| 1. |
- Bargoria, Victor, et al.
(författare)
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Running for your life : A qualitative study of champion long-distance runners strategies to sustain excellence in performance and health
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 23:8, s. 715-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesTo investigate champion long-distance runners’ strategies for managing injury and illness symptoms and staying well.DesignQualitative research study.MethodsTwelve long-distance runners were interviewed immediately after having competed in World Championships finals. Thematic analysis was used to categorise and structure the data. The results were presented as primary themes and overarching constructs representing connections between the primary themes.ResultsThe champion runners’ basic tactic to manage symptoms of ill health was characterized by rapid adjustment of sports load and a strong incentive to learn from experience and professional advice. This tactic was named here educated flexibility. A secondary exigency tactic was associated with reaching short-term goals and a consequential acceptance of health hazards. The runners used economic and other environmental strain to explain use of the exigency tactic. Most champion runners’ long-term strategy to stay well included both tactics successfully combined to maintain a performance level assuring a regular income. Avoidance of letting environmental strain and health problems create vicious circles was at the centre of these strategies.ConclusionsChampion runners’ main strategy to stay well and sustain their superiority in performance was characterized by constantly paying attention to symptoms of ill health, listening to medical advice, and not letting environmental strain interfere with adjustment of sports load. Many top-level runners originate from global regions where formal education programs and health insurance plans are poorly regulated and supported. Bio-psychosocial models including empowerment at individual and systems levels should be considered when health services are planned for professional runners.
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| 2. |
- Beaven, Christopher, 1977-
(författare)
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Development and validation of a sensitive immunoassay for the skeletal muscle isoform of creatine kinase
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creatine kinase (CK) is a marker of muscle damage and pathology present as multiple tissue-specific circulating isoforms. CK is often measured using enzyme activity assays that are unable to distinguish these isoforms. We have developed an immunoassay specific for the MM isoform of CK, found predominantly in skeletal muscle, which uses very small volumes of plasma (1–2μL). A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CK-MM was developed using isoform-specific antibodies. Cross-reactivity with CK-BB and MB isoforms was also assessed. The ELISA was validated using plasma samples from a group of athletes, and the measured CK-MM concentrations were correlated with CK enzyme activity assays measured by a contractor using the same samples.The CK-MM ELISA has a limit of detection of 0.02ng/mL, an IC50 of 2.3ng/mL, and 5.8% cross-reactivity with CK-MB. CK-MM concentrations measured using this assay correlate well (p<0.0001, Spearman r=0.89) with enzyme activity assays.The CK-MM-specific ELISA can be used to help assess skeletal muscle damage independent of enzyme activity or interference from other CK isoforms, leading to more precise studies of muscle biology.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Born, Dennis-Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting future stars : Probability and performance corridors for elite swimmers
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 27:2, s. 113-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesTo evaluate the new age groups of the World Junior Championships in swimming from a scientific perspective, establish benchmarks and performance corridors that predict success at peak performance age and compare performance corridors between men and women and short-, middle-, and long-distance freestyle races.DesignLongitudinal big data analysis.MethodsIn total, 347,186 annual best times of male (n = 3360, 561 ± 177 Swimming Points) and female freestyle swimmers (n = 2570, 553 ± 183 Swimming Points) were collected across all race distances at peak performance age and retrospectively analyzed throughout adolescence. Cumulative Poisson distribution was used to calculate probabilities of becoming world-class finalist, international-class, or national-class swimmer for each age group. Performance corridors were expressed relative to the World Record and compared between performance levels, sex, race distances, and age groups with a 2-way analysis of variance.ResultsFemales are required to swim faster relative to the World Record at a younger age and show earlier performance plateaus than males at national and international levels. Additionally, world-class long-distance finalists show higher Swimming Points earlier in their career compared to short-distance swimmers. This effect is more distinctive in females than males.ConclusionsBased on the sex-specific performance corridors and developments, the newly aligned age groups for the World Junior Championships are questionable regarding long-term athlete development. Based on race times from 131 nations, the present benchmarks provide valid international normative values to predict success chances at peak performance age and guide young swimmers along their talent pathway.AbbreviationsFINA, Fédération Internationale de Natation; 850 swimmers, world-class finalists; 750 swimmers, international-class swimmers; 650 swimmers, national-class swimmers
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Brooke, Hannah L, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in time-segment specific physical activity between ages 10 and 14 years : A longitudinal observational study.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 19:1, s. 29-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Describe (1) time-segment specific changes in physical activity (PA) into adolescence, (2) differences in change in PA between specific time-segments (weekdays-weekends, in-school-out-of-school, out-of-school-weekends, lesson-time-lunch-time), and (3) associations of change in time-segment specific with overall PA.DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study (4-year follow-up).METHODS: Children from the SPEEDY study (n=769, 42% boys) had PA measured by accelerometer for at least three days at ages 10.2±0.3, 11.2±0.3 and 14.3±0.3years. Changes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (ΔMVPA, minutes ≥2000counts/minute [cpm]) and total PA (ΔTPA, average cpm) during weekdays, weekends, in-school, out-of-school, lesson-times and lunch-times, were tested using three level (age, individual, school) mixed-effects linear regression. Differences in ΔMVPA/ΔTPA between time-segments were tested using time-segment×age interaction terms. Associations of four-year time-segment specific ΔMVPA/ΔTPA with four-year overall ΔMVPA/ΔTPA were tested using two level (time-segment specific ΔMVPA/ΔTPA, school) mixed-effects linear regression.RESULTS: MVPA and TPA declined in all time-segments, except lesson-time MVPA. Annual ΔMVPA and, for boys only, ΔTPA was greater on weekends than weekdays (beta±SE for interaction term: boys, -3.53±0.83min, -29.64±7.64cpm; girls, -2.20±0.64min) and out-of-school (boys, -4.36±0.79min, -19.36±8.46cpm; girls, -2.44±0.63min). ΔMVPA and ΔTPA during lunch-time was greater than during lesson-time (boys, -0.96±0.20min, -36.43±6.55cpm; girls, -0.90±0.13min, -38.72±4.40cpm). ΔTPA was greater out-of-school than in-school (boys, -19.89±6.71cpm; girls, -18.46±6.51cpm). For all time-segments, four-year ΔMVPA/ΔTPA was positively associated with four-year overall ΔMVPA/ΔTPA (all p<0.042), except for girl's in-school and lunch-time TPA.CONCLUSIONS: Interventions focused on PA maintenance could target all time-segments, but weekends and out-of-school may be particularly advantageous due to the relatively large declines observed.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Cadenas-Sanchez, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Physical fitness reference standards for preschool children : The PREFIT project.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:4, s. 430-437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Reference values are necessary for classifying children, for health screening, and for early prevention as many non-communicable diseases aggravate during growth and development. While physical fitness reference standards are available in children aged 6 and older, such information is lacking in preschool children. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (1) to provide sex-and age-specific physical fitness reference standards for Spanish preschool children; and (2) to study sex differences across this age period and to characterise fitness performance throughout the preschool period.DESIGN: Cross-sectional.METHODS: A total of 3179 preschool children (1678 boys) aged 2.8-6.4 years old from Spain were included in the present study. Physical fitness was measured using the PREFIT battery.RESULTS: Age- and sex-specific percentiles for the physical fitness components are provided. Boys performed better than girls in the cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and speed-agility tests over the whole preschool period studied and for the different percentiles. In contrast, girls performed slightly better than boys in the balance test. Older children had better performance in all fitness tests than their younger counterparts.CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference standards in preschool children allowing interpretation of fitness assessment. Sexual dimorphism in fitness tests exists already at preschool age, and these differences become larger with age. These findings will help health, sport, and school professionals to identify preschool children with a high/very low fitness level, to examine changes in fitness over time, and to analyse those changes obtained due to intervention effects.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Cook, C. J., et al.
(författare)
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Morning based strength training improves afternoon physical performance in rugby union players
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-1861 .- 1440-2440. ; 17:3, s. 317-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesTo determine if a morning training session could alter afternoon physical performance. Moreover, as testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) concentrations are significant predictors of physical performance, and both show circadian declines across the day, we examined the effects of morning training on diurnal T and C responses. DesignEighteen semi-professional rugby union players completed this randomised and counter-balanced study. MethodsFollowing morning saliva collection (0900. h), players completed a control (rested), Sprint (5 × 40 m) or Weights (3 repetition-maximum [RM] bench press and squat) trial. In the afternoon (15:00. h) of each trial, a further saliva sample was collected before players completed a performance test (3RM back squat and bench press, 40. m sprint, countermovement jump [CMJ]). ResultsSalivary T concentrations declined from am to pm under Control and Sprint, but not under Weights. Delta T, from am to pm, was greater under Control (-10.9±2.4pgml-1) compared to Sprints (-6.2±7.1pgml-1) and Weights (-1.2±5.5pgml-1) (p≤0.001). Delta C, from am to pm, was greater under Control compared to both Sprint and Weights (p<0.05). Players elicited better CMJ peak power, 40-m time, 3RM bench and squat performance under Weights compared with Control and Sprint (p<0.05). Faster 40-m times were seen under Sprint, when compared to Control (p<0.05). ConclusionsPerforming morning strength training is associated with improved physical performance in the afternoon. Additionally, the circadian decline in T concentrations appeared offset by morning training. However, it is unclear if T concentrations are, in part, causal of these improved responses or simply a reflective marker. © 2013 Sports Medicine Australia.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Davis, Paul A., et al.
(författare)
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The psychophysiological influence of exertion and affect on sport-specific cognitive and physical performance
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 25:9, s. 764-769
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine differences in cognitive and physical performance, affective states, perceived exertion, and physiological responses between trials with cognitive, physical, or combined cognitive and physical load.Design: Randomised cross-over trial.Methods: Highly trained competitive orienteers (n = 15 men; n = 10 women) completed three randomised trials comprised of: (1) sport-specific cognitive tests; (2) 35-minute cycling time trial; and (3) combined sport-specific cognitive tests and 35-minute cycling time trial. Measures taken during the trials recorded affective states, perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, cycling watts, as well as working memory, updating, planning and decision making.Results: No significant differences in cognitive performance accuracy were observed within or across trials although reaction times improved within trials and were fastest in the combined trial. Blood lactate, heart rate, perceived exertion, negative affective states, and watts were highest in the physical trial.Conclusions: The combined load of undertaking sport-specific cognitive tests and a cycling time trial did not influence cognitive performance accuracy. Athletes produced greater watts when completing the physical task independently compared with the combined trial, however psychophysiological responses were worse. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether athletes' attentional focus underpins psychophysiological responses to dual-task sport performance.
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| 16. |
- Dent, Jessica R., et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in acute translational repressor 4E-BP1 activity and sprint performance in response to repeated-sprint exercise in team sport athletes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 18:6, s. 730-736
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The physiological requirements underlying soccer-specific exercise are incomplete and sex-based comparisons are sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a repeated-sprint protocol on the translational repressor 4E-BP1 and sprint performance in male and female soccer players.Design: Cross-over design involving eight female and seven male university soccer players.Methods: Participants performed four bouts of 6x 30-m maximal sprints spread equally over 40 min. Heart rate, sprint time and sprint decrement were measured for each sprint and during the course of each bout. Venous blood samples and muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were taken at rest, at 15 min and 2 h post-exercise. Results: While males maintained a faster mean sprint time for each bout (P < 0.05) females exhibited a greater decrement in sprint performance for each bout (P < 0.05), indicating a superior maintenance of sprint performance in males, with no sex differences for heart rate or lactate. Muscle analyses revealed sex differences in resting total (P< 0.05) and phosphorylated (P< 0.05) 4E-BP1 Thr37/46, and 15 min post-exercise the 4E-BP1 Thr37/46 ratio decreased below resting levels in males only (P < 0.05), indicative of a decreased translation initiation following repeated sprints.Conclusions: We show that females have a larger sprint decrement indicating that males have a superior ability to recover sprint performance. Sex differences in resting 4E-BP1 Thr37/46 suggest diversity in the training-induced phenotype of the muscle of males and females competing in equivalent levels of team-sport competition.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Duberg, Anna, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent girls with internalizing problems : Can dance intervention improve health? A randomized, controlled trial with cost-utility analysis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 15:Suppl. 1, s. S345-S346
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: The increasing prevalence of psychological health problems among adolescent girls is alarming. Knowledge of beneficial effects of physical activity on psychological health are widespread. Dance is a popular form of exercise also known to increase a sense of self-control which can contribute to reduced stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate if dance intervention for adolescent girls with internalizing problems influenced self-rated health. A secondary aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in addition to usual school health services, compared with usual school health services alone.Methods: Randomized controlled intervention trial with follow-up measures of self-rated health at 8, 12 and 20 months after baseline. A total of 112 girls, 13–18 years old, with internalizing problems, i.e. stress and psychosomatic symptoms, were randomized to intervention group or control group. The intervention comprised dance classes twice weekly during 8 months. Each dance class lasted 75 minutes and the focus was on the joy of movement, not on performance. Costs for the stakeholder of the intervention, treatment effect and healthcare costs were considered. Gained quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were used to measure the effects. Quality of life (QOL) was measured with the Health Utility Index Mark 3 (HUI 3). Cost-effectiveness ratios were based on the changes in QALY and net costs for the intervention group compared with the control group. Net monetary benefit (NMB) was also calculated.Results: A year after baseline 65% of the girls in the intervention group and 32% of the girls in the control group had increased their self-rated health. The differences in change score between groups were significant at all follow-ups. After 8-months U = 895.5 (P = .037), after 12-months U = 680.0 (P = .001), and after 20-months U = 801 (P = .022).Cost effectiveness showed that after 20 months, QOL had increased by 0.083 units more in the intervention group than in the control group (P = .04), translating to 0.095 gained QALY. The cost-effectiveness ratio was $7187.4 and the NMB was $3846.0 (Willingness to pay $50 000 for a gained QALY).Discussion: This study suggests that an 8-month dance intervention can improve self-rated health for adolescent girls with internalizing problems. The improvement remained a year after the intervention. The intervention in addition to usual school health services showed cost-effectiveness compared with usual school health services alone. The cost-effectiveness ratio was far below the recommended threshold value.
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| 20. |
- Düking, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring and adapting endurance training on the basis of heart rate variability monitored by wearable technologies : A systematic review with meta-analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 24:11, s. 1180-1192
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To systematically perform a meta-analysis of the scientific literature to determine whether the outcomes of endurance training based on heart rate variability (HRV) are more favorable than those of predefined training.Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: PubMed and Web of Science were searched systematically in March of 2020 using keywords related to endurance, the ANS, and training. To compare the outcomes of HRV-guided and predefined training, Hedges' g effect size and associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated.Results: A total of 8 studies (198 participants) were identified comprising 9 interventions involving a variety of approaches. Compared to predefined training, most HRV-guided interventions included fewer moderate- and/or high-intensity training sessions. Fixed effects meta-analysis revealed a significant medium-sized positive effect of HRV-guided training on submaximal physiological parameters (g = 0.296, 95% CI 0.031 to 0.562, p = 0.028), but its effects on performance (g = 0.079, 95% CI −0.050 to 0.393, p = 0.597) and V̇O2peak (g = 0.171, 95% CI −0.213 to 0.371, p = 0.130) were small and not statistically significant. Moreover, with regards to performance, HRV-guided training was associated with fewer non-responders and more positive responders.Conclusions: In comparison to predefined training, HRV-guided endurance training had a medium-sized effect on submaximal physiological parameters, but only a small and non-significant influence on performance and V̇O2peak. There were fewer non-responders regarding performance with HRV-based training.
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| 21. |
- Edouard, Pascal, et al.
(författare)
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Having an injury complaint during the four weeks before an international athletics (track and field) championship more than doubles the risk of sustaining an injury during the respective championship: a cohort study on 1095 athletes during 7 international championships
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 25:12, s. 986-994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To analyse the association between pre-participation health status and in-championships injuries in a large dataset from seven international athletics championships, and to determine the health status of athletes during the four weeks before the start of international athletics championships. Design: Prospective cohort study.Methods: We used data collected from athletes of national teams with medical staff who participated i) in a pre -participation health survey (retrospective data collection) and ii) in an in-championships injury surveillance (prospective data collection) during seven international athletics championships (2013-2018). We performed a binomial logistic regression with in-championship injury (yes/no) as the dependent variable and sex, age, discipline (explosive/endurance), type of championships (outdoor/indoor) and pre-participation injury com-plaint (yes/no) and pre-participation illness complaint (yes/no) as independent variables, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Results: Out of the 1095 athletes included 31.2% reported an injury complaint during the 4 weeks before the championships and 21.6% an illness complaint. The univariate model showed that discipline, type of champion-ships and pre-participation injury complaints (OR = 2.57, 95%CI: 1.66 to 3.97) were significantly associated with in-championships injuries, and the multivariable model showed that type of championships and pre -participation injury complaints (OR = 2.64, 95%CI: 1.60 to 4.36) remained significantly associated with in -championships injuries.Conclusions: Our present study shows that an injury complaint during the four weeks before an international ath-letics championship significantly increased risk of sustaining an injury during the following championship, which was reported by about one third of athletes with differences between sex and disciplines. (c) 2022 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 22. |
- Edouard, Pascal, et al.
(författare)
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Interrater reliability of the injury reporting of the injury surveillance system used in international athletics championships
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 21:9, s. 894-898
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The quality of epidemiological injury data depends on the reliability of reporting to an injury surveillance system. Ascertaining whether all physicians/physiotherapists report the same information for the same injury case is of major interest to determine data validity. The aim of this study was therefore to analyse the data collection reliability through the analysis of the interrater reliability. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: During the 2016 European Athletics Advanced Athletics Medicine Course in Amsterdam, all national medical teams were asked to complete seven virtual case reports on a standardised injury report form using the same definitions and classifications of injuries as the international athletics championships injury surveillance protocol. The completeness of data and the Fleiss kappa coefficients for the inter-rater reliability were calculated for: sex, age, event, circumstance, location, type, assumed cause and estimated time-loss. Results: Forty-one team physicians and physiotherapists of national medical teams participated in the study (response rate 89.1%). Data completeness was 96.9%. The Fleiss kappa coefficients were: almost perfect for sex (k = 1), injury location (k = 0.991), event (k = 0.953), circumstance (k = 0,942), and age = 0.870), moderate for type (k = 0.507), fair for assumed cause (k = 0.394), and poor for estimated time loss (k = 0.155). Conclusions: The injury surveillance system used during international athletics championships provided reliable data for "sex", "location", "event", "circumstance", and "age". More caution should be taken for "assumed cause" and "type", and even more for "estimated time-loss". This injury surveillance system displays satisfactory data quality (reliable data and high data completeness), and thus, can be recommended as tool to collect epidemiology information on injuries during international athletics championships. (C) 2018 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Ek, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Training in spikes and number of training hours correlate to injury incidence in youth athletics (track and field) : A prospective 52-week study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier Science Ltd. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 25:2, s. 122-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The aim was to describe the annual incidence and types of musculoskeletal injuries, and to examine factors associated with injury risk. Design: A 52-week prospective study in Swedish youth athletics aged 12-15 years. Methods: Data on exposure to training and injury were collected from parents/caregivers and youth athletes using a web-survey system. Results: A total of 101 (86%) youth athletes participated. Fifty-four (53%) of the athletes reported one new injury. Girls were at higher risk of sustaining an injury than boys (p = 0.048). Ninety-one percent of the new injuries were non-traumatic and 85% occurred in the lower extremities. Injuries to the front thigh represented 20% of the injuries. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed a six-fold increased risk for a first injury for athletes reporting use of spikes and training <6 h every two weeks (hazard ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-31.3) compared to athletes training <6 h using no spikes. Athletes training 6 h or more reporting use or no use of spikes had an eight-fold increase injury risk (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Almost half of the youth athletes experienced a new injury and girls had a higher risk compared to boys. Nine out of ten injuries were related to overuse. An interesting observation was the high incidence of injuries to the quadriceps muscle complex. The study identified a correlation with training hours and an interaction with track spikes and risk of injury that needs further attention. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sports Medicine Australia. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Garthwaite, Taru, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of reduced sedentary time on cardiometabolic health in adults with metabolic syndrome : A three-month randomized controlled trial
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - Chatswood : Elsevier Ltd. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 25:7, s. 579-585
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate if reducing sedentary behavior improves cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults with metabolic syndrome. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixty-four sedentary middle-aged adults with metabolic syndrome were randomized into intervention (INT; n = 33) and control (CON; n = 31) groups. INT was guided to limit sedentary behavior by 1 h/day through increased standing and light-intensity physical activity. CON was instructed to maintain usual habits. Sedentary behavior, breaks in sedentary behavior, standing, and physical activity were measured with hip-worn accelerometers for three months. Fasting blood sampling and measurements of anthropometrics, body composition, and blood pressure were performed at baseline and at three months. Linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. Results: INT reduced sedentary behavior by 50 (95% CI: 24, 73) min/day by increasing light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (19 [8, 30] and 24 [14, 34] min/day, respectively). Standing increased also, but non-significantly (6 [−11, 23] min/day). CON maintained baseline activity levels. Significant intervention effects favoring INT occurred in fasting insulin (INT: 83.4 [68.7, 101.2] vs. CON: 102.0 [83.3, 125.0] pmol/l at three months), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; 3.2 [2.6, 3.9] vs. 4.0 [3.2, 4.9]), HbA1c (37 [36, 38] vs. 38 [37, 39] mmol/mol), and liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (28 [24, 33] vs. 33 [28, 38] U/l). Conclusions: Reducing sedentary behavior by 50 min/day and increasing light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous activity showed benefits in several cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults with metabolic syndrome. Replacing some of the daily sedentary behavior with light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity may help in cardiometabolic disease prevention in risk populations. © 2022 The Authors
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| 26. |
- Garthwaite, Taru, et al.
(författare)
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Standing is associated with insulin sensitivity in adults with metabolic syndrome
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - Chatswood : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 24:12, s. 1255-1260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To determine how components of accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA), and fitness are associated with insulin sensitivity in adults with metabolic syndrome. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Target population was middle-aged (40–65 years) sedentary adults with metabolic syndrome. SB, breaks in SB, standing, and PA were measured for four weeks with hip-worn accelerometers. VO2max (ml/min/kg) was measured with maximal cycle ergometry. Insulin sensitivity was determined by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (M-value) and fasting blood sampling (HOMA-IR, insulin). Multivariable regression was used for analyses. Results: Sixty-four participants (37 women; 58.3 [SD 6.8] years) were included. Participants spent 10.0 (1.0) h sedentary, 1.8 (0.6) h standing, and 2.7 (0.6) h in PA and took 5149 (1825) steps and 29 (8) breaks daily. In sex-, age- and accelerometer wear time-adjusted model SB, standing, steps and VO2max were associated with M-value (β = −0.384; β = 0.400; β = 0.350; β = 0.609, respectively), HOMA-IR (β = 0.420; β = −0.548; β = −0.252; β = −0.449), and insulin (β = 0.433; β = −0.541; β = −0.252; β = −0.453); all p-values < 0.05. Breaks associated only with M-value (β = 0.277). When further adjusted for body fat %, only standing remained significantly associated with HOMA-IR (β = −0.381) and insulin (β = −0.366); significance was maintained even when further adjusted for SB, PA and fitness. Light and moderate-to-vigorous PA were not associated with insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: Standing is associated with insulin sensitivity markers. The association with HOMA-IR and insulin is independent of adiposity, PA, SB and fitness. Further studies are warranted, but these findings encourage replacing sitting with standing for potential improvements in insulin sensitivity in adults at increased type 2 diabetes risk. © 2021 The Authors.
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| 27. |
- Gauffin, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Maintaining motivation and health among recreational runners: Panel study of factors associated with self-rated performance outcomes at competitions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:12, s. 1319-1323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate health-related factors associated with self-rated race performance outcomes among recreational long-distance runners. Design: Panel study. Methods: Data were collected from runners one month before and after a community-level race event including distances from 8 to 42.2 km. The primary outcome measure was self-rated race performance outcome. The explanatory variables represented health complaints suffered during the build-up year, the pre-race month, and the race and among full marathon runners predicted objective performance outcome (mean pace equal to training pace or faster). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the self-rated performance outcome. Results: Two-hundred forty-five runners (29%) provided complete data sets. Seventy-four percent of the runners reached their desired race performance outcome. Achievement of the performance outcome was more likely when having avoided illness during the build-up and pre-race periods (OR = 3.8; 95% CI:1.8-8.0, p amp;lt; 0.001), having avoided per-race injury (OR=3.0; 95% CI:1.2-7.4, p = 0.02) and avoided perrace illness (OR= 4.1; 95% CI:1.3-15, p = 0.020). Having obtained the self-rated performance outcome was also associated with running a shorter distance (OR=3.6; 95% CI: 1.7-8.0,p = 0.001) and being younger than 50 years of age (OR= 2.4; 95% CI:1.1-5.3-8.3, p = 0.03). Having met the predicted objective performance outcome predisposed marathon runners to also obtain the self-rated performance outcome (OR= 4.7, 95% CI: 1.5-16, p amp;lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Having avoided illness during build-up and pre-race was positively associated with self-rated race performance outcome among recreational runners. Adjusting the desired performance outcomes with regard to recent illness and age may help recreational runners to more often achieve their goals and thereby prevent them from leaving the sport. (C) 2019 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 28. |
- Gerber, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of stress and mental toughness on burnout and depressive symptoms : A prospective study with young elite athletes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 21:12, s. 1200-1205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To examine in a sample of young elite athletes (a) the presence of clinically relevant symptoms of burnout and depression, and (b) a possible interaction of perceived stress and mental toughness in the prediction of burnout and depressive symptoms. Design: 6-month prospective study. Methods: A representative sample of 257 young elite athletes (M = 16.82 years, SD = 1.44, 36% females) was recruited in North–Western Switzerland. 197 athletes were followed-up across a 6-month period. Burnout was assessed with the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM), and depression with the 9-item depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Values of ≥4.40 (SMBM) and >14 (PHQ-9) were considered indicative of clinically relevant burnout or depression. Stress perceptions were assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and mental toughness with the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ). Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test stress-buffering effects. Results: The percentage of athletes with clinically relevant levels of burnout and depressive symptoms was 12% and 9%, respectively. Both cross-sectional and prospective analyses showed that compared to participants with low mental toughness, those with higher mental toughness scores reported significantly fewer mental health issues, when exposed to high stress. By contrast, when stress levels were low, mental toughness was unrelated to psychological health complaints. Conclusions: About every tenth young elite athlete reported burnout or depressive symptoms of potential clinical relevance. While high perceived stress was associated with increased psychological health complaints, mental toughness was able to off-set some of the negative consequences resulting from high stress exposure.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Hébert-Losier, Kim, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Raising the standards of the calf-raise test : a systematic review.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of science and medicine in sport / Sports Medicine Australia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-1861 .- 1440-2440. ; 12:6, s. 594-602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The calf-raise test is used by clinicians and researchers in sports medicine to assess properties of the calf muscle-tendon unit. The test generally involves repetitive concentric-eccentric muscle action of the plantar-flexors in unipedal stance and is quantified by the number of raises performed. Although the calf-raise test appears to have acceptable reliability and face validity, and is commonly used for medical assessment and rehabilitation of injuries, no universally acceptable test parameters have been published to date. A systematic review of the existing literature was conducted to investigate the consistency as well as universal acceptance of the evaluation purposes, test parameters, outcome measurements and psychometric properties of the calf-raise test. Nine electronic databases were searched during the period May 30th to September 21st 2008. Forty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria and were quality assessed. Information on study characteristics and calf-raise test parameters, as well as quantitative data, were extracted; tabulated; and statistically analysed. The average quality score of the reviewed articles was 70.4+/-12.2% (range 44-90%). Articles provided various test parameters; however, a consensus was not ascertained. Key testing parameters varied, were often unstated, and few studies reported reliability or validity values, including sensitivity and specificity. No definitive normative values could be established and the utility of the test in subjects with pathologies remained unclear. Although adapted for use in several disciplines and traditionally recommended for clinical assessment, there is no uniform description of the calf-raise test in the literature. Further investigation is recommended to ensure consistent use and interpretation of the test by researchers and clinicians.
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| 31. |
- Henriksson, Pontus, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Physical fitness in relation to later body composition in pre-school children
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:5, s. 574-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesAlthough physical fitness is considered a marker of health in youth, little is known whether physical fitness in pre-school age is related to later body composition. Thus, this study investigated (i) associations of physical fitness at 4.5 years of age with body composition 12 months later and (ii) whether improvements in physical fitness during the 12-month follow-up were associated with changes in body composition.DesignThis study included 142 children, measured at 4.5 and 5.5 years, from the control group of the MINISTOP trial.MethodsPhysical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, lower- and upper-body muscular strength and motor fitness) was measured using the PREFIT test battery. Body composition was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography.ResultsIn adjusted regression analyses, greater cardiorespiratory fitness, lower-body muscular strength and motor fitness at 4.5 years were associated with a lower fat mass index at 5.5 years (standardized β= −0.182 to −0.229, p ≤ 0.028). Conversely, greater cardiorespiratory fitness, lower- and upper-body muscular strength as well as motor fitness at 4.5 years of age were associated with a higher fat-free mass index (standardized β = 0.255–0.447, p ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, lower-body muscular strength and motor fitness during the 12-month follow-up period were associated with decreases in fat mass index and/or % fat mass.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence of the importance of physical fitness early in life. Nevertheless, further studies are needed in order to clarify the influence of physical fitness in the pre-school age with later health outcomes.
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| 32. |
- Horwath, Oscar, et al.
(författare)
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Isokinetic resistance training combined with eccentric overload improves athletic performance and induces muscle hypertrophy in young ice hockey players.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - Chatswood : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:7, s. 821-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To determine the combined effects of slow isokinetic resistance training and eccentric overload and compare it to traditional resistance training on strength, power, body composition and muscle hypertrophy in young ice hockey players.DESIGN: Experimental, randomized trial.METHODS: Twenty-two resistance-trained ice hockey players (18±1year) were assigned to either isokinetic resistance training and eccentric overload (ISO/ECC; n=11) or traditional resistance training (TRAD; n=11). Participants underwent supervised progressive resistance training for 8 weeks (2-3 sessions/week) involving lower body multiple-joint exercises (heavy squats and explosive jump squats). The ISO/ECC group performed their training using a computerized robotic engine system (1080 Quantum synchro, Sweden), whereas the TRAD group performed the same resistance exercises with isotonic loading. Before and after the intervention, participants were evaluated in 1RM back squat, loaded jump squats, sprint- and jump performance, body composition and muscle thickness using ultrasound measurement.RESULTS: Similar moderate increases in 1RM back squat and power output in the jump squats were found in both the ISO/ECC and TRAD groups (11-17%, P<0.01), whereas only the ISO/ECC group showed improvements in drop jump performance (9.8%, P=0.01). Moreover, similar trivial changes in body composition were observed in both groups, while only the ISO/ECC training group increased muscle thickness in the vastus intermedius (P=0.01) and rectus femoris muscles (P=0.03).CONCLUSIONS: Both modalities effectively increased maximal strength and power output, whereas isokinetic resistance training, combined with eccentric overload, improved drop jump performance and induced greater muscle hypertrophy than traditional training in young ice hockey players. © 2019 Sports Medicine Australia
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| 33. |
- Hughes, David, et al.
(författare)
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The Australian Institute of Sport framework for rebooting sport in a COVID-19 environment
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 23:7, s. 639-663
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sport makes an important contribution to the physical, psychological and emotional well-being of Australians. The economic contribution of sport is equivalent to 2-3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on communities globally, leading to significant restrictions on all sectors of society, including sport. Resumption of sport can significantly contribute to the re-establishment of normality in Australian society. The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), in consultation with sport partners (National Institute Network (NIN) Directors, NIN Chief Medical Officers (CMOs), National Sporting Organisation (NSO) Presidents, NSO Performance Directors and NSO CMOs), has developed a framework to inform the resumption of sport. National Principles for Resumption of Sport were used as a guide in the development of the AIS Framework for Rebooting Sport in a COVID-19 Environment (the AIS Framework); and based on current best evidence, and guidelines from the Australian Federal Government, extrapolated into the sporting context by specialists in sport and exercise medicine, infectious diseases and public health. The principles outlined in this document apply to high performance/professional, community and individual passive (non-contact) sport. The AIS Framework is a timely tool of minimum baseline of standards, for how reintroduction of sport activity will occur in a cautious and methodical manner, based on the best available evidence to optimise athlete and community safety. Decisions regarding the timing of resumption (the when) of sporting activity must be made in close consultation with Federal, State/Territory and/or Local Public Health Authorities. The priority at all times must be to preserve public health, minimising the risk of community transmission. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sports Medicine Australia.
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| 34. |
- Ihalainen, Johanna K., et al.
(författare)
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Changes in inflammation markers after a 10-week high-intensity combined strength and endurance training block in women : The effect of hormonal contraceptive use
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:9, s. 1044-1048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The influence of hormonal contraceptives (HC) on inflammation and body composition after high-intensity combined strength and endurance training was investigated. Design: Active healthy women formed two training groups: HC users (HCU, n = 9) and those who had never used HC (NHC, n = 9). Training included two strength training sessions and two high-intensity interval training sessions per week for 10 weeks. Methods: Before (PRE) and after (POST) the training intervention, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) concentrations were measured. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate fat mass (FM), abdominal fat mass (aFM), and lean mass (LM). Results: Circulating concentrations of hs-CRP decreased significantly in the NHC from pre to post with −0.46 mg l−1 (95% CI: −0.78, −0.14, p = 0.009, ES = 0.434), whereas a significant increase was observed in HCU from pre to post with 0.89 mg l−1 (95% CI: 1.66, 0.12, p = 0.048, ES = 1.988) with a significant between-group difference (p = 0.015). In addition, hs-CRP concentration was significantly higher in HCU than in NHC after training (p = 0.036) at post. Lean mass increased significantly more in NHC than in HCU (p = 0.049). Conclusions: High-intensity combined strength and endurance training can modify inflammation and body composition of women. The present study showed that inflammation, in terms of hs-CRP was higher post training in HCU than NHC, which may be associated with smaller gains in lean mass in response to training.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Ivarsson, Andreas, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Predictive ability of psychological factors with future performance of football players : a systematic review with meta-analysis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - Chatswood : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 23:4, s. 415-420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: This systematic review had 3 key objectives: (1) to investigate whether psychological factors were associated with future football performance (e.g., progression to professional football, better game statistics during the next season); (2) to critically review the methodological approaches used in the included studies and summarize the evidence for the current research question; (3) to provide guidelines for future studies.Design: Systematic ReviewMethods: Electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, PubMed and PsycINFO) and previously published systematic and scoping reviews were searched. Only prospective studies were considered for inclusion.Results: Eleven published studies that reported 39 effect sizes were included. Psychological factors; task orientation, task-oriented coping strategies and perceptual-cognitive functions had small effects on future performance in football (ds = 0.20-0.29). Due to high risk of bias there were low certainty of evidence for psychological factors relationship with future football performance.Conclusions: Psychological factors investigated showed small effects on future football performance, however, there was overall uncertainty in this evidence due to various sources of bias in the included studies. Therefore psychological factors cannot be used as a sole deciding factor in player recruitment, retention, release strategies, however it would appear appropriate to include these in the overall decision-making process. Future, studies with more appropriate and robust research designs are urgently needed to provide more certainty around their actual role. © 2019 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 37. |
- Ivarsson, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosocial stress as a predictor of injury in elite junior soccer : A latent growth curve analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - Chatswood : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 17:4, s. 366-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate by use of a latent growth curve analysis framework whether athletes' individual levels and changes in hassle and uplift levels over a 10-week period could predict injury outcome in an elite junior soccer population. Design: A prospective design with repeated measurement points. Methods: Participants were 101 Swedish elite junior soccer players (67 males and 34 females). Ten sets of measures were taken on a weekly basis during which participants completed the Hassles and Uplifts Scale (HUS). Latent growth curve models were used to examine whether the level and change in psychological stress could predict the frequency of injury over the 10-week period. Results: The results show that injury occurrence was significantly associated with both the initial level of daily hassle and the change in daily hassle. High initial daily hassle levels and a smaller decrease in daily hassles were associated with injury occurrence. Moreover, injury occurrence was significantly associated with a greater decrease in daily uplift. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of focusing on state variables using prospective designs and appropriate analysis of within-person change to detect complex and dynamic associations across time in injury-prediction research. (C) 2013 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 38. |
- Jacobsson, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing parents, youth athletes and coaches subjective health literacy : A cross-sectional study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 24:7, s. 627-634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The aim was to describe levels of subjective Health Literacy (HL), and to examine possible differences in prevalence proportions between sexes, age groups and level of educations among youth athletes and their mentors (coaches, parents/caregivers) in Swedish Athletics. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Data on subjective HL were collected using the Swedish Communicative and Critical Health Literacy (S-CCHL) instrument for mentors and for youth the School-Aged Children (HLSAC) instrument. Questions assessing mentors literacy on sports injury and return to play were also included. Results: The surveys were completed by 159 (91%) mentors and 143 youth athletes (87%). The level of S-CCHL was sufficient in 53% of the mentors. Of youth athletes, 28% reported a high level of HL and the item with least perceived high HL (21%) was critical thinking. Ninety-four percent of the mentors believed that it is quite possible to prevent injuries in athletics and 53% perceived having a very good knowledge about how to prevent injuries. Forty-six percent of the mentors perceived having a very good knowledge of return to sport criteria. Conclusions: The level of health literacy was low with about half of the mentors and one out of three youth athletes having adequate HL levels. Only half of the mentors stated having a good knowledge of various injury prevention strategies. To reduce health consequences in youth sport and enable talent development more work is needed to understand the facilitators and barriers for the uptake of various health promotion and injury prevention strategies. (c) 2021 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 39. |
- Kristenson, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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No association between surface shifts and time-loss overuse injury risk in male professional football : a prospective cohort study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 19:3, s. 218-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate frequent surface shifts, match play on an unaccustomed surface, and climate type as potential risk factors for injury in Scandinavian male professional football.Design: Prospective cohort study.Methods: 32 clubs from two climate zones, warm temperate (n=19) and snow climates (n=13), were followed during seasons 2010 and 2011. The association between number of surface shifts during fivematch sequences and subsequent overuse injury risk was evaluated with generalized estimating equations. Injury rate was expressed as time loss injuries/1000 hours, and compared between groups with a rate ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: No association was found between the number of surface shifts and subsequent overuse injury risk (risk ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.91-1.12). Grass clubs (grass installed at home venue) had a lower match injury rate when playing away matches on artificial turf vs. away matches on grass (rate ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.40-0.89). Analyses on the total cohort showed no difference in injury rates between clubs in the two climate zones, but sub-analyses revealed that grass clubs from the snow climate zone had lower training and match injury rates than grass clubs from the warm temperate zone (rate ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.55-0.87).Conclusions: No influence on injury risk was seen from frequent surface shifts or from playing matches on an unaccustomed surface. Climate type at club home venue had minimal influence on injury rates.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Larsson, Susanna C., et al.
(författare)
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Sedentary leisure-time in relation to mortality and survival time
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:5, s. 562-567
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To examine the association between sedentary leisure-time and all-cause mortality and differences in survival time.Design: Prospective cohort study.Methods: Information on sedentary leisure-time, defined as TV viewing and/or sitting reading, was collected from 72 003 Swedish adults who were 45-83 (median 60) years of age and completed a self-administered questionnaire at baseline and were followed up for 17 years through linkage with the Swedish Death Register.Results: The association between sedentary leisure-time and all-cause mortality was modified by age with a more pronounced association in middle-aged (<60 years of age) than in older adults (>= 60 years of age) (p-interaction <0.001). During follow-up, 3358 and 15 217 deaths occurred in the middle-aged and older age group, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for the highest (>6 h/day) versus lowest category (<1 h/day) of sedentary leisure-time were 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-2.30) in middle-aged adults and 1.19 (95% CI 1.05-1.36) in older adults. This corresponded to a difference in survival time of respectively 2.4 (95% CI -4.1 to -0.8) years and 1.5 (95% CI -2.2 to -0.7) years.Conclusions: Prolonged sedentary leisure-time was associated with a significantly decreased survival time up to 2.4 years in middle-aged adults.
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| 42. |
- Lindqvist Bagge, Ann-Sophie, et al.
(författare)
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Somatic effects of AAS abuse : A 30-years follow-up study of male former power sports athletes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 20:9, s. 814-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate the association between somatic health and former abuse of AAS in former elite male athletes 30 years after the end of their active sports career.DesignRetrospective follow-up study.MethodsN = 996 former elite male athletes were sent a questionnaire concerning sociodemographic variables, previous and past sport activity and lifetime prevalence of seeking professional help for health problems. N = 683 (68.6%) answered the questionnaire. The lifetime prevalence of AAS-abuse was 21% (n = 143), while 79% (n = 540) did not admit having ever used AAS.ResultsFormer AAS-abuse was associated with tendon ruptures (p = 0.01), depression (p = 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.01) and lower prevalence of prostate hypertrophy (p = 0.01) and decreased libido (p = 0.01). Former advanced AAS-abusers had higher anxiety (p = 0.004) compared to the former less advanced AAS-abusers. Moreover, former advanced AAS-abusers, compared to AAS-naïves, reported more psychiatric problems (p = 0.002), depression (p = 0.003) and anxiety (p = 0.00).ConclusionsA former AAS-abuse seems to be associated with some somatic and mental health problem, although a former less advanced AAS-abuse is related to lower incidence of prostate hypertrophy. The results raise the question whether some of these associations might be dose- and frequency dependent. These findings should however be seen as hypothesis generating and further studies are needed.
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| 43. |
- Lundqvist, Carolina, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Aligning categories of mental health conditions with intervention types in high-performance sports: a narrative cornerstone review and classification framework
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epidemiological studies suggest that psychiatric disorders are as prevalent amongst high-performance athletes as in general populations, challenging the myth of invulnerability. Despite efforts of sport organisations to highlight the significance of athletes' mental health, it is still many times tough to combine the sport performance ethos with a discourse on mental health. This narrative cornerstone review examines challenges related to definitions and classifications of athlete mental health in high-performance sports and how these influence assessments and the implementation of interventions. We discuss challenges with concept creep and psychiatrisation and outline their consequences for sport healthcare professionals. Based on this, we present a framework that aligns different categories of athlete mental health conditions (from the reduction of wellbeing to psychiatric disorders) with intervention types (from the provision of supporting environments to pharmacotherapy). We conclude that researchers and sport practitioners need to carefully consider conceptual creep and the risk of pathologising normal and healthy, albeit emotionally aversive, reactions to athlete lifeworld events when assessing athlete mental health. A clear separation of terminology denoting the athlete's resources to handle the lifeworld (including salutogenic factors) and terms describing psychiatric conditions and their management is necessary to avoid misguidance in intervention planning.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- McGawley, Kerry, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Improving menstrual health literacy in sport
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 26:7, s. 351-357
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Menstrual health represents a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in relation to a woman's menstrual cycle. From a health literacy perspective, knowledge acquisition and expertise are dependent upon the degree to which an individual can find, access, understand, critically analyse, and apply health information. Therefore, menstrual health literacy can be used to describe the state of knowledge acquisition and application specific to menstrual health-related issues. Menstrual health literacy is low among female athletes, their coaches, and practitioners, and few evidence-informed education or implementation strategies exist to improve menstrual health literacy in sport. Moreover, athletes seldom discuss their menstrual cycles or hormonal contraceptive use with their coaches, despite experiencing menstrual symptoms and/or disturbances and perceiving their menstrual cycles/hormonal contraceptive use to affect performance. Barriers to communication about menstrual cycle- and hormonal contraceptive-related topics include a perceived lack of knowledge among athletes, coaches, and practitioners, concerns about how conversations on these issues will affect interpersonal relationships, and a lack of formal and informal discussion forums. Whilst evidence relating to the effects of the menstrual cycle phase and hormonal contraceptive use on training and performance is currently limited, with existing studies often lacking methodological rigour, impactful steps can still be made to support female athletes. This cornerstone review highlights the current state of menstrual health literacy among athletes, coaches, and practitioners, and provides recommendations for improving menstrual health literacy in sport.
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| 47. |
- McGawley, Kerry, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen uptake during repeated-sprint exercise
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 18:2, s. 214-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesRepeated-sprint ability appears to be influenced by oxidative metabolism, with reductions in fatigue and improved sprint times related to markers of aerobic fitness. The aim of the current study was to measure the oxygen uptake (VO2) during the first and last sprints during two, 5 x 6-s repeated-sprint bouts.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsEight female soccer players performed two, consecutive, 5 x 6-s maximal sprint bouts (B1 and B2) on five separate occasions, in order to identify the minimum time (trec) required to recover total work done (Wtot) in B1. On a sixth occasion, expired air was collected during the first and last sprint of B1 and B2, which were separated by trec.ResultsThe trec was 10.9 ± 1.1 min. The VO2 during the first sprint was significantly less than the last sprint in each bout (p < 0.001), and the estimated aerobic contribution to the final sprint (measured in kJ) was significantly related to VO2max in both B1 (r = 0.81, p = 0.015) and B2 (r = 0.93, p = 0.001). In addition, the VO2 attained in the final sprint was not significantly different from VO2max in B1 (p = 0.284) or B2 (p = 0.448).ConclusionsThe current study shows that the VO2 increases from the first to the last of 5 x 6-s sprints and that VO2max may be a limiting factor to performance in latter sprints. Increasing VO2max in team-sport athletes may enable increased aerobic energy delivery, and consequently work done, during a bout of repeated sprints.
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| 48. |
- McGawley, Kerry, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of short-term sprint-interval training on repeated-sprint ability
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 13:6, s. e52-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether short-term sprint-interval training (SIT) would enhance repeated-sprint ability (RSA) via improvements in power output, work decrement and oxygen uptake in recovery. Methods: Eight male, recreational team-sport players (mean±SD age: 21±2 y, body mass: 78.1±4.3 kg) completed a repeated-sprint test (RST) and a graded cycle test to exhaustion for the evaluation of VO2max before and after two weeks of SIT. The RST consisted of 7×5-s cycle sprints interspersed with 25 s of passive recovery. Peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), decrement in MP (MPdec) and total work done (TWD) were recorded. In addition, VO2 was measured during the 25-s passive recovery periods between each sprint. The SIT involved six sessions (three sessions per week) of 4, 5 or 6 × 30-s, all-out sprints interspersed with 4.5 min of light recovery. The number of sprint repetitions increased by one after every two training sessions. Results and conclusion: Although there was no change in PP for any of the 7×5-s sprints following SIT (P > 0.05) there were significant increases in MP for each of the 7×5-s sprints (P < 0.05) and in TWD during the RST (mean±SD: 7.6±3.0 versus 29.4±2.6 kJ from pre- to post-training; P < 0.05). The MPdec decreased from 12.4 ±6.8 to 7.4±2.9% from pre- to post-training (P < 0.05) but VO2 between sprints was unchanged (P > 0.05). Furthermore, VO2max was not different following training (45.7±7.7 versus 45.0±5.4 mLkg-1 min-1 from pre- to post-training; P > 0.05). These findings suggest that short-term SIT may be an effective intervention for improving RSA within team-sport athletes via increases in work done during each sprint and reductions in the decrement in work done over a series of sprints. This does not appear to be due to greater oxygen uptake during the 25-s recovery periods between sprints or improvements in peak power. Other metabolic adaptations to SIT that maintain muscle force during high-intensity exercise may explain the current findings.
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| 49. |
- McGawley, Kerry, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of water immersion on the recovery of team-sport-specific exercise
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 13:6, s. e51-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of two hydrotherapy techniques, cold water immersion (CWI) and contrast-water therapy (CWT), on the recovery of team-sport-specific exercise tests following muscle-damaging exercise. Methods: Seven male, team-sport players (mean±SD age: 21±2 y, body mass:76.8±7.2 kg) completed a preliminary familiarisation trial for three team-sport-specific exercise tests (TESTS), which included an all-out 30-m sprint test, two agility T-tests (left and right) and a vertical jump test. Three experimental trials were subsequently carried out, each separated by one week, using a counter-balanced cross-over design. On each visit a resting fingertip blood sample and a rating of perceived muscle soreness (PMS) was collected. Participants then performed the TESTS, followed by a 5-min rest period. A repeated sprint exercise (RSE) protocol was then performed to induce muscle damage, which comprised of 15 × 30-m sprints with a 10-m deceleration zone. Sprints were separated by 1 min. A second fingertip blood sample and PMS score was collected immediately after the RSE and a second set of TESTS were performed 10 min after the RSE. Participants then received either CWI, CWT or no water immersion (CON). The next day (24–28 h later) a final fingertip blood sample and PMS score was collected and a final set of TESTS were completed. Results and conclusion: There were no changes in plasma CK over time and no significant interaction effects between the three intervention groups (P > 0.05). The PMS increased from baseline to 24–28 h in the CON group (P < 0.05), but was not different from baseline at 24–28 h for the CWI or CWT groups (P > 0.05). The PMS was significantly higher for CON compared with CWT after 24–28 h (P < 0.05), but no other differences were found between groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in performance during the TESTS between the three intervention groups across any of the three time points (pre RSE, post RSE or after 24–28 h; P > 0.05). These data suggest that the RSE may not have induced sufficient muscle damage to increase plasma CK levels, which may explain why the recovery interventions did not have a significant effect on performance of the TESTS. However, the differences in PMS changes indicate that hydrotherapy may be effective in suppressing the perception of muscle soreness when biochemical and performance markers are unchanged.
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| 50. |
- McGawley, Kerry, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of carbohydrate feeding during cycling on run performance within a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 13:6, s. e38-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of carbohydrate ingestion during the cycle leg of a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon (1500-m swim, 40-km cycle, 10-km run) on subsequent running performance. Methods: Five well-trained triathletes (4 male, 1 female) volunteered to participate (mean±SD age: 23.6±4.2 y, body mass: 63.0±7.6 kg and VO2max: 64.0±9.0 ml kg-1 min-1). Participants attended three separate testing sessions separated by at least five days. The first session involved a 1500-m swim time-trial (STT) followed approximately 30 min later by a graded cycle test to exhaustio nfor the evaluation of maximal aerobic power (MAP). The two subsequent sessions required participants to complete a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon involving a 1500-m pool swim to within 5% of the STT, a 40-km stationary cycle at 75% of MAP and a 10-km running time trial. Participants randomly consumed either a 14.4% carbohydrate drink containing 1.2 g min-1 of glucose and 0.6 g min-1 of fructose (CHO) or a fruit squash placebo (PLA) throughout the cycle leg of the triathlon. Fingertip blood samples were collected after every 5 km of the cycle leg and at the end of the run and were subsequently analysed for blood glucose (GLU) and lactate (LAC) concentrations. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and perceived stomach upset (PSU) were also measured after each 5-km cycle period and at the end of the run. Heart rate (HR) was measured throughout the cycle leg only. Results and conclusion: The 10-km run time was 4.2% faster following CHO (38 min 08 s ± 2 min 46 s) compared with PLA (39 min 44 s ±3 min 13 s; P < 0.05). The improved run timewas associated with increased GLU and LAC concentrations in the CHO compared with the PLA trial (P < 0.05), no difference in HR or PSU between trials (P > 0.05) and significantly lower RPE scores in the CHO compared with the PLA trial (P < 0.05). These results show that a 10-km run at the end of an Olympic-distance triathlon may be significantly improved following ingestion of a 14.4% glucose-fructose beverage at a rate of 1.8 g min−1 compared with a fruit squash placebo, with no additional gastro-intestinal stress. This improvement in run performance in the CHO trial may be due to muscle and liver glycogen sparing during the cycle leg, which increased carbohydrate metabolism in the latter stages of the triathlon.
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