brain characteristics for application to schizophrenia : Part 1
- 2006
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506 .- 0165-1781. ; 147:2-3, s. 173-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serious psychopathology in adulthood may be associated with disturbed foetal brain development, which potentially shows lingering "fossil marks" in the cranial and facial regions. Several methods exist for assessing external craniofacial and internal brain distances but, to our knowledge, no method yet provides simultaneous measurement of cranial, facial and brain dimensions in live subjects. In this article we describe a method to identify landmarks on magnetic resonance images (MRI) for simultaneous measurement of cranial, facial and brain characteristics potentially associated with psychosis. To test the method itself, 30 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 31 healthy comparison subjects, mean age 41 years, were randomly selected from a larger cohort recruited at the Karolinska Hospital, Sweden. Participants were investigated with MRI, and 60 landmarks in the cranial, facial and brain regions were identified in the images. An independent anthropometric examination measured external craniofacial characteristics for study in relation to measurements produced through MRI. High inter-scorer and re-test reliabilities were obtained for two independent scorers of the landmarks in the MR images. Measurements of potentially comparable craniofacial distances showed high alignment with an established anthropometric method. This new method can provide simultaneous investigation of multiple aspects of cranial, facial and brain morphology in MR images originally collected for other purposes. In a second article we will use this method to compare 3D craniofacial measurements and shape between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.
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| 26. |
- Hepdurgun, Cenan, et al.
(författare)
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A longitudinal study of lateral ventricle volumes in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although it is generally accepted that negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with larger lateral ventricles, this general assumption could not be validated in patients with primary negative symptoms. To elucidate this issue, we conducted a five-year longitudinal study, including deficit (n = 13) and non-deficit (n = 26) schizophrenia patients with healthy controls (n = 18). Analysis with linear mixed effects modeling showed that both the left and the right lateral ventricles of the deficit patients enlarged more than the non-deficit patients. Our results suggest that structural alterations in deficit patients might follow a different trajectory than those in non-deficit patients.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Kraus, Jakub, et al.
(författare)
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Amygdala reactivity and connectivity during social and non-social aversive stimulation in social anxiety disorder
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 280, s. 56-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by exaggerated amygdala reactivity in response to symptom provocation, but it is unclear if such hyper-reactivity is elicited by disorder-specific challenges only or characterizes reactions to aversive stimuli in general. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 14 patients with SAD, as compared to 12 healthy controls, we found that amygdala hyper-reactivity is confined to disorder-relevant social stimulation. SAD patients displayed increased amygdala reactivity to fearful as compared to neutral facial pictures, but not in response to generally aversive but mainly non-social stimulation when compared to neutral pictorial stimuli taken from the International Affective Picture System. The increased amygdala reactivity was not mediated by an altered prefrontal inhibition among SAD patients as compared to controls, suggesting increased bottom-up processes rather than attenuated top-down control. In conclusion, the enhanced amygdala reactivity in SAD seems specific to socially relevant stimuli rather than aversive stimuli in general.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Looi, Jeffrey Chee Leong, et al.
(författare)
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Shape analysis of the neostriatum in subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration : neuroanatomically significant regional morphologic change
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506 .- 0165-1781. ; 191:2, s. 98-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frontostriatal circuit mediated cognitive dysfunction has been implicated in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and may differ across subtypes of FTLD. We manually segmented the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in FTLD subtypes: behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, FTD, n=12; semantic dementia, SD, n=13; and progressive non-fluent aphasia, PNFA, n=9); in comparison with controls (n=27). Diagnoses were based on international consensus criteria. Manual bilateral segmentation of the caudate nucleus and putamen was conducted blind to diagnosis by a single analyst, on MRI scans using a standardized protocol. Intracranial volume was calculated via a stereological point counting technique and was used for normalizing the shape analysis. Segmented binaries were analyzed using the Spherical Harmonic (SPHARM) Shape Analysis tools (University of North Carolina) to perform comparisons between FTLD subtypes and controls for global shape difference, local significance maps and mean magnitude maps of shape displacement. Shape analysis revealed that there was significant shape difference between FTLD subtypes and controls, consistent with the predicted frontostriatal dysfunction and of significant magnitude, as measured by displacement maps. These differences were not significant for SD compared to controls; lesser for PNFA compared to controls; whilst FTD showed a more specific pattern in regions relaying fronto- and corticostriatal circuits. Shape analysis shows regional specificity of atrophy, manifest as shape deflation, with a differential between FTLD subtypes, compared to controls.
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| 35. |
- Owens-Walton, Conor, et al.
(författare)
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Striatal changes in Parkinson disease : An investigation of morphology, functional connectivity and their relationship to clinical symptoms
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 275, s. 5-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We sought to investigate morphological and resting state functional connectivity changes to the striatal nuclei in Parkinson disease (PD) and examine whether changes were associated with measures of clinical function. Striatal nuclei were manually segmented on 3T-T1 weighted MRI scans of 74 PD participants and 27 control subjects, quantitatively analysed for volume, shape and also functional connectivity using functional MRI data. Bilateral caudate nuclei and putamen volumes were significantly reduced in the PD cohort compared to controls. When looking at left and right hemispheres, the PD cohort had significantly smaller left caudate nucleus and right putamen volumes compared to controls. A significant correlation was found between greater atrophy of the caudate nucleus and poorer cognitive function, and between greater atrophy of the putamen and more severe motor symptoms. Resting-state functional MRI analysis revealed altered functional connectivity of the striatal structures in the PD group. This research demonstrates that PD involves atrophic changes to the caudate nucleus and putamen that are linked to clinical dysfunction. Our work reveals important information about a key structure-function relationship in the brain and provides support for caudate nucleus and putamen atrophy as neuroimaging biomeasures in PD.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Persson, Jonas, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter systems in depressed and healthy : A positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) neurotransmitter systems are implicated in depression. While previous studies found reduced GABA levels, and a tendency towards reduced Glu, using proton (H-1) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-MRS), little is known about GABA(A) receptor availability in depression. Here, the aim was to characterize GABA and Glu-levels in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), whole-brain GABA(A) availability, and their relationship in patients with depression compared to healthy controls. Forty-two patients and 45 controls underwent H-1-MRS using a MEGA-PRESS sequence to quantify dACC GABA+ and Glu (contrasted against creatine [Cr]). Immediately preceding the H-1-MRS, a subsample of 28 patients and 15 controls underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with [C-11]Flumazenil to assess whole-brain GABA(A) receptor availability. There were no differences in dACC GABA+/Cr or Glu/Cr ratios between patients and controls. The same was true for whole-brain GABA(A) receptor availability. However, there was a significant negative relationship between GABA+/Cr ratio and receptor availability in ACC, in a whole-brain voxel-wise analysis across patients and controls, controlling for group or depressive symptoms. This relatively large study did not support the GABA-deficit hypothesis in depression, but shed light on GABA-system functioning, suggesting a balance between neurotransmitter concentration and receptor availability in dACC.
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| 43. |
- Vannini, Patrizia, et al.
(författare)
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Reduced neuronal efficacy in progressive mild cognitive impairment : A prospective fMRI study on visuospatial processing
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506 .- 0165-1781. ; 156:1, s. 43-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often refers to the preclinical stage of dementia, where the majority develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that neurodegenerative burden and compensatory mechanisms might exist before accepted clinical symptoms of AD are noticeable, the current prospective study aimed to investigate the functioning of brain regions in the visuospatial networks responsible for preclinical symptoms in AD using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eighteen MCI patients were evaluated and clinically followed for approximately 3 years. Five progressed to AD (PMCI) and eight remained stable (SMCI). Thirteen age-, gender- and education-matched controls also participated. An angle discrimination task with varying task demands was used. Brain activation patterns as well as task demand-dependent and -independent signal changes between the groups were investigated by using an extended general linear model including individual performance (reaction time [RT]) of each single trial. Similar behavioral (RT and accuracy) responses were observed between MCI patients and controls. A network of bilateral activations, e.g. dorsal pathway, which increased linearly with increasing task demand, was engaged in all subjects. Compared with SMCI patients and controls, PMCI patients showed a stronger relation between task demand and brain activity in left superior parietal lobules (SPL) as well as a general task demand-independent increased activation in left precuneus. Altered brain function can be detected at a group level in individuals that progress to AD before changes occur at the behavioral level. Increased parictal activation in PMCI could reflect a reduced neuronal efficacy due to accumulating AD pathology and might predict future clinical decline in patients with MCI.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Witt, Suzanne Tyson, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between white matter microstructure abnormalities and ADHD symptomatology in adolescents
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 232:2, s. 168-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study sought to evaluate whether white matter microstructure abnormalities observed in a cohort of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have specific relationships with either or both Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Inattentive ADHD symptom domains that would support a dimensional view of ADHD as adopted in the DSM-V. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were acquired on 22 adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine whether scalar DTI measures in 13 tracts-of-interest demonstrated meaningful associations with Hyperactivity/Impulsivity or Inattentive symptom severity. Fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity measures of white matter integrity exhibited significant linear relationships with Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Inattentive symptom severity. However, only radial diffusivity in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus was specifically linked to Inattentive symptom severity and not Hyperactivity/Impulsivity symptom severity. Our results provide preliminary evidence that symptom domains in ADHD are linked to neuroanatomical substrates and confirm the value in examining ADHD from a dimensional perspective.
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| 46. |
- Åhs, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Within-session effect of repeated stress exposure on extinction circuitry function in social anxiety disorder
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 261, s. 85-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anxiety reduction following repeated exposure to stressful experiences is generally held to depend on neural processes involved in extinction of conditioned fear. We predicted that repeated exposure to stressful experiences would change activity throughout the circuitry serving extinction, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the hippocampus and the amygdala. To test this prediction, 36 participants diagnosed with SAD performed two successive speeches in front of an observing audience while regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was recorded using positron emission tomography. To control for non-anxiolytic effects of repeated exposure, rCBF was also measured during repeated presentations of neutral and angry facial expressions. Results showed that anxiety ratings and heart rate decreased from the first to the second speech, indicating an anxiolytic effect of repeated exposure. Exposure attenuated rCBF in the amygdala whereas no change in rCBF was observed in the vmPFC or hippocampus. The rCBF-reductions in the amygdala were greater following repetition of the speech task than repetition of face exposure indicating that they were specific to anxiety attenuation and not due to a reduced novelty. Our findings suggest that amygdala-related attenuation processes are key to understanding the working mechanisms of exposure therapy.
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| 47. |
- Özalay, Özgun, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical thickness and VBM in young women at risk for familial depression and their depressed mothers with positive family history
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 252, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been demonstrated that compared to low-risk subjects, high-risk subjects for depression have structural and functional alterations in their brain scans even before the disease onset. However, it is not known if these alterations are related to vulnerability to depression or epiphenomena. One way to resolve this ambiguity is to detect the structural alterations in the high-risk subjects and determine if the same alterations are present in the probands. In this study, we recruited 24 women with the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with recurrent episodes and their healthy daughters (the high-risk for familial depression group; HRFD). We compared structural brain scans of the patients and HRFG group with those of 24 age-matched healthy mothers and their healthy daughters at similar ages to the HRFD group; respectively. Both cortical gray matter (GM) volume and thickness analyses revealed that HRFD daughters and their MDD mothers had similar GM differences in two regions: the right temporoparietal region and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. These results suggested that the observed alterations may be related to trait clinical and neurophysiological characteristics of MDD and may present before the onset of illness.
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