| 1. |
- Aliasgharzad, Nasser, et al.
(författare)
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Lack of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants cultivated in Northern Iran
- 2011
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 55:2, s. 91-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil and roots associated with different tea clones and nearby weeds (Veronica sp., Setaria sp., Salvia sp., Senecio sp. and Tripogon sp.) were sampled for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the tea gardens of Northern Iran. Spores were searched for in the soil and AMF colonisation determined microscopically and fatty acid signatures in roots was determined. Root samples from mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal clover were used as positive and negative controls. AMF spores were abundant in the tea garden soils; the genera Glomus and Acaulospora dominated. Microscopic observations of stained tea roots showed no sign of AMF. To confirm this, the roots were analysed for fatty acid signature compounds. The average level of PLFA 16:1 omega 5 as signature molecule for AMF in tea roots was 2 nmol g(-1) dry root, while the NLFA 16: 1 omega 5 was not detectable. In mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal clover roots, the PLFA 16:1 omega 5 was 141 and 5.74 nmol g(-1) dry root, respectively. In roots of weeds in tea plantations, the amount of PLFA 16:1 omega 5 was in the range 4.9 to 31.1 nmol g(-1) dry root. Thus, there was no evidence for AMF association in tea roots and weeds are thought to be the source of the spores in the soils. Finally, no mycorrhizal colonisation was found when tea plant seedlings were inoculated with AMF in pot cultures.
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| 2. |
- Ampomah, Osei Y., et al.
(författare)
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Nodulation and ecological significance of indigenous legumes in Scotland and Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Nature. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 57:3, s. 133-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability of wild indigenous legumes to form root nodules capable of biological nitrogen (N 2) fixation has rarely been demonstrated for species in natural ecosystems in large parts of Europe. In order to understand and manage these ecosystems, it is important to demonstrate nodulation across a diverse range of environments, sites and climates. This study surveyed nodulation at a number of sites in Scotland and Sweden. Presence of nodules was noted and nodule structure and indicators of nitrogen fixation capacity were assessed using light and transmission electron microscopy. Soils from several sites were also sampled for carbon and nitrogen analysis. The collections comprised 24 species in Scotland, and 30 taxa in Sweden; 17 of these in common for both countries. Highest species numbers occurred in meadows, farmland margins, hedgerows, roadsides and wasteland. Coastal sites and sites in the mountainous region above the Arctic Circle hosted several rare species. All sampled species had features of N 2-fixing nodules such as pink colour (leghaemoglobin) when dissected and bacteroids. Nodule structure for a number of species is here reported for the first time and presence of the N 2-fixing enzyme nitrogenase is demonstrated in three previously not studied Swedish legume species. North European legumes may make significant contributions to the N-budgets of their ecosystems. Such species (and their symbionts) represent unique germplasm that may be adopted to empower advances in agriculture and conservation aimed at mitigation and adaptation to the effects of climate change.
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| 3. |
- Bargaz, Adnane
(författare)
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Genotypic variation of nodules' enzymatic activities in symbiotic nitrogen fixation among common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes grown under salinity constraint
- 2013
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 60, s. 115-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of salt stress, under glasshouse conditions, was studied on plant biomass, nodulation, and activities of acid phosphatases (APase, EC 3.1.3.2) and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP, EC 3.1.3.12) in the symbiosis common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-rhizobia nodules. Four common bean recombinant inbred lines (147, 115, 104 and 83) were separately inoculated, with CIAT 899 or RhM11 strains and grown in hydroaeroponic culture. Two NaCl levels (0 and 25 mM NaCl plant(-1) week(-1) corresponding, respectively, to the control and the salt treatment) were applied and the culture was assessed during 42 days after their transplantation. The results showed that the nodulation of these lines was not affected by salinity except for the line 83 inoculated with CIAT 899, whose nodule dry weight decreased by 48.24 % compared with the corresponding controls. For the other symbiotic combinations, shoot and root biomasses were not significantly affected by salt constraint. Salinity stress generally reduced acid phosphatise and trehalose phosphate phosphatase activities in nodules that were less affected in plants inoculated with RhM11. Based on our data, it appears that nodule phosphatase activity may be involved in salinity tolerance in common beans and the levels of salt tolerance depend principally on specific combination of the rhizobial strain and the host cultivar.
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| 4. |
- Carro, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Organic acids metabolism in Frankia alni
- 2016
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 70:1, s. 37-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trophic exchanges constitute the bases of the symbiosis between the nitrogen-fixing actinomycete Frankia and its host plant Alnus, but the identity of the compounds exchanged is still poorly known. In the current work, previously published transcriptomic studies of Alnus nodules and of symbiotic Frankia were reexamined for TCA cycle related genes. The bacterial TCA enzyme genes were all upregulated, especially the succinyl-CoA synthase and the citrate synthase while on the plant side, none was significantly modified in nodules relative to non-inoculated roots. A preliminary metabolomics approach permitted to see that citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, malate and fumarate were all more abundant (FC (Fold change) = 5-70) in mature nitrogen-fixing nodules than in roots. In the evaluation of the uptake and metabolism of these organic acids, a significant change was observed in the morphology of nitrogen fixing vesicles in vitro: the dicarboxylates malate, succinate and fumarate induced the formation of larger vesicles than was the case with propionate. Moreover, the production of spores was also modified depending on the organic acid present. The assays showed that most C4 dicarboxylates were taken up while C6 tricarboxylates were not and citrate even partially blocked catabolism of reserve carbon. Tests were performed to determine if the change in membrane permeability induced by Ag5, a peptide previously shown to modify the membranes of Frankia, increased the uptake of specific organic acids. No effect was observed with citrate while an increase in nitrogen fixation was seen with propionate.
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| 5. |
- Chu, Dinh-Toi, et al.
(författare)
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An update on obesity : Mental consequences and psychological interventions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Diabetes & Metabolic syndrome. - : Elsevier. - 1871-4021 .- 1878-0334. ; 13:1, s. 155-160
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Besides physical consequences, obesity has negative psychological effects, thereby lowering human life quality. Major psychological consequences of this disorder includes depression, impaired body image, low self-esteem, eating disorders, stress and poor quality of life, which are correlated with age and gender. Physical interventions, mainly diet control and energy balance, have been widely applied to treat obesity; and some psychological interventions including behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy have showed some effects on obesity treatment. Other psychological therapies, such as relaxation and psychodynamic therapies, are paid less attention. This review aims to update scientific evidence regarding the mental consequences and psychological interventions for obesity. (c) 2018 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Gentili, Francesco
(författare)
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Phosphorus, nitrogen and their interactions affect N-2 fixation, N isotope fractionation and N partitioning in Hippophae rhamnoides
- 2006
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 41:1, s. 39-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interactive effects of varying phosphorus and nitrogen supplies on N-2 fixation, N isotope fractionation during N uptake, and N partitioning among plant parts were studied in the actinorhizal plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn). Plants were grown for six weeks after inoculation with the N-2-fixing actinomycete Frankia and differences in N accumulation were used to quantify N-2 fixation. N-15 natural abundance was analysed to study N isotope fractionation in specific plant parts in plants receiving different levels of N and P. Furthermore, the root system was split to study N isotope fractionation in roots supplied with different levels of N and P. Phosphorus stimulated N-2 fixation by direct effects on nodule dry matter and nodule function, rather than indirectly via plant growth. Phosphorus also stimulated N uptake from solution and influenced N isotope fractionation during N uptake. The inclusion of N-15 natural abundance analyses made it possible to detect P effects on N uptake, fractionation and N-2 fixation even though the plants used both N-2 fixation and combined N as N sources.
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| 7. |
- Gentili, Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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The delta N-15 value of N-2 fixing actinorhizal plants and legumes grown with N-2 as the only nitrogen source
- 2019
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 79, s. 213-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different plant parts and the age of plants at harvest as well as N-2 fixing bacterial strains on the N concentration in symbiotic plant parts, especially on the delta N-15 signature of the actinorhizal plants and legumes. The N-15 natural abundance method was used. Two actinorhizal plants were studied: Alnus incana (L.) infected with the Frankia strains ArI3 or "lsF" (local source of Frankia) and Hippophae rhamnoides (L.) infected with the Frankia strains T1 or E15b. Two legume species were studied: Hedysarum coronarium (L.), infected with a soil suspension, and Robinia pseudoacacia (L.), infected with a crushed nodule suspension. It was particularly interesting that in A. incana, the two Frankia strains affected not only N concentration and delta N-15 signature of leaves and roots, but also had an impact on plant growth at first harvest. In Hippophae rhamnoides plants inoculated with the Frankia strains T1 and E15b, N concentrations and delta N-15 values did not differ at any harvest time. However, plants nodulated by the Frankia strain T1 showed a higher nitrogen fixation rate and higher plant dry matter at all harvesting times. Based on our results for the quantification of N-2 fixation with the "B" value, that is the delta N-15 value of the N-2 fixing plants relying only on N-2 fixation, plant parts, ages and strains should be carefully considered.
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| 8. |
- Huss-Danell, Kerstin
(författare)
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Life in soil by the actinorhizal root nodule endophyte Frankia. A review
- 2010
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 51, s. 201-226
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frankia is a genus of soil actinomycetes famous for its ability to form N-2-fixing root nodule symbioses with actinorhizal plants. Although Frankia strains display a high diversity in terms of ecological niches in soil, current knowledge about Frankia is dominated by its life as an endophyte in root nodules. Increased use of molecular methods has refined and expanded insights into endophyte-host specificities and Frankia phylogeny. This review has focus on Frankia as a soil organism, including its part of microbial consortia, and how to study Frankia in soil. We highlight the use of nodulation tests and molecular methods to reveal population size and genetic diversity of Frankia in soil and discuss how autoregulation of nodulation and interactions with other soil microorganisms may influence the results. A comprehensive record of published interactions between Frankia and other soil microbes is summarized.
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| 9. |
- Huss-Danell, Kerstin
(författare)
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Nitrogen fixation by riparian plants belonging to Coriariaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Gunneraceae in Northwest Patagonia
- 2019
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 77, s. 237-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria associated with different plant species is a key process of natural ecosystems. To better understand the role of native N-2-fixing species in the N economy of riparian ecosystems in northwest Patagonia (Argentina), we evaluated: 1) foliar N-15 and N concentrations of actinorhizal Coriaria ruscifolia, Discaria chacaye, and Colletia hystrix, several non-actinorhizal plants (including Gunnera chilensis), and associated soils in riparian forest sites; 2) the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) of the actinorhizal plant species from riparian forest and of D. chacaye and Ochetophila trinervis from steppe sites; and 3) trends of foliar and soil N-15 and N concentration with mean annual precipitation (MAP). Although soil N concentrations and N-15 did not vary among plant species within any of the sites, foliar N concentration and N-15 differed among species. In general, N-2-fixing species had higher foliar N concentrations and N-15 values closer to 0, the atmospheric value. Both variables separated the groups of N-2-fixing and non-N-2-fixing plant species. Foliar and soil N-15 correlated positively for non-N-2-fixing species but not for N-2-fixing species. Across all sites, the Ndfa of C. ruscifolia and C. hystrix was similar to 100%, similar to 75% for D. chacaye, and similar to 50% for G. chilensis. For all species, foliar N concentration and soil N-15 was negatively correlated with MAP, but only non-N-2-fixing species showed a significant correlation of foliar N-15 with MAP. These data suggest that plant available N decreases as MAP increases but with no effect on N-2-fixing species.
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| 10. |
- Jandér, K. Charlotte
(författare)
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Fitness costs for fig wasps that fail to pollinate their host Ficus perforata
- 2021
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 84:2, s. 171-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mutualisms are of fundamental ecological importance, but risk breaking down if one partner stops paying the costs yet still takes the benefits of the interaction. To prevent such cheating, many mutualisms have mechanisms that lower the fitness of uncooperative symbionts, often termed host sanctions. In mutualisms where the interacting partners are species-specific, we would expect to see coevolution of the levels of host sanctions and partner cooperation across species-pairs. In the mutualism between fig trees and their species-specific pollinating fig wasps, host sanctions vary greatly in strength, and wasp cooperation levels vary accordingly. Here I show experimentally that in Panamanian Ficus perforata (section Urostigma, Americana) there are fitness costs for wasps that do not pollinate. These fitness costs are caused by a combination of abortions of unpollinated figs and reduced proportion of wasp larvae that successfully develop to adults. The relative fitness of wasps that do not pollinate compared to wasps that pollinate is 0.59, leading to the intermediate sanction strength 0.41. Next, by screening pollinators of F. perforata I found that 1.9% of wasp individuals in natural populations failed to carry pollen. Across five actively pollinated Neotropical fig species and their pollinators, fig species with stronger host sanctions had fewer uncooperative wasps, as would be expected if sanctions promote cooperation.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Maity, Pooja JhaY, et al.
(författare)
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Anthropogenic influences on the distribution of the Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 84, s. 353-367
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Casuarina species are evergreen angiosperm trees native to Australia, South East Asia and the Pacific archipelagos. The genus comprises 14 confirmed species that are able to grow on a wide range of soils. Casuarina spp. are able to enter into an actinorhizal root nodule symbiosis with Frankia casuarinae, nitrogen-fixing soil actinobacteria; the symbiosis renders them independent of soil nitrogen sources. Casuarina spp. can also form symbiotic associations with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for better phosphate supply. Under severe deficiency of phosphate and iron, several Casuarina spp. can form cluster roots. These trees are highly tolerant to salinity, drought, flooding and heavy metal pollution and are extensively used for the rehabilitation of degraded sites. Casuarina spp. plantations also play a significant role in prevention of soil erosion, coastal reclamation, dune stabilization, and as windbreaks in agricultural lands. Due to their multipurpose applications in agriculture and forestry, they have been widely introduced outside their native habitat especially in tropical, arid and semiarid countries across the globe. Therefore, the global distribution of Casuarina spp. has been significantly affected by anthropogenic influences. While in most of these countries, Casuarina spp. have become well-integrated into the regional farming systems, they have become invasive in other regions.
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| 13. |
- Menkis, Audrius
(författare)
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Fungi inhabiting fine roots of Pinus heldreichii in the Montenegrin montane forests
- 2018
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 74, s. 189-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pinus heldreichii H. Christ. is a tertiary relict and endemic to the western Balkans and southern part of Apennine peninsula. It is an Oro-Mediterranean species occurring at altitudes between 1200 and 2000 m and primarily on calcareous soils. P. heldreichii forests are of key importance for nature conservation, protection against gravitational natural hazards, landscape conservation and recreation. However, these forests are currently highly fragmented and require the elaboration of guidelines for sustainable management and conservation that should be based on scientific knowledge. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are important for successful regeneration, establishment and growth of P. heldreichii. The aim of this study was to investigate ECM and other fungal communities associated with fine roots of P. heldreichii at two different sites in Kui Mountains, south-eastern Montenegro. Roots and soil were sampled from 70 trees. Soil was subjected to chemical analyses, fine roots were morphotyped and selected root morphotypes were Sanger sequenced using ITS rDNA as a marker. Sequencing resulted in 431 high-quality sequences representing 147 different fungal species including a large number of ECM species. The most common species were ECM fungi Lactarius sanguifluus (5.1%), Wilcoxina rehmii (4.2%) and Amphinema sp. KK28 (3.2%). Climatic factors were similar between the sites, but site size, inclination, elevation, tree age (old growth versus young trees), and some soil characteristics differed. The results demonstrate relatively high fungal diversity and site-specific effects on abundance and composition of fungal communities in fine roots of P. heldreichii growing in high-altitude marginal habitats.
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| 14. |
- Miri, Seyedeh Fatemeh, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on nutrition improvement and weight of overweight and obese adolescents : A randomized controlled trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: Diabetes & Metabolic syndrome. - : Elsevier. - 1871-4021 .- 1878-0334. ; 13:3, s. 2190-2197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To assess the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) program on weight reduction among Iranian adolescents who are overweight. Methods: Using a randomized controlled trial design, 55 adolescents who were overweight (mean [SD] age = 14.64 [1.69] years; zBMI = 2.18 [0.65]) were recruited in the CBT program and 55 in the treatment as usual (TAU; mean age = 14.88 [1.50]; zBMI = 2.09 [0.57]) group. All the participants completed several questionnaires (Child Dietary Self-Efficacy Scale; Weight Efficacy Lifestyle questionnaire; Physical Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale; Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; and self-reported physical activity and diet) and had their anthropometrics measured (height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and body fat). Results: The CBT group consumed significantly more fruits and juice, vegetables, and dairy in the 6-month follow-up as compared with the TAU group (p-values <0.001). The CBT group consumed significantly less sweet snacks, salty snacks, sweet drinks, sausages/processed meat, and oils in the six-month follow-up compared with the TAU group (p-values<0.001). Additionally, the waist circumference, BMI, waist-hip ratio, and fat mass were significantly decreased in the CBT group in the six-month follow-up compared with the TAU group (p-values<0.005). The CBT group significantly improved their psychosocial health, physical activity, and health-related quality of life (p-values<0.001). Conclusion: The CBT program showed its effectiveness in reducing weight among Iranian adolescents who were overweight. Healthcare providers may want to adopt this program to treat excess weight problems among adolescents.
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| 15. |
- Nasif, Saifullah Omar, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects of endophytic fungi as a natural resource for the sustainability of crop production in the modern era of changing climate
- 2023
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 89, s. 1-25
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The world is facing severe consequences of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. As a safer and eco-friendly option for crop nutrition and pest control, endophytic fungi (EFs) are now hotpots in sustainable crop production research. This comprehensive review elucidated the potentials of EF in sustainable crop production amid various biotic and abiotic stress conditions as well as their extraordinary role in phyto- and bioremediation. A critical investigation on how climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, nutrient level, pH and storage condition affect the survival and performance of EFs are also presented. On-going research majorly focused on the application of endophytic fungi as crop growth promoters, biocontrol agents, and stress mediators. However, a lack of in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanism is predominant. Nevertheless, challenges of successful isolation and identification of EFs hinder their commercialization. Modern genomic technologies and nanotechnology-based applications of EFs can help in overcome the barriers. This review will provide direction for future research where EFs will lead next-generation sustainable strategies to cope with climate change.
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| 16. |
- Persson, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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The N-metabolites of roots and actinorhizal nodules from Alnus glutinosa and Datisca glomerata : can D-glomerata change N-transport forms when nodulated?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 70:1, s. 149-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To gain more insight in nitrogen metabolism in actinorhizal nodules, a comparison between the N metabolite profiles in roots vs. nodules was initiated for one host plant from the best-examined order of actinorhizal plants, Fagales, A. glutinosa (Betulaceae), a temperate tree, and one host plant from the Cucurbitales order, Datisca glomerata (Datiscaceae). For both symbioses, the symbiotic transcriptomes have been published and can be used to assess the expression of genes representing specific metabolic pathways in nodules. The amino acid profiles of roots in this study suggest that A. glutinosa transported aspartate, glutamate and citrulline in the xylem, a combination of nitrogenous solutes not published previously for this species. The amino acid profiles of D. glomerata roots depended on whether the plants were nodulated or grown on nitrate; roots of nodulated plants contained increased amounts of arginine. Although bacterial transcriptome data showed no symbiotic auxotrophy for branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) in either symbiosis, D. glomerata nodules contained comparatively high levels of these amino acids. This might represent a response to osmotic stress.
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| 17. |
- Puentes, Adriana, et al.
(författare)
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Endophytic fungi in Festuca pratensis grown in Swedish agricultural grasslands with different managements
- 2007
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 44:1/3, s. 121-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cool-season forage grasses infected with asexual endophytic fungi (Neotyphodium spp.) often have advantages over uninfected grasses, including increased herbivore resistance. Since these fungi reproduce by growing into the developing seeds of the host, hyphal loading (amount of fungal hyphae in the plant) gives important information about the balance between host and endophyte in the symbiosis. This work provides insights into how ecological factors external to the symbiosis may influence the symbiosis. By repeated sampling of the same infected plants, we investigated how hyphal loading changes in Festuca pratensis through the growing season and how it is affected by fertilization and ley age in northern Sweden. Infection frequency in F. pratensis ranged from 25-65%. Hyphal loading, based on standard curves of immunoblot assay imprint intensity versus counts of hyphal density across grass leaf sheaths, increased significantly during the growing season and was correlated with cumulative degree days. There were no clear effects of fertilization treatment or ley age on hyphal loading. The symbiosis deserves furher study with respect to plant physiology, ecology, crop production and forage quality.
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| 18. |
- Ribeiro-Barros, Ana I., et al.
(författare)
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An integrated approach to understand the mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance in Casuarina glauca and its relation with nitrogen-fixing Frankia Thr
- 2016
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 70:1, s. 111-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Salinity is one of the most wide spread abiotic stresses affecting agricultural productivity, with an impact on more than 800 million hectares worldwide. A promising solution for the recovery of saline soils encompasses the use of actinorhizal plants, a group of perennial dicotyledonous angiosperms including species highly resilient to extreme environmental conditions. These plants are able to establish root-nodule symbiosis with N-2-fixing actinobacteria of the genus Frankia. In this review, we discuss the main physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in the model Casuarina glauca supplemented with chemical nitrogen or obtaining it from symbiotic Frankia. In the first part, an overview of the impact of increasing NaCl concentrations in photosynthesis, antioxidative system and membrane integrity is presented. The second part addresses the effect of salt stress in the symbiosis between C. glauca and Frankia strain Thr. Preliminary results from analyses of the branchlets proteome and nodule metabolome are presented as well.
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| 19. |
- Santos, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of four defense-related genes up-regulatedin root nodules of Casuarina glauca
- 2010
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 50, s. 25-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Actinorhizal plants are capable of high rates ofnitrogen fixation, due to their capacity to establish a rootnodulesymbiosis with N2-fixing actinomycetes of the genus Frankia. Nodulation is an ontogenic process whichrequires a sequence of highly coordinated events. One of these mechanisms is the induction of defense-relatedevents, whose precise role during nodulation is largelyunknown. In order to contribute to the clarification of the involvement of defense-related genes during actinorhizal root-nodule symbiosis, we have analysed the differential expression of several genes with putative defense-relatedfunctions in Casuarina glauca nodules versus non inoculatedroots. Four genes encoding a chitinase (CgChi1), a glutathione S-transferase (CgGst), a hairpin-inducible protein (CgHin1) and a peroxidase (CgPox4) were found to be up-regulated in mature nodules compared to roots. In order to find out to which extend were the encoded proteins involved in nodule protection, development or both, generegulation studies in response to SA and wounding as wellas phylogenetic analysis of the protein sequences wereperformed. These were further characterized through expression studies after SA-treatment and wounding, and by phylogenetic analysis. We suggest that CgChi1 andCgGst are involved in defense or microsymbiont controland CgPox4 is involved in nodule development. For CgHin1 the question “defense, development or both” remains open.
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| 20. |
- Saqib, M. A. N., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on patients with chronic diseases
- 2020
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Ingår i: Diabetes & Metabolic syndrome. - : Elsevier. - 1871-4021 .- 1878-0334. ; 14:6, s. 1621-1623
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background and aims: We sought to measure the effect of lockdown, implemented to contain COVID-19 infection, on routine living and health of patients with chronic diseases and challenges faced by them. Methods: A semi-structured online questionnaire was generated using “Google forms” and sent to the patients with chronic diseases using WhatsApp. Data were retrieved and analyzed using SPSS. Results: Out of 181 participants, 98% reported effect of lockdown on their routine living while 45% reported an effect on their health. The key challenges due to lockdown were to do daily exercise, missed routine checkup/lab testing and daily health care. Conclusion: It is important to strategize the plan for patients with chronic diseases during pandemic or lockdown.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Shirin Sara, S., et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic changes in prevalence of type 2 diabetes along with associated factors in Bangladesh : Evidence from two national cross-sectional surveys (BDHS 2011 and BDHS 2017–18)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Diabetes & Metabolic syndrome. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-4021 .- 1878-0334. ; 17:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aims: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been rising rapidly especially in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in 2011 and 2017–18, and the risk factors based on the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS). Methods: The study comprised of data from the BDHS 2011 and the BDHS 2017–18 with 7565 (50.6% female) and 12,299 respondents (56.9% female) respectively. The plasma blood glucose was classified into normal, pre-diabetes, and diabetes categories. While univariate analysis was performed to determine the data, Chi-square and gamma analyses were used for bivariate estimation of the correlation between diabetes status and other comorbidities. Multinomial and ordinal logistic regression were also performed to trace the link between diabetes and various risk factors. Results: The 2011 BDHS survey indicated that nearly half of the participants (47.6%) had pre-diabetic condition, while 10.2% were diagnosed with diabetes. On the other hand, the BDHS 2017-18 demonstrated that 28.6% and 8.6% of participants had pre-diabetes and diabetes, respectively. Results of inferential statistics showed that gender (p<0.05), age, wealth status, physical activity, BMI (p<0.01), and caffeinated beverages (p<0.05), were significantly linked with diabetes status. Conclusion: According to our findings, older people and people with lower education are more likely to develop diabetes. BMIˏ Physically active, wealth status, diet and lifestyle were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes. Healthy lifestyle, physical activities, proper knowledge and awareness can reduce the risk of T2D.
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| 23. |
- Wouters, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of exogenous carbohydrates on nitrogen fixation and hetR expression in Nostoc PCC 9229 forming symbiosis with Gunnera.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 28, s. 63-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 9229 forms an intracellular nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with the angiosperm Gunnera. In symbiosis the cyanobacterium is enclosed in darkness and receives carbon from the plant in an unknown form. Out of five putative plant carbohydrate sources tested in vitro, fructose and glucose were found to support nitrogen fixation in darkness. The other three dextrin, sucrose and Gunnera sp. mucilage could not induce nitrogenase activity in darkness. The stimulatory effect by fructose was also observed in illuminated samples. After four weeks incubation in darkness, nitrogenase was still active in cultures when fructose was added and multiple thick-walled nitrogen-fixing cells (heterocysts) were observed, and chlorophyll levels unchanged. The expression as shown by Northern blot analysis revealed that fructose influenced the gene expression of hetR, a gene necessary for heterocyst formation, in darkness. Fructose and glucose may therefore be the carbohydrates supplied by the host plant to induce heterocyst differentiation and nitrogen fixation in the cyanobiont Nostoc PCC 9229.
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| 24. |
- Wouters, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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The luggage hypothesis : Comparisons of two phototrophic hosts with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and implications for analogous life strategies for kleptoplastids/secondary symbiosis in dinoflagellates
- 2009
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Ingår i: Symbiosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0334-5114 .- 1878-7665. ; 49:2, s. 61-70
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nostoc and Richelia belong to a group of heterocystous cyanobacteria and are unique within this group in forming intracellular symbioses with phototrophic hosts, the angiosperm Gunnera and the diatoms (algae) Rhizosolenia and Hemiaulus, respectively. The function of the cyanobiont is similar in the symbioses, namely providing fixed atmospheric nitrogen to their hosts; also the cyanobionts are contained in a host compartment, the symbiosome. The evolutionary timescale for the cyanobiont-endosymbiosis formation is in both instances about a parts per thousand 90 Ma. However, the potentials for further co-evolution of host and microsymbiont, are different. Nostoc is regarded as preyed upon by its host, while in the Richelia-Rhizosolenia symbiosis example the evolution towards a new type of permanent organelle is possible. It is proposed that symbiosis is ruled by divergent host strategies. In the case of Richelia-Rhizosolenia the evolution of a permanent symbiosis is linked to diatom hosts needing to carry the cyanobiont permanently, as it is not available free-living in the oceans. However, in the case of Nostoc/Gunnera, the host exploits an abundant cyanobacterial species. A model where the relative abundance of microsymbionts determines the nature of the symbiosis comes into view: If environmental ratios of host/microsymbiont are so that hosts are the dominating party, then the host has to carry the microsymbiont as luggage (vertical transmission). Likewise, if the ratio of microsymbiont is higher than host, than the host will prey on the microsymbiont (horizontal transmission). The article also discusses the retention of secondary plastids in dinoflagellates. We show that dinoflagellates are organisms that exemplify both types of strategies that is either preying or harbouring a permanent organelle. The difference from the cyanobacterial example is that only parts of the eukaryotic microsymbionts are kept, usually only the plastid. We emphasize that the dinoflagellates can obtain their plastids from various different organisms. The luggage theory offers an explanation to why some dinoflagellate species contain kleptoplastids, while others have permanent, secondary plastids and some have tertiary plastids.
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| 25. |
- Wu, Hanzhang, et al.
(författare)
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Life's Essential 8 and risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes : A cohort study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Diabetes & Metabolic syndrome. - : Elsevier. - 1871-4021 .- 1878-0334. ; 18:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:The association of cardiovascular health levels, as measured by the Life's Essential 8 score, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been fully elucidated.Methods:This cohort study included 15,118 participants with T2D from the UK Biobank who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. The cardiovascular health of participants was evaluated using the Life's Essential 8 score, categorizing their health levels into low, moderate, and high based on this assessment.Results:During a median follow-up period of 13.0 years, we observed a total of 4421 cases of CVD, comprising 3467 cases of coronary heart disease (CHD), 811 cases of stroke, 1465 cases of heart failure (HF), and 523 cases of CVD mortality. Compared to participants with low cardiovascular health, those with high cardiovascular health had a 52 %, 50 %, 47 %, 67 %, and 51 % lower risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, HF, and CVD mortality, respectively. Among the components of the Life's Essential 8 score, body mass index showed the highest population attributable risk of 12.1 %. Similar findings were observed in joint analyses of cardiovascular health and diabetes severity status.Conclusions:This study emphasizes the importance of maintaining good cardiovascular health among individuals with T2D to reduce their risk of CVD incidence and mortality.
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| 26. |
- Yu, Bowei, et al.
(författare)
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Associations of artificially sweetened beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages, and pure fruit/vegetable juice with visceral adipose tissue mass
- 2023
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Ingår i: Diabetes & Metabolic syndrome. - : Elsevier. - 1871-4021 .- 1878-0334. ; 17:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To test the associations of sugar-sweetened beverage, artificially sweetened beverage, and pure fruit/vegetable juice consumption with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass at baseline and follow-up and to determine whether BMI and genetic risk of VAT mass modified the associations.Methods: A total of 203,348 participants from UK Biobank with consumption data on three beverages were included. Participants were categorized into nonconsumers and consumers with >0-1, >1-2 and >2 L/week. A sex-specific prediction model was used to calculate VAT mass. A weighted genetic risk score for high VAT mass was calculated.Results: The participants with a sugar-sweetened beverage and artificially sweetened beverage consumption of >2 L/week had the greatest B values [B (95% CI): 24.02 (16.53, 31.51) and 60.81 (52.08, 69.54) in men, respectively; 10.20 (5.92, 14.48) and 24.72 (20.80, 28.64) in women]. Low and moderate intake of pure fruit/vegetable juices showed a significantly inverse association with VAT mass in men [-10.52 (-15.37, -5.67); -6.46 (-11.27, -1.65)] and women [-6.70 (-8.99, -4.41); -5.93 (-8.33, -3.54)]. Regarding changes in VAT mass, participants who consumed >2 L/week of sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages had greater changes. BMI but not genetic risk modified the associations between beverage intake and VAT mass, which were strengthened in participants with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 for sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption.Conclusions: Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages or artificially sweetened beverages was associated with greater VAT mass regardless of genetic risk. Mild-to-moderate intake of pure fruit/vegetable juices was linked to lower VAT mass.
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