| 1. |
- Gebre, Negussie, et al.
(författare)
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Improved microscopical diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries
- 1995
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1878-3503 .- 0035-9203. ; 89:2, s. 191-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) relies on the bacteriological examination of sputum. However, microscopy of smears made directly from sputum has a low sensitivity and there is an urgent need for improved methods. We have compared microscopy of smears made directly from sputum with microscopy after liquefaction of sputum with household bleach (NaOCl) and concentration of bacteria by centrifugation. In 3 studies performed in Ethiopia and India, the use of the NaOCl method increased the number of samples positive for acid-fast bacilli by more than 100%. The technique is appropriate for developing countries and its application would increase the efficiency of TB control programmes. As a potent disinfectant, NaOCl also has the advantage of lowering the risk of laboratory infection.
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| 2. |
- Jaenson, Thomas G.T. 1948-
(författare)
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Virus-like rods associated with salivary gland hyperplasia in tsetse, Glossina pallidipes
- 1978
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 72:3, s. 234-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long, virus-like rods were discovered in hyperplastic salivary glands of Glossina pallidipes Austen from Kibwezi Forest (2 ° 27′ S, 37 ° 55′ E), Kenya. The glands were enlarged up to four times the normal diameter. This increase in size was due to a cellular proliferation of the glandular epithelial cells and hypertrophy of their nuclei and cytoplasm. Nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions were present in the enlarged cells but were not found in cells of normal-sized glands. Electron microscopy revealed many virus-like rods in the abnormal glands. Males with such glands were often completely sterile. Abnormal growth of the ovarioles was a significant feature of young females with hyperplastic glands. Both sexes of wild and laboratory-bred flies were found with enlarged glands. One way of transmission of the trait seems to be from mother to progeny.
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| 3. |
- Seyoum, A, et al.
(författare)
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Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae : ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning
- 2002
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 96:3, s. 225-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethnobotanical survey in 2 communities in western Kenya revealed that the most commonly known repellent plants were Ocimum americanum L. (64.1%), Lantana camara L. (17.9%), Tagetes minuta L. (11.3%) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss (8.7%) on Rusinga Island, and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (49.2%), L. camara (30.9%) and O. basilicum L. (30.4%) in Rambira. Direct burning of plants is the most common method of application for O. americanum (68.8%), L. camara (100%) and O. basilicum (58.8%). Placing branches or whole plants inside houses is most common for H. suaveolens (33.3 and 57.8% for the respective locations), A. indica (66.7 and 100%), and T. minuta (54.8 and 56.0%). The repellency of plants suggested by the ethnobotanical survey and other empirical information was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles in experimental huts within a screenwalled greenhouse. Thermal expulsion and direct burning were tested as alternative application methods for the selected plants O. americanum, O. kilimandscharicum Guerke, O. suave Willd., L. camara, A. indica, H. suaveolens, Lippia uckambensis Spreng and Corymbia citriodora Hook. When thermally expelled, only H. suaveolens failed to repel mosquitoes, whereas the leaves of C. citriodora (74.5%, P < 0.0001), leaves and seeds of O. suave (53.1%, P < 0.0001) and O. kilimandscharicum (52.0%, P < 0.0001) were the most effective. Leaves of C. citriodora also exhibited the highest repellency (51.3%, P < 0.0001) by direct burning, followed by leaves of L. uckambensis (33.4%, P = 0.0004) and leaves and seeds of O. suave (28.0%, P = 0.0255). The combination of O. kilimandscharicum with L. uckambensis repelled 54.8% of mosquitoes (P < 0.0001) by thermal expulsion. No combination of plants increased repellency by either method. The semi-field system described appears a promising alternative to full-field trials for screening large numbers of candidate repellents without risk of malaria exposure.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Basso, C., et al.
(författare)
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Improved dengue fever prevention through innovative intervention methods in the city of Salto, Uruguay
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 109:2, s. 134-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Uruguay is located at the southern border of Aedes aegypti distribution on the South American sub-continent. The reported dengue cases in the country are all imported from surrounding countries. One of the cities at higher risk of local dengue transmission is Salto, a border city with heavy traffic from dengue endemic areas. Methods: We completed an intervention study using a cluster randomized trial design in 20 randomly selected 'clusters' in Salto. The clusters were located in neighborhoods of differing geography and economic, cultural and social aspects. Results: Entomological surveys were carried out to measure the impact of the intervention on vector densities. Through participatory processes of all stakeholders, an appropriate ecosystem management intervention was defined. Residents collected the abundant small water holding containers and the Ministry of Public Health and the Municipality of Salto were responsible for collecting and eliminating them. Additional vector breeding places were large water tanks; they were either altered so that they could not hold water any more or covered so that oviposition by mosquitoes could not take place. Conclusions: The response from the community and national programme managers was encouraging. The intervention evidenced opportunities for cost savings and reducing dengue vector densities (although not to statistically significant levels). The observed low vector density limits the potential reduction due to the intervention. A larger sample size is needed to obtain a statistically significant difference.
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| 6. |
- Bereczky, S., et al.
(författare)
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Spleen enlargement and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in two ethnic groups with different malaria susceptibility in Mali, West Africa
- 2006
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 100:3, s. 248-257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high resistance to malaria in the nomadic Fulani population needs further understanding. The ability to cope with multiclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections was assessed in a cross-sectional survey in the Fulani and the Dogon, their sympatric ethnic group in Mali. The Fulani had lower parasite prevalence and densities and more prominent spleen enlargement. Spleen rates in children aged 2–9 years were 75% in the Fulani and 44% in the Dogon (P < 0.001). There was no difference in number of P. falciparum genotypes, defined by merozoite surface protein 2 polymorphism, with mean values of 2.25 and 2.11 (P = 0.503) in the Dogon and Fulani, respectively. Spleen rate increased with parasite prevalence, density and number of co-infecting clones in asymptomatic Dogon. Moreover, splenomegaly was increased in individuals with clinical malaria in the Dogon, odds ratio 3.67 (95% CI 1.65–8.15, P = 0.003), but not found in the Fulani, 1.36 (95% CI 0.53–3.48, P = 0.633). The more susceptible Dogon population thus appear to respond with pronounced spleen enlargement to asymptomatic multiclonal infections and acute disease whereas the Fulani have generally enlarged spleens already functional for protection. The results emphasize the importance of spleen function in protective immunity to the polymorphic malaria parasite.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Dhingra, Rachna, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 mortality in 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy survivors: implications for chemically exposed populations
- 2024
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Ingår i: TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE. - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leakage of methyl isocyanate from the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, killed thousands and left deleterious trans-generational effects. Gas-exposed populations experience higher rates of lung and metabolic diseases, and immune dysregulation, all associated with adverse outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We used publicly available, official data from government sources to estimate COVID-19-associated crude mortality in populations with and without a history of gas exposure. Overall, there were 1240 deaths among patients hospitalized with known COVID-19 in Bhopal, of which 453 (36.53%) were in gas-exposed individuals, 726 (58.55%) were in gas-unexposed individuals and the exposure status of 61 (4.92%) individuals could not be determined. There were 351 and 375 deaths in gas-unexposed people in the first (April 2020-February 2021) and second (March 2021-July 2021) waves, respectively; in the gas-exposed population, there were 300 and 153 deaths in the two respective waves. The overall annualized crude mortality of COVID-19 was 3.84 (95% CI 3.41 to 4.33) times higher in the gas-exposed population at 83.6 (95% CI 76.1 to 91.7) per 100 000 compared with the gas-unexposed population, at 21.8 (95% CI 20.2 to 23.4) per 100,000. When stratified by age, compared with unexposed people, the gas-exposed individuals experienced 1.88 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.21) and 1.24 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.50) times the mortality rates in the age groups of 35-65 and >65 y, respectively. These findings indicate that gas-exposed individuals are likely to have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and death and need to be specifically targeted and recognized for preventive and promotive efforts.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Eriksen, J, et al.
(författare)
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Antimalarial resistance and DHFR/DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum three years after introduction of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine in rural Tanzania.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 102:2, s. 137-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assessed the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) and DHFR/DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum in rural Tanzania, 3 years after their introduction as first- and second-line treatments for uncomplicated malaria, respectively. Under five children with uncomplicated malaria were given standard treatments of either SP (n=66) or AQ (n=30) and treatment outcomes after 14 and 28 days were determined. Total treatment failure of 18 and 42.5% was observed for SP on days 14 and 28, respectively. For AQ, total treatment failure of 27 and 53% was found on day 14 and 28, respectively. On day 14, significantly lower SP total treatment failures were observed in 2004 compared with results from a study conducted in 1999 in the same location. No relationship was detected between clinical outcome and DHFR/DHPS genotypes, but the point mutation prevalence in parasites was higher than in 1999. Pre-treatment blood levels of SP were detected in a quarter of the study children: less than expected. We report unacceptably high levels of total treatment failures, both for first- and second-line treatments for uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania 3 years after their introduction, supporting the decision to replace them with artemisinin-based combination therapy.
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| 12. |
- Fernando Chaves, Luis, et al.
(författare)
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Spleen rates in children : an old and new surveillance tool for malaria elimination initiatives in island settings
- 2011
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 105:4, s. 226-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spleen rates (SR) have been traditionally used to estimate the burden of malaria transmission. Results are presented from 51 surveys, which measured SR and parasite rates (PR) in 29 962 individuals in the archipelago of Vanuatu. Indices for spleen size computed with multivariate statistical tools outperformed the WHO average spleen index and showed that spleen sizes in a population can track shifts in malaria transmission. In general, a positive linear relationship between Plasmodium spp. PR and SR was found for the archipelago. In the context of malaria elimination and for the specific setting of this study we found that spleen examination is a useful tool in post-malaria elimination surveillance. Finally, results highlight the value of measuring spleen sizes to rapidly assess the impact of intervention packages aimed at malaria elimination or control.
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| 13. |
- Haiyambo, Daniel H., et al.
(författare)
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency genotypes and allele frequencies in the Kavango and Zambezi regions of northern Namibia
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 113:8, s. 483-488
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Namibia has made significant gains in the fight against malaria, with a target of elimination by 2023. We examined the genotype and allele frequencies of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency to inform decisions on primaquine use, as we recently detected clusters of Plasmodium ovale curtisi in Kavango. Methods: A multistaged cross-sectional sampling method was used to enrol 212 children 2-9 y of age from schools and clinics in the Okavango and Zambezi regions of northern Namibia. Genotypes for the 202 G→A and 376 A→G mutations were assigned by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: Of the 212 subjects enrolled, genotypes were available for 210, made up of 61 males and 149 females. G6PD-deficient males (hemizygotes) and females (homozygotes) constituted 3.27% (2/61) and 0.0% (0/149), respectively. Female heterozygotes (AA- and BA-) constituted 10.07% (15/149), while G6PD wild-type males (with A or B haplotype) and females (with AA, BB or AB haplotypes) consisted of 96.72% (59/61) and 89.93% (134/149), respectively. The A-, A and B allele frequencies were 0.0474, 0.3036 and 0.6490, respectively. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests for female genotype frequencies did not show deviation (p=0.29). Conclusions: The frequency of G6PD deficiency alleles in males in the Kavango and Zambezi regions of northern Namibia constitute 3.27%, a first report to inform policy on primaquine role out.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hildenwall, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Low validity of caretakers’ reports on antimalarial and antibiotic use in children with severe pneumonia at hospital in Uganda
- 2009
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Elsevier. - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 103:1, s. 95-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Febrile children in low-income countries receive care from multiple sources, and caretakers’ ability to report drug intake is crucial for appropriate prescription of drugs when reaching health facilities. This study describes and validates caretakers’ reported use of sulfamethoxazole, chloroquine and sulfadoxine in their children. We performed a cross-sectional study in 139 children diagnosed with severe pneumonia at hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Caretakers were interviewed regarding treatments given prior to arrival at the hospital. Reported drug intake was compared to drug levels in blood sampled on filter paper, analyzed by HPLC methods. Caretakers under-reported intake of the studied drugs. Positive and negative predictive values were 67 and 64% for sulfamethoxazole, 69 and 52% for chloroquine and 85 and 62% for sulfadoxine. Many caretakers were unaware of what drug had been given to the child, and more so if treated outside the home (risk ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.6). We conclude that caretakers’ reports of drug intake have limited validity. Health workers need to improve counseling of caretakers during drug dispensing, especially for antibiotics. The roles and names of different drugs should be emphasized during counseling, and existing information systems such as immunization cards should be considered for record-keeping of treatment given.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Inghammar, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Community-acquired pneumonia and Gram-negative bacilli in Cambodia-incidence, risk factors and clinical characteristics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 112:2, s. 57-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In Western settings, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is relatively rare. Previous studies from Asia, however, indicate a higher prevalence of GNB in CAP, but data, particularly from Southeast Asia, are limited. Methods: This is a prospective observational study of 1451 patients ≥15 y of age with CAP from two hospitals in Cambodia between 2007 and 2010. The proportion of GNB was estimated. Risk factors and clinical characteristics of CAP due to GNB were assessed using logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of GNB was 8.6% in all CAP patients and 15.8% among those with a valid respiratory sample. GNB infection was independently associated with diabetes, higher leucocyte count and CAP severity. Mortality was higher in patients with CAP due to GNB. Conclusions: We found a high proportion of GNB in a population hospitalized for CAP in Cambodia. Given the complex antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of certain GNBs and the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant GNB, microbiological laboratory capacity should be strengthened and prospective clinical trials comparing empiric treatment algorithms according to the severity of CAP are needed.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Kofoed, P.E., et al.
(författare)
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Different doses of amodiaquine and chloroquine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children in Guinea-Bissau : implications for future treatment recommendations
- 2007
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 101:3, s. 231-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to compare different doses of chloroquine (CQ) and amodiaquine (AQ) for the treatment of falciparum malaria in children. Children with Plasmodium falciparum monoinfection were allocated by block randomisation to treatment with CQ 50/kg mg or 25 mg/kg or AQ 15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg. The main outcomes were the cumulative adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rates and the number of true recrudescences as determined by PCR. A total of 729 children were included. In an evaluability analysis, the PCR-uncorrected cumulative ACPR rates on Day 28 for the treatment groups CQ 50/kg mg or 25 mg/kg and AQ 15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg were 90%, 76%, 92% and 94%, respectively; the PCR-adjusted ACPR rates on Day 28 were 92%, 80%, 94% and 94%, respectively. No differences in adverse effects were observed. AQ has a high cure rate given as 30 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg, although it is not superior to treatment with CQ 50 mg/kg. However, 25 mg/kg of CQ is less efficient. As an interim option, Guinea-Bissau could change the recommended first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria to CQ 50 mg/kg, reserving AQ as a partner drug for a future combination therapy.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Lindkvist, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Straightforward and rapid determination of sulfadoxine and sulfamethoxazole in capillary blood on sampling paper with liquid chromatography and UV detection
- 2009
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 103:4, s. 371-376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for the determination of sulfadoxine and sulfamethoxazole in capillary blood on sampling paper has been developed and validated. The method is straightforward with minimal sample preparation, and is suitable for rural settings. Separation of sulfadoxine, sulfamethoxazole and internal standard was performed using a Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped LC column (150×4.6mm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:sodium acetate buffer pH 5.2, I=0.1 (1:2, v/v). For sulfadoxine, the within-day precision was 5.3% at 15μmol/l and 3.7% at 600μmol/l, while for sulfamethoxazole it was 5.7% at 15μmol/l and 3.8% at 600μmol/l. The lower limit of quantification was determined to 5μmol/l and precision was 5.5% and 5.0% for sulfadoxine and sulfamethoxazole, respectively.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Maraba, Noriah, et al.
(författare)
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Verbal autopsy-assigned causes of death among adults being investigated for TB in South Africa
- 2016
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press. - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 110:9, s. 510-516
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Adults being investigated for TB in South Africa experience high mortality, yet causes of death (CoD) are not well defined. We determined CoD in this population using verbal autopsy (VA), and compared HIV- and TB-associated CoD using physician-certified verbal autopsy (PCVA) and InterVA-4 software. Methods: All contactable consenting caregivers of participants who died during a trial comparing Xpert MTB/RIF to smear microscopy were interviewed using the WHO VA tool. CoD were assigned using PCVA and InterVA-4. Kappa statistic (K) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were calculated for comparison. Results: Among 231 deaths, relatives of 137 deceased were interviewed. Of the 137 deceased 76 (55.4%) were males, median age 41 years (IQR 33-50). PCVA assigned 70 (51.1%) TB immediate CoD (44 [62.8%] pulmonary TB; 26 [37.1%] extra-pulmonary TB); 21 (15.3%) HIV/AIDS-related; and 46 (33.5%) other CoD. InterVA-4 assigned 48 (35.0%) TB deaths; 49 (35.7%) HIV/AIDS-related deaths; and 40 (29.1%) other CoD. Agreement between PCVA and InterVA-4 CoD was slight at individual level (K=0.20; 95% CI 0.10-0.30) and poor at population level (CCC 0.67; 95% CI 0.38-0.99). Conclusions: TB and HIV are leading CoD among adults being investigated for TB. PCVA and InterVA agreement at individual level was slight and poor at population level. VA methodology needs further development where TB and HIV are common.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Rodriguez-Bano, J, et al.
(författare)
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Key considerations on the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance research and surveillance
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1878-3503 .- 0035-9203. ; 115:10, s. 1122-1129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotic use in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients during the COVID-19 pandemic has exceeded the incidence of bacterial coinfections and secondary infections, suggesting inappropriate and excessive prescribing. Even in settings with established antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes, there were weaknesses exposed regarding appropriate antibiotic use in the context of the pandemic. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance and AMS have been deprioritised with diversion of health system resources to the pandemic response. This experience highlights deficiencies in AMR containment and mitigation strategies that require urgent attention from clinical and scientific communities. These include the need to implement diagnostic stewardship to assess the global incidence of coinfections and secondary infections in COVID-19 patients, including those by multidrug-resistant pathogens, to identify patients most likely to benefit from antibiotic treatment and identify when antibiotics can be safely withheld, de-escalated or discontinued. Long-term global surveillance of clinical and societal antibiotic use and resistance trends is required to prepare for subsequent changes in AMR epidemiology, while ensuring uninterrupted supply chains and preventing drug shortages and stock outs. These interventions present implementation challenges in resource-constrained settings, making a case for implementation research on AMR. Knowledge and support for these practices will come from internationally coordinated, targeted research on AMR, supporting the preparation for future challenges from emerging AMR in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Schön, Thomas, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics of sedimentation rate, viral load and TNF-α in relation to HIV co-infection in tuberculosis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 100:5, s. 483-488
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The kinetics of potential surrogate markers in HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-), smear-positive tuberculosis (Tb+) patients in Gondar, Ethiopia (n = 60) was investigated. Clinical symptoms, sputum conversion, sedimentation rate (SR), HIV viral load and serum levels of TNF-α were determined before and 8 weeks after treatment initiation. The co-infection rate of HIV was 45%. There were significantly higher initial levels of SR and TNF-α in HIV+/Tb+ patients (79 ± 29 mm/h and 13.5 ± 7.6 pg/ml), than in HIV-/Tb+ patients (60 ± 23 mm/h and 6.8 ± 5.9 pg/ml, P < 0.001). In HIV-/Tb+ patients, there was a marked decrease in SR compared with co-infected patients (46% [33 ± 24 mm/h at week 8] vs. 24% [61 ± 27 mm/h at week 8]). The HIV viral load (4.99 [range 3.70-5.92] to 4.90 [range 3.96-5.78] log10 copies/ml from week 0 to 8) and TNF-α (13.5 ± 7.6 to 12.0 ± 6.0 pg/ml) remained high in HIV+/Tb+ patients. In Tb patients, SR was significantly increased in HIV+ compared with HIV- patients. Additionally, TNF-α and HIV viral load remained elevated in HIV+/ Tb+ patients following treatment despite clinical improvement comparable to HIV-/Tb+ patients. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Trönnberg, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Household-based prevalence of helminths and parasitic protozoa in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, assessed from faecal vault sampling
- 2010
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 104:10, s. 646-652
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was undertaken to examine the family-based prevalence of environmentally persistent parasites in two rural communities of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Samples were collected from 120 urine-diversion family toilets and screened for selected protozoa and helminths with immunomagnetic separation and the ammonium bicarbonate (AMBIC) protocol respectively. The parasites found were Ascaris lumbricoides (59%), Giardia intestinalis (54%), Trichuris trichiura (48%), Cryptosporidium spp. (21%) and Taenia spp. (18%). Only 14% of the household toilets were negative for these pathogens. The occurrence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was lower (P<0.001) in the area with better hygiene behaviour, whereas G. intestinalis was more common (P<0.05) in families with at least one child aged five years or less and in families with more than four persons. Quantification of the parasites per gram was done for each sample and this provided realistic risk assessment data for the reuse of material from urine-diversion toilets. The high occurrence of parasites found in the two communities, in spite of sanitation and hygiene interventions in the areas, suggests an endemicity that will not be reduced without de-worming campaigns. Finally, the study showed that sampling directly from the deposited faecal material may be useful for parasitic prevalence estimations.
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| 32. |
- Yamamoto, S, et al.
(författare)
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Household risk factors for clinical malaria in a semi-urban area of Burkina Faso : a case-control study
- 2010
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203 .- 1878-3503. ; 104:1, s. 61-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The risk of malaria can be influenced by the household environment. The range of these risks can be more diverse in semi-urban areas, which can include a mix of different housing styles and environments. This study examined the effect of different housing and household characteristics on malaria risk among 98 case and 185 control children in the semi-urban area of Nouna, Burkina Faso. Characteristics were assessed via questionnaires and direct inspection. Those characteristics associated with a decreased risk of malaria were floors constructed of earth bricks and running water in the neighbourhood. Electrification of the home and house age of <10 years were associated with an increased risk of malaria. The findings of this study suggest that modification of the household environment could be a feasible way to reduce the risk of malaria, particularly in semi-urban areas.
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| 33. |
- Elagib, A A, et al.
(författare)
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Association of the haptoglobin phenotype (1-1) with falciparum malaria in Sudan
- 1998
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203. ; 92:3, s. 11-309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The haptoglobin phenotypes of Sudanese patients with complicated and uncomplicated falciparum malaria, and those of uninfected randomly selected individuals, were determined by electrophoresis of sera on polyacrylamide gels followed by benzidine staining of the gels. Among 273 malaria patients, the proportions with haptoglobin phenotypes (1-1), (2-1) and (2-2) were 60.8%, 29.7% and 9.5%, respectively, and in 72 cerebral malaria patients the proportions were 63.9%, 29.2%, and 6.9%. The distribution among 208 control individuals was 26.0%, 55.8% and 18.3%, respectively. The difference between patients and controls was highly significant (P < 0.001). The distribution of the different haptoglobin phenotypes among the randomly selected group of 208 Sudanese individuals was comparable to that in many other populations. The results suggests that the haptoglobin phenotype (1-1) is associated with susceptibility to falciparum malaria and the development of severe complications; alternatively, the other phenotypes may confer resistance.
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- Ekvall, H, et al.
(författare)
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Acute haemolysis in childhood falciparum malaria
- 2001
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203. ; 95:6, s. 611-617
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Olaison, Lars, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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An outbreak of trichinosis in Lebanon.
- 1992
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-9203. ; 86:6, s. 658-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1982 an outbreak of trichinosis occurred in an area of south Lebanon consisting of 4 villages, including 6440 persons. In 267 households, involving 2456 persons, typical clinical signs of Trichinella spiralis infection could be recognized among household members. Twenty-one of these households, including 193 persons, were randomly chosen for further studies. Nearly half of the household members (46%) had clinical symptoms consistent with acute trichinosis. 12 of 16 tested persons had high anti-Trichinella antibody titres (12 positive by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and 11 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Class-specific antibodies, IIF-immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA, were detected in most tested cases. Of the remaining 4 seronegative cases, 3 had a duration of clinical symptoms < or = 12 d. High peripheral eosinophilic counts (> 20%) were noted in 8 of 16 cases. In total, 15 of 16 cases were positive by one or more of these tests. The outbreak constituted one of the most extensive single outbreaks reported with a calculated > 1000 clinical cases. The cause was attributed to consumption of raw pork meat, an ingredient of kebbeh nayyeh, a favourite Lebanese dish.
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