| 1. |
- Hacquebord, Louwrens, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial heritage sites in Spitsbergen (Svalbard), South Georgia and the Antarctic Peninsula: Sources of historical information
- 2016
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial heritage sites in Polar Regions are very important as sources of historical information. Togetherwith archival documents this information gives us the possibility to complete the picture of theexploitation of natural resources in those regions. Thirty years of historical-archaeological field researchat whaling and mining sites in Spitsbergen (Svalbard), South Georgia and the Antarctic Peninsula hasshown that these sites can provide unique evidence about the driving forces behind industrial development,the design of industrial technology, the structure of the settlements, strategies to control naturalresources and achieve political influence, and the impact of resource extraction on the local environment.In this article we will give examples of the results of our research at these sites.
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| 2. |
- Jägerbrand, Annika K, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of neighboring vascular plants on the abundance of bryophytes in different vegetation types
- 2012
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - Oxford : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 6:2, s. 200-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the climate change, vegetation of tundra ecosystems is predicted to shift toward shrub and tree dominance, and this change may influence bryophytes. To estimate how changes in growing environment and the dominance of vascular plants influence bryophyte abundance, we compared the relationship of occurrence of bryophytes among other plant types in a five-year experiment of warming (T), fertilization (F) and T + F in two vegetation types, heath and meadow, in a subarctic–alpine ecosystem. We compared individual leaf area among shrub species to confirm that deciduous shrubs might cause severe shading effect. Effects of neighboring functional types on the performance of Hylocomium splendens was also analyzed. Results show that F and T + F treatments significantly influenced bryophyte abundance negatively. Under natural conditions, bryophytes in the heath site were negatively related to the abundance of shrubs and lichens and the relationship between lichens and bryophytes strengthened after the experimental period. After five years of experimental treatments in the meadow, a positive abundance relationship emerged between bryophytes and deciduous shrubs, evergreen shrubs and forbs. This relationship was not found in the heath site. Our study therefore shows that the abundance relationships between bryophytes and plants in two vegetation types within the same area can be different. Deciduous shrubs had larger leaf area than evergreen shrubs but did not show any shading effect on H. splendens.
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| 3. |
- Laptander, Roza, et al.
(författare)
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Critical seasonal conditions in the reindeer-herding year : A synopsis of factors and events in Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 39
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we identify what herders in Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia see as critical conditions and events in the annual reindeer herding cycle. Indigenous Sámi and Yamal reindeer herders identify eight seasons, each of which has crucial importance in its own way. Differences in perception between Fennoscandian and northwestern Russian reindeer herders about good and bad seasonal conditions are based on the degree of climatic and geographic variation, herd control and the variety of simultaneous pressures on pastures. The scope and speed of ongoing climate change in the Arctic will profoundly modify these conditions, and consequently shape critical events and outcomes in reindeer herding. The resulting challenges need to be assessed in the context of social and economic dynamics. Reindeer herders throughout Fennoscandia and Russia are concerned about future prospects of their livelihood. To adapt to climate change and develop new strategies, reindeer herders must have access to pastures; they must retain their mobility and flexibility; and their participation in land-use decisions must be endorsed.
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| 4. |
- Linderholm, Hans W., 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The origin of driftwood on eastern and south-western Svalbard
- 2021
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic is one of the regions where the effect of global change is most evident. Associated with warming are changes in snow, sea ice and hydroclimate, all which have significant impacts on environments and society. However, due to short observational records, it is difficult to set the current climate in a long-term context. Arctic driftwood (DW), available throughout the Holocene, is a paleoclimate resource that may shed information on past sea-ice, ocean current and atmospheric conditions because it is transported by sea ice across the Arctic. Moreover, DW tree-ring data can be used to interpret climate in the boreal forests where the trees grew. Here we present a study of 380 DW samples collected on eastern and south-western Svalbard. Combining species identification and dendrochronology, it was found that the DW mainly consisted of Pinus sylvestris, Picea sp. and Larix sp. (87% of all samples), mainly originating from northern Russia. In total, 60% of the DW could be dated and their provenance determined, and four tree-ring width chronologies representing Yenisei and Dvina-Pechora were constructed, facilitating extension and improvement of the existing chronologies representing those regions. Moreover, DW from relict beaches that can be subjected to dendrochronological analyses, provides possibilities to extend pan-Arctic tree-ring data even further back in time. Because there are several processes governing the temporal patterns of wood deposition in the Arctic, using DW as an indicator of sea-ice variations needs further investigation. © 2021 The Author(s)
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| 5. |
- Majaneva, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
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Where are they now? : - A case study of the impact of international travel support for early career Arctic researchers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 10:3, s. 382-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Supporting and training the next generation of researchers is crucial to continuous knowledge and leadership in Arctic research. An increasing number of Arctic organizations have developed initiatives to provide travel support for Early Career Researchers (ECRs) to participate in workshops, conferences and meetings and to network with internationally renowned scientific leaders. However, there has been little evaluation of the effectiveness of these initiatives. As a contribution to the 3rd International Conference on Arctic Research Planning, a study was conducted to analyze the career paths of ECRs who received travel funding from the International Arctic Science Committee between the start of the International Polar Year (2007-2008) and 2013. Two surveys were used: one sent to ECRs who received IASC travel support and one as a specific event study to those unsuccessfully applied for IASC travel support to the IPY 2010 Conference. The results of the surveys indicate that travel support was beneficial to both the research and careers of the respondents, especially if the ECR was engaged with a task or responsibility at the event. Survey responses also included suggestions on how funds could be better used to support the next generation of Arctic researchers. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 6. |
- Nakanowatari, Takuya, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrographic observations by instrumented marine mammals in the Sea of Okhotsk
- 2017
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 13, s. 56-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sea of Okhotsk is a challenging environment for obtaining in situ data and satellite observation in winter due to sea ice cover. In this study, we evaluated the validity of hydrographic observations by marine mammals (e.g., seals and sea lions) equipped with oceanographic conductivity-temperaturedepth (CTD) sensors. During 4-yr operations from 2011 to 2014, we obtained total of 997 temperature-salinity profiles in and around the Soya Strait, Iony Island, and Urup Strait. The hydrographic data were mainly obtained from May to August and the maximum profile depth in shelf regions almost reaches to the seafloor, while valuable hydrographic data under sea ice cover were also obtained. In strong thermoclines, the seal-derived data sometimes showed positive biases in salinity with spikelike signal. For these salinity biases, we applied a new thermal mass inertia correction scheme, effectively reducing spurious salinity biases in the seasonal thermocline. In the Soya Strait and the adjacent region, the detailed structure of the Soya Warm Current including the cold-water belt was well identified. Dense water up to 27.0 sigma(theta), which can be a potential source of Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water, has flowed from the Soya Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk in mid-winter (February). In summer, around the Iony Island and Urup Strait, remarkable cold and saline waters are localized in the surface layers. These regions are also characterized by weak stratification, suggesting the occurrence of tidally induced vertical mixing. Thus, CTD-tag observations have a great potential in monitoring data-sparse regions in the Sea of Okhotsk.
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| 7. |
- Roslin, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Spatio-temporal patterns in arctic fox (Vulpes alopex) diets revealed by molecular analysis of scats from Northeast Greenland
- 2022
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652. ; 32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is endemic to the Arctic where it holds a central position in the trophic interactions. The diet of the species has previously been described as being highly flexible, but whether this flexibility is a constant trait through time, or merely reflects fast temporal changes in abundance among prey taxa, has so far been poorly resolved. Using molecular analyses of arctic fox scats from Northeast Greenland, we first examined the temporal dynamics of arctic fox diets during the short snow-free season, and then examined whether local food availability at different sites affected arctic fox dependence on lemmings. Arctic fox diets included most terrestrial vertebrate species found in the region, and exhibited substantial temporal changes, generally reflecting the dynamic changes in prey availability from late winter through autumn. This dietary flexibility was also reflected geographically, with arctic foxes consuming a variety of local prey (mainly waterfowl and lemmings) in summer. Moreover, the dietary response of arctic foxes to changes in lemming abundance depended on access to non-lemming prey. Based on these findings, we discuss whether varying degrees of lemming-dependency, combined with geographical differences in winter food availability, may explain previously published differences in arctic fox breeding patterns in high arctic Greenland.
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| 8. |
- Sjöblom, Anna, Professor, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Flow over a snow-water-snow surface in the high Arctic, Svalbard : Turbulent fluxes and comparison of observation techniques
- 2020
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From observations in a High Arctic valley and ice-free fjord in Svalbard during March and April 2013 we show that, while some caution needs to be applied, ordinary slow-response instruments placed over a snow-water-snow surface can be effectively used as a proxy for more sophisticated measuring techniques at complex sites such as leads or a polynyas. The turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat were measured at three locations with a snow-water-snow fetch. At the snow site upwind of the water, the stability was generally stable, the momentum flux small, and the sensible heat flux positive. Over the water however, the internal boundary layer that was formed gave on average an increased vertical gradient in wind speed, temperature, and humidity and turbulent heat fluxes exceeding 400 W m−2. At the snow surface downwind of the water, the conditions were highly variable and all the fluxes were, on average, of very small magnitude. That the behaviour of the internal boundary layers can be highly variable is demonstrated through four case studies. This phenomenon is likely to increase in occurrence with a changing climate.
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| 9. |
- Werner, Kirstin, et al.
(författare)
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Arctic in Rapid Transition : Priorities for the future of marine and coastal research in the Arctic
- 2016
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 10:3, s. 364-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding and responding to the rapidly occurring environmental changes in the Arctic over the past few decades require new approaches in science. This includes improved collaborations within the scientific community but also enhanced dialogue between scientists and societal stakeholders, especially with Arctic communities. As a contribution to the Third International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARPIII), the Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) network held an international workshop in France, in October 2014, in order to discuss high-priority requirements for future Arctic marine and coastal research from an early-career scientists (ECS) perspective. The discussion encompassed a variety of research fields, including topics of oceanographic conditions, sea-ice monitoring, marine biodiversity, land-ocean interactions, and geological reconstructions, as well as law and governance issues. Participants of the workshop strongly agreed on the need to enhance interdisciplinarity in order to collect comprehensive knowledge about the modern and past Arctic Ocean's geo-ecological dynamics. Such knowledge enables improved predictions of Arctic developments and provides the basis for elaborate decision-making on future actions under plausible environmental and climate scenarios in the high northern latitudes. Priority research sheets resulting from the workshop's discussions were distributed during the ICARPIII meetings in April 2015 in Japan, and are publicly available online. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. and NIPR. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Yasunaka, S., et al.
(författare)
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Mapping of the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas: Basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability
- 2016
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-9652. ; 10:3, s. 323-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We produced 204 monthly maps of the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic north of 60 degrees N, including the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas, from January 1997 to December 2013 by using a self-organizing map technique. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO(2)) in surface water data were obtained by shipboard underway measurements or calculated from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon of surface water samples. Subsequently, we investigated the basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability of the CO2 fluxes. The 17-year annual mean CO2 flux shows that all areas of the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas were net CO2 sinks. The estimated annual CO2 uptake by the Arctic Ocean was 180 TgC yr(-1). The CO2 influx was strongest in winter in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas (>15 mmol m(-2) day(-1)) and the Barents Sea (>12 mmol m(-2) day(-1)) because of strong winds, and strongest in summer in the Chukchi Sea (similar to 10 mmol m(-2) day(-1)) because of the sea-ice retreat In recent years, the CO2 uptake has increased in the Greenland/Norwegian Sea and decreased in the southern Barents Sea, owing to increased and decreased air-sea pCO(2) differences, respectively. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 11. |
- Yusop, Norbayah, et al.
(författare)
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Cloud-to-Ground lightning observations over the Western Antarctic region
- 2019
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Ingår i: Polar Science. - : ELSEVIER. - 1873-9652 .- 1876-4428. ; 20, s. 84-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the observations and characterization of Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning activity in Western Antarctica in a region that covers the Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea (ABS), the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) and the Weddell Sea (WS). Lightning data have been collected by a lightning detector (Boltek LD-350) and an atmospheric electric field mill (EFM-100) sensors deployed at the Carlini Base on the Antarctic Peninsula (CARL: 62.23 degrees S, 58.63 degrees W). The flash rate and flash multiplicity were analysed for three different seasons within a 1,000 km range, starting at the end of summer (February 2017) and ending in winter (July 2017). Three storm days for each month (within the 1,000 km radius from the LD sensor) with three composite active thunderstorms (labelled as Storm region A, B, and C) for each day have been selected from a collection of storm days between February and July 2017. A total of 355,899 flashes have been recorded with 156,190 Positive CG and 199,709 Negative CG flashes from these 54 thunderstorms. In total, Positive CG flash counts made up around 43.9% of the total detected CG flashes. Most of the Positive CG flashes (> 80%) had only 1 or 2 strokes with a maximum number of 5. For Negative CG flashes, the average multiplicity and the maximum multiple stroke were 1.2 and 16 respectively. Most CG flashes were detected during the summer and fall months. Positive CG flashes were prevalent in Western Antarctic storms even during the winter. The mean, median and range of the ratio of Positive CG to Negative CG flashes were 0.7, 0.718 and 0.217-1.279, respectively.
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