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| 2. |
- Larska, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics of single and dual infection of calves with an Asian atypical bovine pestivirus and a highly virulent strain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1
- 2012
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Ingår i: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-9571 .- 1878-1667. ; 35, s. 381-390
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atypical bovine pestiviruses related to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) have recently been detected in cattle from South America, Asia and Europe. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and virological aspects of dual infection with BVDV-1 (Horton 916) and an Asian atypical bovine pestivirus (Th/04_KhonKaen) in naive calves, in comparison to single infections. Milder clinical signs were observed in the animals infected with single Th/04_KhonKaen strain. Leukocytopenia and lymphocytopenia were observed in all infected groups at a similar level which correlated with the onset of viraemia. Co-infection with both viruses led to prolonged fever in comparison to single strain inoculated groups and simultaneous replication of concurrent viruses in blood and in the upper respiratory tract. Following the infections all the calves seroconverted against homologous strains. Atypical pestiviruses pose a serious threat to livestock health and BVDV eradication, since they may have the potential to be widely spread in cattle populations without being detected and differentiated from other BVDV infections. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Malmberg, Maja, et al.
(författare)
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The heart microbiome of insectivorous bats from Central and South Eastern Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-9571 .- 1878-1667. ; 75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Host associated microbiome not only may affect the individual health-status or provide insights into the species or group specific bacterial communities but may act as early warning signs in the assessment of zoonotic reservoirs, offering clues to predict, prevent and control possible episodes of emerging zoonoses. Bats may be carriers and reservoirs of multiple pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, showing in the same time robust immunity against many of them. The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training and function of the host immune system and the immune system has largely evolved in order to maintain the symbiotic relationship of the host with these diverse microbes. Thus, expanding our knowledge on bat-associated microbiome it can be usefully in understanding bats? outstanding immune capacities. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of different bacterial communities in heart tissue of insectivorous bats, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Rhinoplophus hipposideros, from Central and Eastern Europe using high throughput sequencing of variable regions of the 16S rRNA. In addition, species-specific PCRs were used to validate the presence of the vector-borne pathogens Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia spp. In this study we identified a wide variety of bacterial groups, with the most abundant phyla being Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The results showed that at individual level, the year or location had no effect on the diversity and composition of the microbiome, however host species determined both structure and abundance of the bacterial community. We report the presence of vector-borne bacteria Bartonella spp. in samples of N. noctula and indications of Rickettsia spp. in R. hipposideros. Our results provide a first insight into the bacterial community found in heart tissue of bats from Central and South Eastern Europe.
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| 4. |
- Olovsson, Matts, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Biotin labelling of chicken antibodies and their subsequent use in ELISA and immunohistochemistry
- 1993
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Ingår i: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. - 0147-9571 .- 1878-1667. ; 16:2, s. 145-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Avian antibodies have many advantages to mammalian antibodies due to the phylogenetic differences between birds and mammals, resulting in an increased sensitivity and a decreased background in many immunological assays. Since the avidin-biotin system is an efficient detection system for antibodies with a high sensitivity, we wanted to investigate the activity and unspecific binding of optimally biotin labelled chicken antibodies in ELISA and immunohistochemistry. We report on the conditions for biotinylation of chicken antibodies and that optimally biotinylated antibodies show a high activity and a low background in both ELISA and immunohistochemistry.
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| 5. |
- Omazic, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Dairy milk from cow and goat as a sentinel for tick-borne encephalitis virus surveillance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier. - 0147-9571 .- 1878-1667. ; 95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most severe human tick-borne diseases in Europe. It is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which is transmitted to humans mainly via bites of Ixodes ricinus or I. persulcatus ticks. The geographical distribution and abundance of I. ricinus is expanding in Sweden as has the number of reported human TBE cases. In addition to tick bites, alimentary TBEV infection has also been reported after consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. So far, no alimentary TBEV infection has been reported in Sweden, but knowledge about its prevalence in Swedish ruminants is scarce. In the present study, a total of 122 bulk tank milk samples and 304 individual milk samples (including 8 colostrum samples) were collected from dairy farms (n = 102) in Sweden. All samples were analysed for the presence of TBEV antibodies by ELISA test and immunoblotting. Participating farmers received a questionnaire about milk production, pasteurization, tick prophylaxis used on animals, tick-borne diseases, and TBE vaccination status. We detected specific anti-TBEV antibodies, i.e., either positive (>126 Vienna Units per ml, VIEU/ml) or borderline (63-126 VIEU/ml) in bulk tank milk from 20 of the 102 farms. Individual milk samples (including colostrum samples) from these 20 farms were therefore collected for further analysis. Our results revealed important information for detection of emerging TBE risk areas. Factors such as consumption of unpasteurized milk, limited use of tick prophylaxis on animals and a moderate coverage of human TBE vaccination, may be risk factors for alimentary TBEV infection in Sweden.
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| 6. |
- Perez Ruano, Miguel, et al.
(författare)
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Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine leptospirosis in the province of Manabí, Ecuador
- 2020
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Ingår i: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier. - 0147-9571 .- 1878-1667. ; 72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The disease affects dairy and beef cattle, causing infertility, abortion, and reduced milk yield. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle and the associated risk factors in the province of Manabi, Ecuador. Serum samples from 749 animals from 55 cattle herds were analyzed using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Animals were considered positive when titers were >= 1:100. The association between the potential risk factors and the positive Leptospira result was modeled at both animal and herd level using a generalized linear model with a binomial distribution and logarithmic link. The seroprevalence was 56.21% at the individual level and 98.18% at the herd level. The most prevalent serovars were Pomona (28.57%) and Icterohaemorragiae (22.30%). At the animal level, only the age was associated with leptospirosis seropositivity. Seroprevalence in animals over three years of age was 1.197 (95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.032 - 1.390), higher compared to animals up to three years old. The seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. was higher in farms with no veterinary assistance (PR =1.209; 95%CI 1.053 - 1.388) and without a vaccination program against Leptospira (PR =1.399; 95%CI 1.09 1.794). In addition, herds from Junin canton had a significantly higher seroprevalence of Leptospira spp (PR =1.548; 95%CI 1.213 1.977) compared to the Bolivar canton, which had the lowest seroprevalence. In conclusion, more than half of the animals were positive to Leptospiraspp, and almost all herds had at least one positive animal. Furthermore, veterinary assistance and vaccination of cattle must be considered as essential aspects of the disease control program.
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| 7. |
- Taha, Sawsan, et al.
(författare)
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Toxin production by and adhesive properties of Clostridium difficile isolated from humans and horses with antibiotic-associated diarrhea
- 2007
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Ingår i: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-9571 .- 1878-1667. ; 30:3, s. 163-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial pathogen in humans and animals that causes diarrhea and colitis following antibiotic therapy. Isolates of C. difficile obtained from faecal material from 20 human patients and 6 equine subjects with antibiotic-associated diarrhea were investigated regarding production of toxins A and B, their capacity to adhere to the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line and equine intestinal cells, and for the presence of fimbriae. The results showed that most (17/20) of the human clinical isolates produced both toxins A and B. One of the human isolates proved toxin A-negative/toxin B-positive. All (6/6) horse isolates were positive for both toxins A and B. Both the human and horse isolates possessed the capacity to adhere, to varying degree, to human and equine intestinal cells. It appeared that human isolates produced greater amounts of toxin B, and that there was a host-species dependency on ability to attach to intestinal epithelial cells. No fimbriae were found in any of the investigated isolates.
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| 10. |
- Swahnberg, Katarina
(författare)
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NorVold Abuse Questionnaire for Men (m-NorAQ) : Validation of New Measures of Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse and Abuse in Health Care in Male Patients
- 2011
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Ingår i: Gender Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1550-8579 .- 1878-7398. ; 8:2, s. 69-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundThere are far more prevalence studies on abuse of females than on males as subjects of abuse. The NorVold Abuse Questionnaire (NorAQ) measures emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as abuse in health care, in women and men.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the questions in the version of NorAQ administered to men (m-NorAQ) against the interview model.MethodsThe validation was tested in a subsample (n = 86) of a male patient sample who had filled out the m-NorAQ (N = 1667). Respondents completed m-NorAQ twice and were then interviewed. Before the interview, respondents were instructed to answer questions based on personal experience. The interview consisted of 4 open-ended questions about lifetime experiences of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and abuse in health care.ResultsResults indicated that respondents in the subsample had discussed the experiences of abuse more often in both formal and informal settings than had subjects in the total patient sample.Measures of sensitivity for m-NorAQ were good to excellent (emotional abuse, 83%; physical abuse, 76%; sexual abuse, 68%; abuse in health care, 93%), as were those for specificity (emotional abuse, 72%; physical abuse, 92%; sexual abuse, 99%, abuse in health care, 90%); likelihood ratios were satisfactory (emotional abuse, 3; physical abuse, 9; sexual abuse, 46; abuse in health care, 9); and test-retest reliability measures were excellent (emotional abuse, 80%–95%; physical abuse, 77%–88%; sexual abuse, 91%–100%; abuse in health care, 84%–92%).Conclusionm-NorAQ showed good to excellent concurrent validity for the different types of abuse and excellent reliability for all questions about abuse. In spite of methodological challenges, validation studies must be conducted as a minimum precaution to ensure that an instrument accurately measures abuse as intended.
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