| 1. |
- Ankarberg, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Neurobehavioural defects in adult mice neonatally exposed to nicotine: changes in nicotine-induced behaviour and maze learning performance
- 2001
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 123:2, s. 185-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neonatal exposure to low doses of nicotine has been shown to disturb the development of low-affinity nicotinic binding sites in the cerebral cortex and to elicit a deviant behavioural response to nicotine in adult mice. In this study, 10-day-old male NMRI mice were exposed to one of three different doses of nicotine (3.3, 33, or 66 μg nicotine-base/kg body wt.) s.c. twice daily on 5 consecutive days to study dose–response effects of nicotine on adult spontaneous and nicotine-induced motor behaviour. The nicotine-induced behaviour test revealed a hypoactive response to nicotine in 4-month-old mice neonatally exposed to 33 or 66 μg nicotine-base, whereas the response to nicotine in control animals and mice exposed to 3.3 μg nicotine-base was an increased activity. Learning and memory functions were also investigated in adult animals neonatally exposed to 66 μg nicotine-base/kg body wt. in the same manner, in the Morris water maze and in the Radial arm maze. In the swim maze and the Radial arm maze tests, no significant differences were observed between nicotine-treated and control animals at the age of 4 months. At 7 months, however, a significant difference in performance was evident, indicating a time-response/time-dependent effect. Furthermore, it was shown that in mice exposed neonatally to a nicotine dose known to inhibit the development of the nicotinic low affinity-binding site (LA), the response to nicotine could not cause any increase in spontaneous motor activity as seen in controls.
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| 2. |
- McGlone, Francis, et al.
(författare)
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Functional neuroimaging studies of human somatosensory cortex
- 2002
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 135:1-2, s. 147-158, PII S0166-4328(02)00144-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two studies were carried out to assess the applicability of echoplanar fMRI at 3.0 T to the analysis of somatosensory mechanisms in humans. Vibrotactile stimulation of the tips of digits two and five reliably generated significant clusters of activation in primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex, area 43, the pre-central gyrus, posterior insula, posterior parietal cortex and posterior cingulate. Separation of these responses by digit in SI was possible in all subjects and the activation sites reflected the known lateral position of the representation of digit 2 relative to that of digit 5. A second study employed microneurographic techniques in which individual median-nerve mechanoreceptive afferents were isolated, physiologically characterized, and microstimulated in conjunction with fMRI. Hemodynamic responses, observed in every case, were robust, focal, and physiologically orderly. These techniques will enable more detailed studies of the representation of the body surface in human somatosensory cortex, the relationship of that organization to short-term plasticity in responses to natural tactile stimuli, and effects of stimulus patterning and unimodal/cross-modal attentional manipulations. They also present unique opportunities to investigate the basic physiology of the BOLD effect, and to optimize the operating characteristics of two important human functional neuroimaging modalities-high-field fMRI and high-resolution EEG-in an unusually specific and well-characterized neurophysiological setting.
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| 3. |
- Trulsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Orofacial mechanoreceptors in humans : encoding characteristics and responses during natural orofacial behaviors.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 135:1-2, s. 27-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used microneurography to characterize stimulus-encoding properties of low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents in human orofacial tissues. Signals were recorded from single afferents in the infraorbital, lingual and inferior alveolar nerves while localized, controlled, mechanical stimuli were delivered to the facial skin, lips, oral mucosa and teeth. We likewise analyzed activity in these afferents during orofacial behaviors such as speech, chewing and biting. The afferents in the soft tissues functionally resemble four types described in the human hand: hair follicle afferents, slowly adapting (SA) type I and type II afferents and fast adapting (FA) type I afferents. Afferents in the facial skin, lips and buccal mucosa respond not only to contact with environmental objects, but also to contact between the lips, changes in air pressure generated for speech sounds, and to facial skin and mucosa deformations that accompany lip and jaw movements associated with chewing and swallowing. Hence, in addition to exteroceptive information, these afferents provide proprioceptive information. In contrast, afferents terminating superficially in the tongue do not signal proprioceptive information about tongue movements in this manner. They only respond when the receptive field is brought into contact with other intraoral structures or objects, e.g. the teeth or food. All human periodontal afferents adapt slowly to maintained tooth loads. Populations of periodontal afferents encode information about both which teeth are loaded and the direction of forces applied to individual teeth. Most afferents exhibit a markedly curved relationship between discharge rate and force amplitude, featuring the highest sensitivity to changes in tooth load at low forces (below 1 N). Accordingly, periodontal afferents efficiently encode tooth load when subjects first contact, hold, and gently manipulate food by the teeth. In contrast, only a minority of the afferents encodes the rapid and strong force increase generated when biting through food. We conclude, that humans use periodontal afferent signals to control jaw actions associated with intraoral manipulation of food rather than exertion of jaw power actions.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Alvarsson, A, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional memory impairments induced by AAV-mediated overexpression of human α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 296, s. 129-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with extensive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons originating in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but neuronal loss is also found in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA projects to areas involved in cognitive and emotional processes, including hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, and has thus been proposed to play a role in emotional memory impairments in PD. Since the formation of α-synuclein inclusions throughout the central nervous system is a pathological hallmark of PD, we studied the progressive effects of α-synuclein overexpression in the VTA on motor functions, emotional behaviour and emotional memory. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding either human α-synuclein or green fluorescent protein (GFP) were injected stereotactically into the VTA, and behaviour was monitored 3 and 8 weeks following AAV injection. At week 8, there was a 22% reduction of TH+ neurons in the VTA. We demonstrate that α-synuclein overexpression in dopaminergic neurons of the VTA induced mild motor deficits that appeared 3 weeks following AAV-α-synuclein injection and were aggravated at week 8. No depressive- or anxiety-like behaviours were found. To address emotional memory, we used the passive avoidance test, a one-trial associative learning paradigm based on contextual conditioning which requires minimal training. Interestingly, emotional memory impairments were found in α-synuclein overexpressing animals at week 8. These findings indicate that α-synuclein overexpression induces progressive memory impairments likely caused by a loss of function of mesolimbic dopaminergic projections.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Anderson, Maria E., et al.
(författare)
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Galanin, through GalR1 but not GalR2 receptors, decreases motivation at times of high appetitive behavior
- 2013
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 239, s. 90-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Galanin is a 29/30-amino acid long neuropeptide that has been implicated in many physiological and behavioral functions. Previous research has shown that i.c.v. administration of galanin strongly stimulates food intake in sated rats when food is freely available, but fails to stimulate this consumption when an operant response requirement is present. Using fixed ratio (FR) schedules, we sought to further clarify galanin's role in motivated behavior by administering galanin i.c.v. to rats working on fixed ratio schedules requiring either a low work condition (FR1) or higher work conditions (FR > 1) to obtain a 0.2% saccharin reward. Rats in the FR > 1 group were assigned to either an FR3, FR5 or FR7 schedule of reinforcement. The rate of reinforcement decreased for only the FR > 1 group as compared to saline controls. Furthermore, injections of GalR1 receptor agonist M617 led to a similar, marginally significant decrease in the number of reinforcers received in the FR > 1 condition, but a decrease was not seen after injections of GalR2 receptor agonist M1153. Taken together, these results show that galanin may be playing a role in decreasing motivation at times of high appetitive behavior, and that this effect is likely mediated by the GalR1 receptor.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Backström, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Social stress effects on pigmentation and monoamines in Arctic charr
- 2015
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 291, s. 103-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pigmentation often signals status and in general melanin-based pigmentation is indicative of aggression and stress resilience in vertebrates. This is evident in the salmonids Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) where more melanin spotted individuals are more stress resilient. However, in the salmonid Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) it seems as if it is carotenoid-based pigmentation that signals aggression and stress resilience. In our study, social stress effects on carotenoid-based spots, and behavioural and physiological stress responses were investigated. Socially stressed individuals have more spots, and behavioural stress responses were associated with spots. Some of the results concerning physiological stress responses, such as plasma cortisol levels and monoaminergic activity, are associated with spottiness. Further, the earlier proposed lateralization of spots, with left side connected to stress responsiveness and right side to aggression, is to some extent validated although not conclusively. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence that more stressed charr have more carotenoid spots, and for the first time monoaminergic activity is shown to be connected with carotenoid pigmentation.
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| 10. |
- Bannbers, Elin, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Prefrontal activity during response inhibition decreases over time in the postpartum period
- 2013
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 241, s. 132-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The postpartum period is characterized by complex hormonal changes, but human imaging studies in the postpartum period have thus far predominantly focused on the neural correlates of maternal behavior or postpartum depression, whereas longitudinal studies on neural correlates of cognitive function across the postpartum period in healthy women are lacking. The aim of this study was to longitudinally examine response inhibition, as a measure of executive function, during the postpartum period and its neural correlates in healthy postpartum women and non-postpartum controls. Thirteen healthy postpartum women underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a Go/NoGo task. The first assessment was made within 48 h of delivery, and the second at 4-7 weeks postpartum. In addition, 13 healthy women examined twice during the menstrual cycle were included as non-postpartum controls. In postpartum women region of interest analyses revealed task-related decreased activations in the right inferior frontal gyrus, right anterior cingulate, and bilateral precentral gyri at the late postpartum assessment. Generally, postpartum women displayed lower activity during response inhibition in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri and precentral gyri compared to non-postpartum controls. No differences in performance on the Go/NoGo task were found between time-points or between groups. In conclusion, this study has discovered that brain activity in prefrontal areas during a response inhibition task decreases throughout the course of the first postpartum weeks and is lower than in non-postpartum controls. Further studies on the normal adaptive brain activity changes that occur during the postpartum period are warranted. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bianconi, Santiago, et al.
(författare)
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Ghrelin restores memory impairment following olfactory bulbectomy in mice by activating hippocampal NMDA1 and MAPK1 gene expression
- 2021
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Springer Nature. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 410
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ghrelin (Ghrl) is an orexigenic peptide with potential roles in the modulation of anxiety- and depressive-like symptoms induced by bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OB) in rodents. In the present work, we assessed whether intrahippocampal Ghrl could reverse OB-induced depressive-like and amnesic effects by regulating molecular mechanisms related to neuroplasticity. Adult female albino Swiss mice were divided into sham and OB groups, and infused with saline (S) or Ghrl 0.03 nmol/μl, 0.3 nmol/μl, or 3 nmol/μl into the hippocampus before exposition to open-field test (OFT) and tail suspension test (TST) or immediately after training in the object recognition test (ORT). After test phase in ORT, animals were euthanized and their hippocampi were dissected to study the expression of genes related to memory. The OB-S animals presented hyperlocomotion in OFT, increased immobility in TST and memory impairment compared to sham-S (p < 0.05), but acute intrahippocampal infusion of Ghrl 0.3 nmol/μl produced an improvement on these parameters in OB animals (p < 0.05). In addition, this dose of Ghrl reversed OB-induced low expression of NMDA1 and MAPK1 iso1 and up-regulated the expression of CaMKIIa iso1 and iso2, and MAPK1 iso2 (p < 0.05). These results extend the existing literature regarding OB-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes, and provide mechanisms that could underlie the antidepressant effect of Ghrl in this model.
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| 13. |
- Björkstrand, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Think twice, it's all right : Long lasting effects of disrupted reconsolidation on brain and behavior in human long-term fear
- 2017
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 324, s. 125-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Memories can be modified when recalled. Experimental fear conditioning studies support that amygdala-localized fear memories are attenuated when reconsolidation is disrupted through extinction training immediately following memory activation. Recently, using functional brain imaging in individuals with lifelong spider fears, we demonstrated that fear memory activation followed by repeated exposure to feared cues after 10 min, thereby disrupting reconsolidation, attenuated activity in the amygdala during later re-exposure, and also facilitated approach behavior to feared cues. In contrast, repeated exposure 6 h after fear memory activation, allowing for reconsolidation, did not attenuate amygdala activity and resulted in less approach behavior as compared to the group that received disrupted reconsolidation. We here evaluated if these effects are stable after 6 months and found that amygdala activity was further reduced in both groups, with a tendency towards greater reductions in the 10 min than the 6 h group. Hence, disrupted reconsolidation results in long lasting attenuation of amygdala activity. The behavioral effect, with more approach towards previously feared cues, in the 10 min than the 6 h group also persisted. Thus, the brain effect of disrupted reconsolidation is stable over 6 months and the behavioral effect also remained. We therefore conclude that disrupted reconsolidation result in a long-lasting diminished fear memory representation in the amygdala which may have clinical importance.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Checknita, Dave, et al.
(författare)
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Monoamine oxidase A genotype and methylation moderate the association of maltreatment and aggressive behaviour
- 2020
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : ELSEVIER. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The association between childhood maltreatment and subsequent aggressive behaviour is modified by monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) functional polymorphism (MAOA-uVNTR) genotype, MAOA-Long (MAOA-L) in females, MAOA-Short (MAOA-S) in males. Childhood maltreatment is associated with differential DNA methylation in several genes. Consistent with recent proposals, we hypothesized that the association of the interaction of MAOA genotype and maltreatment with aggressive behaviour is further moderated by methylation of a region of interest (ROI) spanning the first exon and partial first intron of MAOA.Method: The sample included 117 women and 77 men who completed interviews and questionnaires to report maltreatment and aggressive behaviour towards others and provided saliva samples for DNA extraction. The MAOA-uVNTR polymorphism was genotyped, and methylation of the MAOA ROI was assessed.Results: Following adjustment for substance misuse, psychoactive medication use, and in males tobacco use, the highest levels of aggressive behaviour were found among maltreated male carriers of MAOA-S with high levels of exonic methylation.Conclusion: Methylation levels within the MAOA ROI further contributed to the interaction of MAOA risk genotypes and maltreatment on aggressive behaviours among men.
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| 20. |
- Clemensson, Erik Karl Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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The BACHD rat model of Huntington disease shows slowed learning in a Go/No-Go-like test of visual discrimination
- 2019
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 359, s. 116-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Huntington disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease, in which patients display a broad range of clinical symptoms. Among these, impaired inhibitory control has been noted. The BACHD rat is a recently developed and established transgenic animal model for Huntington disease, and characterizing the presence of Huntington disease-like behavioural phenotypes in these animals is of importance. Prior studies have indicated that BACHD rats suffer from impaired inhibitory control, although further studies are necessary to fully understand the scope and specific nature of these phenotypes. In the current study, BACHD rats were trained to perform a Go/No-Go-like test of visual discrimination, akin to behavioural tests that have revealed suspected response inhibition impairments in Huntington disease patients. The results indicate that although BACHD rats showed a slow rate of learning to inhibit responses on No-Go trials, once they had learned to handle the basic discrimination, they had an unchanged ability to withhold lever responses during extended periods of time. This suggests that BACHD rats have specific impairments when applying inhibitory control to a new or changed situation. The findings are in line with previous studies of BACHD rats and support the continued use and characterization of this animal model.
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| 21. |
- Codita, Alina, et al.
(författare)
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Impaired behavior of female tg-ArcSwe APP mice in the IntelliCage : A longitudinal study
- 2010
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 215:1, s. 83-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transgenic animals expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) are used as models for Alzheimer disease (AD). Ideally, behavioral tests improve the predictive validity of studies on animals by mirroring the functional impact of AD-like neuropathology. Learning and memory studies in APP transgenic models have been difficult to replicate. Standardization of procedures, automatization or improved protocol design can improve reproducibility. Here the IntelliCage, an automated system, was used for behavioral testing of APP female transgenic mice with both the Arctic and Swedish mutations, the tg-ArcSwe model. Protocols covering exploration, operant learning, place learning and extinction of place preference as well as passive avoidance tests were used for longitudinal characterization of behavior. Differences in exploratory activity were significant at four months of age, when plaque-free tg-ArcSwe mice visited less frequently the IntelliCage corners and initially performed fewer visits with licks compared to non-tg animals, inside the new environment. Fourteen months old tg-ArcSwe mice required a longer time to re-habituate to the IntelliCages than non-tg mice. At both ages tg-ArcSwe mice perseverated in place preference extinction test. Fourteen months old tg-ArcSwe mice were impaired in hippocampus-dependent spatial passive avoidance learning. This deficit was found to inversely correlate to calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus. Reduced water intake and body weight were observed in 4 months old tg-ArcSwe animals. The body weight difference increased with age. Thus behavioral and metabolic changes in the tg-ArcSwe APP model were detected using the IntelliCage, a system which provides the opportunity for standardized automated longitudinal behavioral phenotyping.
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| 22. |
- Croy, Ilona, et al.
(författare)
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Interpersonal stroking touch is targeted to C tactile afferent activation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 297, s. 37-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C tactile fibers are a specialized group of fibers innervating the non-glabrous skin that are tuned to light gentle stroking applied with velocities between 1 and 10. cm/s. Those fibers add to the sensation of interpersonal caressing and pleasant touch. It is unclear whether people spontaneously apply touch that is tuned to optimally activate those fibers. This was investigated in three studies. In study one, 45 participants (21.8. ±. 2.3 years, 24 women) were asked to stroke an artificial arm. In study two, 32 participants (28.3. ±. 8.7years, 16 women) were asked to stroke their partner. In study three, 11 parents (29.4. ±. 5.7years, 6 women) were asked to stroke their babies. Stroking velocity was tracked in all conditions. Stroking velocities were significantly slower in the partner touch and baby touch condition than in the artificial arm condition and all of the participants stroking their partner or baby used velocities that can activate C tactile fibers. We conclude that human social stroking is optimized for C tactile stimulation. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
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| 23. |
- Dahlbom, S. Josefin, et al.
(författare)
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Aggression and monoamines : Effects of sex and social rank in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 228:2, s. 333-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social defeat is a common model for studies on depression. However, such models are most often used to study aggression in males and sex differences in depression may therefore be overseen. This study investigated the potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for male and female aggression. In addition, effects on the brain serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems after agonistic interaction are well studied in many species, but not in zebrafish. We wanted to explore whether the zebrafish follows the same patterns as many other species. Therefore, the effects of agonistic interaction on brain monoaminergic activity were studied in adult male and female wild-type zebrafish. The fish interacted in pairs with one of the same sex for five days during which agonistic behaviour was quantified daily. Clear dominant/subordinate relationships developed in all pairs, both in males and females. The frequency of aggressive acts increased over time but did not differ between male and female pairs. Further, we found that dyadic agonistic interaction resulted in elevated brain serotonergic activity in subordinate zebrafish, as indicated by elevated hindbrain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid to serotonin ratios (5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ratios). We also observed a sex difference in forebrain dopamine levels and forebrain 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios, with females displaying higher concentrations of dopamine but lower 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios than males. These results suggest that zebrafish is a suitable model for studies on female aggression and sex differences in brain monoaminergic neurotransmission.
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| 24. |
- Dimitriadou, S., et al.
(författare)
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Brain monoaminergic activity during predator inspection in female Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the processes underpinning social decision-making, we need to determine how internal states respond to information gathered from the social environment. Brain monoamine neurotransmitters are key in the appraisal of the social environment and can reflect the internal state underlying behavioural responses to social stimuli. Here we determined the effects of conspecific partner cooperativeness during predator inspection on brain monoamine metabolic activity in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We quantified the concentration of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites across brain sections sampled immediately after ostensibly expe-riencing cooperation or defection from social partners whilst inspecting a predator model, using a familiar object as a control condition. Our results indicate dopaminergic and serotonergic activity differs with the coopera-tiveness experienced; these different neurotransmission profiles are likely to affect the expression and regulation of downstream behaviours that ultimately contribute to the patterning of cooperative interactions among in-dividuals in a population.
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| 25. |
- Ekblom, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Acute effects of physical activity patterns on plasma cortisol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in relation to corticospinal excitability.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortisol are both capable of modulating synaptic plasticity, but it is unknown how physical activity-induced changes in their plasma levels relate to corticospinal plasticity in humans. Sixteen inactive middle-aged men and women participated in three separate interventions consisting of 3hours prolonged sitting (SIT); 3hours sitting interrupted every 30minutes with frequent short physical activity breaks (FPA); and 2.5hours prolonged sitting followed by 25minutes of moderate intensity exercise (EXE). These 3hour sessions were each followed by a 30min period of paired associative stimulation over the primary motor cortex (PAS). Blood samples were taken and corticospinal excitability measured at baseline, pre PAS, 5min and 30min post PAS. Here we report levels of plasma BDNF and cortisol over three activity conditions and relate these levels to previously published changes in corticospinal excitability of a non-activated thumb muscle. There was no interaction between time and condition in BDNF, but cortisol levels were significantly higher after EXE compared to after SIT and FPA. Higher cortisol levels at pre PAS predicted larger increases in corticospinal excitability from baseline to all subsequent time points in the FPA condition only, while levels of BDNF at pre PAS did not predict such changes in any of the conditions. Neither BDNF nor cortisol modified changes from pre PAS to the subsequent time points, suggesting that the increased corticospinal excitability was not mediated though an augmented effect of the PAS protocol. The relationship between cortisol and plasticity has been suggested to be U-shaped. This is possibly why the moderately high levels of cortisol seen in the FPA condition were positively associated with changes AURC, while the higher cortisol levels seen after EXE were not. A better understanding of the mechanisms for how feasible physical activity breaks affect neuroplasticity can inform the theoretical framework for how work environments and schedules should be designed. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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| 26. |
- Eklund, Malin B., et al.
(författare)
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Differential effects of repeated long and brief maternal separation on behaviour and neuroendocrine parameters in Wistar dams
- 2009
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 203:1, s. 69-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Repeated, prolonged maternal separation has been suggested to model the development of a depression-like syndrome in rats. The long separations from the pups have been proposed to be stressful for the dams, which in turn could mediate the changes seen in adult offspring. In the present study we investigated whether prolonged maternal separation really is stressful for rat dams by studying parameters known to be affected by long-term stress such as spontaneous motor activity, anxiety-like behaviour, adrenal gland weight and plasma corticosterone levels. Dams were separated from their litter for either 4 h (MS240) or 15 min (MS15) on eight random days during postnatal day 1–14, or left undisturbed (animal facility reared, AFR). After weaning MS240 dams showed decreased peripheral activity and habituated slower in horizontal activity. On the contrary, MS15 dams showed more peripheral activity and less rearing activity compared to both AFR and MS240 dams when habituated to the testing apparatus, suggesting that MS15 dams are more anxious. The adrenal glands from MS15 dams weighed significantly less and plasma corticosterone levels were significantly higher compared to AFR and MS240 dams. These results suggest that repeated brief maternal separations from pups could be stressful for rat mothers, whereas prolonged separations are not. Since these results are in contrast to the current notion that the short separation procedure may be considered as a safe milieu, whereas the prolonged separations have been suggested to be stressful for both dams and pups, further studies in this field are warranted.
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| 27. |
- Enhamre-Brolin, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Growth hormone reverses streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairments in male mice
- 2013
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 238, s. 273-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades, growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in human subjects deficient in the hormone has resulted in a number of beneficial effects on cognitive performance. Studies in hypophysectomised rats report similar effects of GH treatment on learning and memory tasks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of GM to reverse learning impairments in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Diabetic and control mice were given recombinant human GM (rhGH) 0.1 IU/kg/day for ten consecutive days. In the latter phase of the treatment the cognitive abilities of the mice were tested using the Barnes maze (BM). A profound hormonal effect was seen when analysing the search patterns used by the animals in the maze. rhGH treatment significantly counteracted the cognitive disabilities expressed as lack of direct search strategies on the last day in the BM. In addition, the number of primary errors made by diabetic mice during the acquisition phase was reduced by rhGH treatment, although the primary escape latency was unchanged in these animals when compared to saline-treated diabetic animals. These results suggest that specific cognitive impairments induced by STZ, i.e. the disabilities seen in strategic behaviour, could be reversed by exogenous hormone treatment. Our findings highlight the influence of GH on brain function and in particular on cognitive behaviour related to learning and memory.
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| 28. |
- Eriksson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Neonatal exposure to whole body ionizing radiation induces adult neurobehavioural defects : Critical period, dose-response effects and strain and sex comparison
- 2016
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 304, s. 11-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development of the brain includes periods which can be critical for its normal maturation. The present study investigates specifically vulnerable peri-/postnatal periods in mice which are essential for understanding the etiology behind radiation induced neurotoxicity and functional defects, including evaluation of neurotoxicity between sexes or commonly used laboratory mouse strains following low/moderate doses of ionizing radiation (IR). Male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice, whole body irradiated to a single 500 mGy IR dose, on postnatal day (PND) 3 or PND 10 showed an altered adult spontaneous behaviour and impaired habituation capacity, whereas irradiation on PND 19 did not have any impact on the studied variables. Both NMRI and C57bl/6 male and female mice showed an altered adult spontaneous behaviour and impaired habituation following a single whole body irradiation of 500 or 1000 mGy, but not after 20 or 100 mGy, on PND 10. The present study shows that exposure to low/moderate doses of IR during critical life stages might be involved in the induction of neurological/neurodegenerative disorder/disease. A specifically vulnerable period for radiation induced neurotoxicity seems to be around PND 3-10 in mice. Further studies are needed to investigate mechanisms involved in induction of developmental neurotoxicity following low dose irradiation.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Florén Lind, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Acute low dose caffeine affects behavior profile and activity, an examination of male rats with high or low anxiety-like behavior
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 455
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anxiety disorders affect up to one third of the population. Caffeine, an adenosine receptor antagonist, is thought to have a dose-dependent effect on anxiety. We recently showed that a high dose of caffeine (50 mg/kg) differentially affected anxiety-like behavior in rats with high or low baseline anxiety-like behavior, replicating findings using relatively high doses in human patient samples. It is not known if low doses of caffeine have similar effects. The elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to categorize male Wistar rats (13 weeks of age) into groups of high or low anxiety-like behavior. Behavior was evaluated using the multivariate concentric square field (MCSF) test and the EPM after a low 10 mg/kg dose of caffeine. Multivariate data analysis demonstrated that caffeine decreased the differences between the high and low anxiety group, whereas the separation remained for the high and low control groups. For the caffeine treated rats, univariate statistics showed an increase in parameters regarding activity in the EPM and duration in the slope of the MCSF. Regarding risk-taking, shelter-seeking, and exploratory behavior, caffeine did not affect the groups differently. In conclusion, these results demonstrate increased activity in the caffeine-treated rats, together with a potentially anxiolytic effect and increased impulsivity that did not differ between the baseline anxiety groups. In contrast to high caffeine doses, a low dose does not generally affect rats with high anxiety at baseline differently than rats with low anxiety-like behavior. Further studies are warranted to fully elucidate the effects of caffeine in anxiety.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Frick, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Classifying social anxiety disorder using multivoxel pattern analyses of brain function and structure
- 2014
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 75:9, s. 358S-358S
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Functional neuroimaging of social anxiety disorder (SAD) support altered neural activation to threat-provoking stimuli focally in the fear network, while structural differences are distributed over the temporal and frontal cortices as well as limbic structures. Previous neuroimaging studies have investigated the brain at the voxel level using mass-univariate methods which do not enable detection of more complex patterns of activity and structural alterations that may separate SAD from healthy individuals. Support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning method that capitalizes on brain activation and structural patterns to classify individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate if it is possible to discriminate SAD patients (n = 14) from healthy controls (n = 12) using SVM based on (1) functional magnetic resonance imaging during fearful face processing and (2) regional gray matter volume. Whole brain and region of interest (fear network) SVM analyses were performed for both modalities. For functional scans, significant classifications were obtained both at whole brain level and when restricting the analysis to the fear network while gray matter SVM analyses correctly classified participants only when using the whole brain search volume. These results support that SAD is characterized by aberrant neural activation to affective stimuli in the fear network, while disorder-related alterations in regional gray matter volume are more diffusely distributed over the whole brain. SVM may thus be useful for identifying imaging biomarkers of SAD.
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| 33. |
- Gruden, Marina A, et al.
(författare)
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Intranasal administration of alpha-synuclein aggregates : a Parkinson's disease model with behavioral and neurochemical correlates
- 2014
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 263, s. 158-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which both alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) and dopamine (DA) have a critical role. Our previous studies instigated a novel PD model based on nasal inoculation with alpha-syn aggregates which expressed parkinsonian-like behavioral and immunological features. The current study in mice substantiated the robustness of the amyloid nasal vector model by examining behavioral consequences with respect to DA-ergic neurochemical corollaries. In vitro generated alpha-syn oligomers and fibrils were characterized using atomic force microscopy and the thioflavin T binding assay. These toxic oligomers or fibrils administered alone (0.48 mg/kg) or their 50:50 combination (total dose of 0.48 mg/kg) were given intranasally for 14 days and "open-field" behavior was tested on days 0, 15 and 28 of the protocol. Behavioral deficits at the end of the 14-day dosing regime and on day 28 (i.e., 14 days after treatment completion) induced rigidity, hypokinesia and immobility. This was accompanied by elevated nigral but not striatal DA, DOPAC and HVA concentrations in response to dual administration of alpha-syn oligomers plus fibrils but not the oligomers by themselves. alpha-Syn fibrils intensified not only the hypokinesia and immobility 14 days post treatment, but also reduced vertical rearing and enhanced DA levels in the substantia nigra. Only nigral DA turnover (DOPAC/DA but not HVA/DA ratio) was augmented in response to fibril treatment but there were no changes in the striatum. Compilation of these novel behavioral and neurochemical findings substantiate the validity of the alpha-syn nasal vector model for investigating parkinsonian-like symptoms.(C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 34. |
- Gruden, Marina A., et al.
(författare)
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Nasal inoculation with a-synuclein aggregates evokes rigidity, locomotor deficits and immunity to such misfolded species as well as dopamine
- 2013
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 243, s. 205-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been widely used to investigate the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disorder which is typically associated with the specific and largely disordered protein alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). In the current study, the nasal vector was used to deliver alpha-syn aggregates to the brain. Both alpha-syn oligomers and its fibrils were firstly characterized using atomic force microscopy and the thioflavin T binding assay. The toxic oligomers alone (0.48 mg/kg) or their 50:50 combination with fibrils (in a total dose of 0.48 mg/kg) were then given intranasally for ten days in mice and PD-mimetic symptoms as well as humoral immunity to these species and dopamine (DA) were evaluated simultaneously. Open-field behavioral deficits indicated by rigidity and reduced locomotor activity were induced by the dual administration of alpha-syn oligomers plus fibrils but not the oligomers by themselves under the 10-day dosing regimen. In contrast, using ELISA, high levels of serum autoantibodies to alpha-syn monomeric, oligomeric and fibrillar conformers as well as DA were observed in both treatment groups reflecting immune system activation and this substantiates previous clinical studies in Parkinson's disease patients. Thus, nasal administration of alpha-syn amyloidogenic species may be a potential experimental PD model which results not only in motor deficits but also incitement of humoral protection to mimic the disease. Such a paradigm may be exploitable in the quest for potential therapeutic strategies and further studies are warranted.
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| 35. |
- Gruden, Marina A, et al.
(författare)
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Noradrenergic and serotonergic neurochemistry arising from intranasal inoculation with α-synuclein aggregates which incite parkinsonian-like symptoms
- 2015
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 279, s. 191-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) toxic aggregates delivered by the nasal vector have been shown to modify the neurochemistry of dopamine (DA) which is associated with parkinsonian-like motor symptoms. The aim was therefore to study the intranasal effects of α-syn oligomers, fibrils or their combination on the motor behavior of aged mice in relation to possible noradrenergic and serotonergic correlates. In vitro generated α-syn oligomers and fibrils were verified using atomic force microscopy and the thioflavin T binding assay. Levels of noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were detected using HPLC with electrochemical detection in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum. The oligomers or fibrils administered alone or in a 50:50 combination (total dose of 0.48mg/kg) were given intranasally for 14 days and "open-field" behaviour was tested on days 0, 15 and 28 of the protocol, at which time brain structures were sampled. Behavioral deficits at the end of the 14-day dosing regime and on day 28 (i.e. 14 days after treatment completion) induced hypokinesia and immobility whilst the aggregate combination additionally produced rigidity. The α-Syn oligomer/fibril mixture also instigated PD-like motor symptoms which correlated heterochronically with elevated NA levels in the striatum but then later in the SN while intranasal fibrils alone augmented 5-HT and 5-HIAA nigral concentrations throughout the protocol. In contrast, α-syn oligomers displayed a delayed serotonin upsurge in the SN. Neurodegenerative and/or actions on neurotransmitter transporters (such as NET, SERT and VMAT2) are discussed as being implicated in these α-syn amyloid induced neurochemical and motoric disturbances.
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| 36. |
- Gruden, Marina A., et al.
(författare)
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The misfolded pro-inflammatory protein S100A9 disrupts memory via neurochemical remodelling instigating an Alzheimer's disease-like cognitive deficit
- 2016
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 306, s. 106-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Memory deficits may develop from a variety of neuropathologies including Alzheimer's disease dementia. During neurodegenerative conditions there are contributory factors such as neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis involved in memory impairment. In the present study, dual properties of S100A9 protein as a pro-inflammatory and amyloidogenic agent were explored in the passive avoidance memory task along with neurochemical assays in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of aged mice. S100A9 oligomers and fibrils were generated in vitro and verified by AFM, Thioflavin T and All antibody binding. Native S100A9 as well as S100A9 oligomers and fibrils or their combination were administered intranasally over 14 days followed by behavioral and neurochemical analysis. Both oligomers and fibrils evoked amnestic activity which correlated with disrupted prefrontal cortical and hippocampal dopaminergic neurochemistry. The oligomer-fibril combination produced similar but weaker neurochemistry to the fibrils administered alone but without passive avoidance amnesia. Native S100A9 did not modify memory task performance even though it generated a general and consistent decrease in monoamine levels (DA, 5-HT and NA) and increased metabolic marker ratios of DA and 5-HT turnover (DOPAC/DA, HVA/DA and 5-HIAA) in the prefrontal cortex. These results provide insight into a novel pathogenetic mechanism underlying amnesia in a fear-aggravated memory task based on amyloidogenesis of a pro-inflammatory factor leading to disrupted brain neurochemistry in the aged brain. The data further suggests that amyloid species of S100A9 create deleterious effects principally on the dopaminergic system and this novel finding might be potentially exploited during dementia management through a neuroprotective strategy.
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| 37. |
- Guath, Mona, et al.
(författare)
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Pupil dilation during negative prediction errors is related to brain choline concentration and depressive symptoms in adolescents
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Depressive symptoms are associated with altered pupillary responses during learning and reward prediction as well as with changes in neurometabolite levels, including brain concentrations of choline, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However, the full link between depressive symptoms, reward-learning-related pupillary responses and neurometabolites is yet to be established as these constructs have not been assessed in the same individuals. The present pilot study, investigated these relations in a sample of 24 adolescents aged 13 years. Participants completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and underwent a reward learning task while measuring pupil dilation and a single voxel dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) MEGA-PRESS magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan assessing choline, glutamate and GABA concentrations. Pupil dilation was related to prediction errors (PE) during learning, which was captured by a prediction error-weighted pupil dilation response index (PE-PDR) for each individual. Higher PE-PDR scores, indicating larger pupil dilations to negative prediction errors, were related to lower depressive symptoms and lower dACC choline concentrations. Dorsal ACC choline was positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas glutamate and GABA were not related to PE-PDR or depressive symptoms. The findings support notions of cholinergic involvement in depressive symptoms and cholinergic influence on reward-related pupillary response, suggesting that pupillary responses to negative prediction errors may hold promise as a biomarker of depressive states.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Herrera, Guadalupe, et al.
(författare)
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Memory consolidation impairment induced by Interleukin-1 beta is associated with changes in hippocampal structural plasticity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), can affect cognitive processes such as learning and memory. The aim of this study was to establish whether the effect of IL-1 beta on contextual fear memory is associated with changes in hippocampal structural plasticity. We also studied the effect of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), a potent anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective peptide. Different groups of animals were implanted bilaterally in dorsal hippocampus (DH). After recovery they were conditioned for contextual fear memory and received the different treatments (vehicle, IL-1 beta, alpha-MSH or IL-1 beta + alpha-MSH). Memory was assessed 24 hs after conditioning and immediately after rats were perfused for dendritic spine analysis. Our results show that local hippocampal administration of IL-1 beta just after memory encoding induced impairment in contextual memory and a reduction in the total density of CA1 hippocampal dendritic spines, particularly the mature ones. alpha-MSH administration reversed the IL-1 beta induced changes. The results suggest that neuro-inflammation induced by IL-1 beta interferes with experience-dependent structural plasticity in DH whereas alpha-MSH has a beneficial modulatory role in preventing this effect.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Hoppe, Johanna M., et al.
(författare)
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Imaginal extinction and the vividness of mental imagery : Exploring the reduction of fear within the mind’s eye
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients are encouraged to produce vivid mental imagery during imaginal exposure, as it is assumed to promote fear reduction. Nevertheless, the link between fear reduction and imagery vividness is unclear. We investigated the impact of vividness on fear responses using an experimental analogue of imaginal exposure - imaginal extinction - in which conditioned fear, measured with skin conductance, is reduced through exposure to mental imagery of the conditioned stimulus. We examined (1) if task-specific vividness (high vs low) of the conditioned stimulus during imaginal extinction moderated the reduction of fear responses, and (2) if task-specific vividness influenced remaining fear responses 24 h later. Findings suggest that high vividness may be advantageous for fear reduction during imaginal extinction, but it may not influence fear responses in the longer term. A possible clinical implication is that high imagery vividness during imaginal exposure may not be vital for overall treatment outcome. As high vividness is associated with increased levels of distress, a future direction would be to explore whether similar fear reduction can be obtained with less vivid imaginal exposure and thereby make treatment tolerable for more patients.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Johansson, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) induces cognitive deficits and affects GABAB receptors and IGF-1 receptors in male rats
- 2014
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 269, s. 164-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, the abuse of the club drug Gamma-hydroxy butyric acid (GHB) has become increasingly frequent among adolescents. The drug induces euphoria but can also result in sedation, anaesthesia as well as short-term amnesia. In addition, the abuse of GHB is reported to cause cognitive impairments. The mechanism by which GHB induces impairment in learning and memory has not been fully clarified. The present study investigates the impact on spatial learning and memory using a water maze test in rats treated with GHB. The behavioural data is combined with an autoradiographic analysis of the GABAB and the IGF-1 receptor systems. The results demonstrate that the GHB treated animals display an impaired performance in the water maze test as compared to controls. In addition, significant alterations in GABAB and IGF-1 receptor density as well as GABAB receptor functionality, were observed in several brain regions associated with cognitive functions e.g. hippocampus. To conclude, our findings suggest that GHB treatment can affect spatial learning and memory, and that this outcome at least to some extent is likely to involve both GABAB and IGF-1 receptors.
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| 47. |
- Karlsson, Oskar, et al.
(författare)
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Early hippocampal cell death, and late learning and memory deficits in rats exposed to the environmental toxin BMAA (β-N-methylamino-l-alanine) during the neonatal period
- 2011
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 219:2, s. 310-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have reported previously that exposure to the cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) during the neonatal period causes cognitive impairments in adult rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of neonatal BMAA exposure on learning and memory mechanisms and to identify early morphological changes in the neonatal brain. BMAA was injected subcutaneously in rat pups on postnatal days 9-10. BMAA (50 and 200mg/kg) caused distinct deficits in spatial learning and memory in adult animals but no morphological changes. No impairment of recognition memory was detected, suggesting that neonatal exposure to BMAA preferentially affects neuronal systems that are important for spatial tasks. Histopathological examination revealed early neuronal cell death as determined by TUNEL staining in the hippocampus 24h after a high dose (600mg/kg) of BMAA whereas no changes were observed at lower doses (50 and 200mg/kg). In addition, there was a low degree of neuronal cell death in the retrosplenial and cingulate cortices, areas that are also important for cognitive function. Taken together, these results indicate that BMAA is a developmental neurotoxin inducing long-term changes in cognitive function. The risk posed by BMAA as a potential human neurotoxin merits further consideration, particularly if the proposed biomagnifications in the food chain are confirmed.
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| 48. |
- Kimmel, Mary C., et al.
(författare)
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Metabolite trajectories across the perinatal period and mental health : A preliminary study of tryptophan-related metabolites, bile acids and microbial composition
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum are common, but affected women differ in timing, trajectories, and extent of symptoms. The objective of this pilot, feasibility study is to analyze trajectories of serotonin and tryptophan-related metabolites, bile acid metabolites, and microbial composition, in relation to psychiatric history and current symptoms across the perinatal period. Serum and fecal samples were collected from 30 women at three times points in the perinatal period and assayed with LC-MS/MS and 16S sequencing respectively. We defined mean trajectories for each metabolite, clustered individuals by metabolite trajectories, tested associations between metabolites, and examined metabolite levels in relation to microbial composition. Findings of note include: (1) changes in kynurenine and the ratio of kynurenic acid to kynurenine from second trimester to third trimester were strongly associated with baseline primary and secondary bile acids. (2) Secondary bile acid UDCA and its conjugated forms were associated with lower bacterial diversity and levels of Lachnospiraceae, a taxa known to produce Short Chain Fatty Acids. (3) History of anxiety was associated with UDCA levels, but history of major depression was not associated with any of the bile acids. (4) There was a trend towards lower dietary fiber for those with history of anxiety or depression. Overall, our results reveal substantial temporal variation in tryptophan-related metabolites and in bile acid metabolites over the perinatal period, with marked inter-individual variability. Trajectories of TRP -related metabolites, primary and secondary bile acids, and the absence or presence of microbes that produce Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) considered in concert have the potential to differentiate individuals based on perinatal adaptations that may impact mental and overall health.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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