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1.	Gerdtham, Ulf, et al. (författare) A note on the effect of unemployment on mortality 2003 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 22:3, s. 505-518 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this note we test if unemployment has an effect on mortality using a large individual level data set of nearly 30,000 individuals in Sweden aged 20–64 years followed-up for 10–17 years. We follow individuals over time that are initially in the same health state, but differ with respect to whether they are employed or unemployed (controlling also for a number of individual characteristics that may affect the depreciation of health over time). Unemployment significantly increases the risk of being dead at the end of follow-up by nearly 50% (from 5.36 to 7.83%). In an analysis of cause-specific mortality, we find that unemployment significantly increases the risk of suicides and the risk of dying from “other diseases” (all diseases except cancer and cardiovascular), but has no significant effect on cancer mortality, cardiovascular mortality or deaths due to “other external causes” (motor vehicle accidents, accidents and homicides).
2.	Gerdtham, Ulf G., et al. (författare) Income-related inequality in life-years and quality-adjusted life-years 2000 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 19:6, s. 1007-1026 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We estimate the income-related inequality in Sweden with respect to life-years and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). We use a large data set from Sweden with over 40,000 individuals followed up for 10-16 years, to estimate the survival and quality-adjusted survival in different income groups. For both life-years and QALYs, we discover inequalities in health favouring the higher income groups. For men (women) in the youngest age-group (20-29 years), the number of QALYs is 43.7 (45.7) in the lowest income decile and 47.2 (49.0) in the highest income decile. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
3.	Bleichrodt, Han, et al. (författare) Standard gamble, time trade-off and rating scale: Experimental results on the ranking properties of QALYs 1997 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 16:2, s. 155-175 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper compares the relative performance of quality adjusted life years (QALYs) based on quality weights elicited by rating scale (RS), time trade-off (TTO) and standard gamble (SG). The standard against which relative performance is assessed is individual preference elicited by direct ranking. The correlation between predicted and direct ranking is significantly higher for TTO-QALYs than for RS-QALYs and SG-QALYs. This holds both based on mean Spearman rank correlation coefficients calculated per individual and based on two social choice rules: the method of majority voting and the Borda rule. Undiscounted TTO-QALYs are more consistent with direct ranking than discounted TTO-QALYs.
4.	De Graeve, Diana, et al. (författare) Equity in the delivery of health care in Europe and the US 2000 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 19:5, s. 553-583 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a comparison of horizontal equity in health care utilization in 10 European countries and the US. It does not only extend previous work by using more recent data from a larger set of countries, but also uses new methods and presents disaggregated results by various types of care. In all countries, the lower-income groups are more intensive users of the health care system. But after indirect standardization for need differences, there is little or no evidence of significant inequity in the delivery of health care overall, though in half of the countries, significant pro-rich inequity emerges for physician contacts. This seems to be due mainly to a higher use of medical specialist services by higher-income groups and a higher use of GP care among lower-income groups. These findings appear to be fairly general and emerge in countries with very diverse characteristics regarding access and provider incentives.
5.	Gerdtham, Ulf-Göran, et al. (författare) A note on the estimation of the equity-efficiency trade-off for QALYs 1996 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 15:3, s. 359-368 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this note the veil of ignorance approach is tested as a basis for empirically determining the shape of the social welfare function for QALYs. An experiment is carried out where the participants choose between different societies that differ with respect to per capita QALYs and the distribution of QALYs. The answers are analyzed using logistic regression analysis, According to the results the respondents are willing to give up 1 QALY in the group with more QALYs to gain 0.45 QALYs in the group with fewer QALYs,but this trade-off is independent of the size of the difference in QALYs between the groups.
6.	Gerdtham, Ulf-Göran, et al. (författare) A note on validating Wagstaff and van Doorslaer's health measure in the analysis of inequalities in health 1999 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 18:1, s. 117-124 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this note is to validate Wagstaff and van Doorslaer's approach of constructing a continuous health measure to be used in the analysis of inequalities in health. We calculate health concentration indices for Uppsala County in Sweden based on three different health status measures: health measured according to the WvD approach based on a self-assessed categorical health measure, health measured by the rating scale method, and health measured by the time trade-off method. The concentration index does not differ significantly for the three health status measures, and our results thus support the validity of the WvD method.
7.	Gerdtham, Ulf-G., et al. (författare) On stationarity and cointegration of international health expenditure and GDP 2000 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 19:4, s. 461-475 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper examines stationarity and cointegration of health expenditure and GDP, for a sample of 21 OECD countries using data for the period 1960–1997, by applying a test battery that allows robust inference to be made on the stationarity and cointegration issue. Trend stationarity and no-cointegration are tested using new country-by-country and panel tests, not previously applied in this setting. New results for country-by-country and panel tests of non-stationarity and cointegration are presented. Our unit root and trend stationarity results indicate that both health expenditure and GDP are non-stationary. The no-cointegration and cointegration results indicate that health expenditure and GDP are cointegrated.
8.	Johannesson, Magnus, et al. (författare) Hypothetical versus real willingness to pay in the health care sector: results from a field experiment 2001 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 20:3, s. 441-457 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We conducted a field experiment comparing hypothetical and real purchase decisions for a pharmacist provided asthma management program among 172 subjects with asthma. Subjects received either a dichotomous choice contingent valuation question or were given the opportunity to actually enroll in the program. Three different prices were used: US$ 15, 40, and 80. In the hypothetical group, 38% of subjects said that they would purchase the good at the stated price, but only 12% of subjects in the real group purchased the good ( p=0.000). We cannot, however, reject the null hypothesis that “definitely sure” hypothetical yes responses, as identified in a follow-up question, correspond to real yes responses. We conclude that the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method overestimates willingness to pay, but that it may be possible to correct for this overestimation by sorting out “definitely sure” yes responses.
9.	Johannesson, Magnus, et al. (författare) Is the valuation of a QALY gained independent of age? Some empirical evidence 1997 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier Sequoia S.A. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 16:5, s. 589-599 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To carry out cost-effectiveness analyses with life-years or quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained as effectiveness measures has become increasingly popular in economic evaluations of health care. Cropper et al. (1994) have used survey data to estimate the trade-off between saving lives at different ages. They found that saving eleven 60-year-olds was judged equivalent to saving one 30-year-old. Individuals thus placed more weight on saving young persons than implied by the use of life-years gained as an effectiveness measure. A study based on the same approach as used by Cropper et al. aims to estimate the trade-off between saving lives at different ages. In contrast to Cropper et al. (1994), the study also calculates life-years and QALYs at different ages to estimate the trade-off between life-years and QALYs gained at different ages.
10.	Johannesson, Magnus (författare) On aggregating QALYs: a comment on Dolan 1999 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 18:3, s. 381-386 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Dolan [Dolan, P., 1998, The measurement of individual utility and social welfare. Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 39–52] in a recent paper suggested an empirical method for estimating the shape of the social welfare function. Using a simple theoretical model it is shown that Dolan's proposed empirical method has no theoretical foundation. The main problem with the approach is that it measures only the altruistic values that individuals attach to other peoples' health status and ignores the utility that individuals attach to their own health status.
11.	Johannesson, Magnus, et al. (författare) On the decision rules of cost-effectiveness analysis 1993 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 12:4, s. 459-467 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Birch and Gafni (1992) claim in a recent article that the decision rules of cost-effectiveness/utility analysis (CEA) fail to achieve their stated objectives, namely the maximization of health gains for a given amount of resources. This critique includes the following objections to CEA: First, they argue that CEA does not guarantee improvements in social welfare in situations where multiple health objectives exist (e.g., survival and functional status). Second, they argue that CEA does not consider the health gains forgone by reallocating resources from existing programs to fund new programs. Third, they argue that incremental CEA can lead to inefficient resource allocation when there are alternative levels of programs which compete for budgetary resources. Finally, they argue that the decision rules of CEA are incorrect in the presence of program indivisibilities, and that integer programming techniques are needed. These arguments are illustrated by using hypothetical examples. The analysis by Birch and Gafni is critically examined in this paper. First, we review the optimal decision rules in cost-effectiveness analysis. Second, we show that most of the objections to CEA raised by Birch and Gafni in their examples have no basis if CEA is used in an appropriate way. In fact, they are led to misleading conclusions because they fail to interpret the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios in their examples properly. The inconsistent results in their analysis arise due to (1) their failure to recognize the basis of QALYs as a measure of social welfare; (2) their failure to distinguish between optimal decision rules for independent programs versus mutually exclusive programs; and (3) their failure to exclude dominated alternatives from consideration in analysis of competing programs. Third, we address the valid but well-known point about program indivisibilities. We end with some concluding remarks.
12.	Johannesson, Magnus (författare) Quality-adjusted life-years versus healthy-years equivalents — A comment 1995 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 14:1, s. 9-16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
13.	Johannesson, Magnus, et al. (författare) The friction cost method: A comment 1997 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 16:2, s. 249-255 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The friction cost method has been proposed as an alternative to the human-capital approach of estimating indirect costs. We argue that the fricton cost method is based on implausible assumptions not supported by neoclassical economic theory. Furthermore consistently applying the friction cost method would mean that the method should also be applied in the estimation of direct costs, which would mean that the costs of health care programmes are substantially decreased. It is concluded that the friction cost method does not seem to be a useful alternative to the human-capital approach in the estimation of indirect costs.
14.	Johannesson, Magnus, et al. (författare) Willingness to pay for antihypertensive therapy - further results 1993 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 12:1, s. 95-108 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A measurement experiment regarding willingness to pay for antihypertensive therapy is reported. A new type of binary willingness to pay question is used, that allows for different degrees of certainty with respect to the responses. Mean willingness to pay is derived from a simple expected utility model and estimated using maximum likelihood methods. The estimated parameters are highly significant, with predicted signs, and imply a mean willingness to pay of about SEK 800 ($130) per month. The explanatory power of the equation that only includes 'certain' yes/no responses is, as expected, much higher than that of the equation where only 'uncertain' responses are included.
15.	Johansson, Per-Olov (författare) Defining the value of a statistical life: reply 2002 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 21:1, s. 177-178 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In general, empirical estimates of a statistical life (VSL) are biased. However, as pointed out by Blomqvist (2001), a true blip in the hazard rate can be used to obtain an exact estimate of the VSL. The question remains whether individuals and markets are able to value such short drops in the hazard rate.
16.	Johansson, Per-Olov (författare) Is there a meaningful definition of the value of a statistical life? 2001 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 20:1, s. 131-139 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A definition of the value of a statistical life is derived. This definition has a meaningful interpretation in terms of the monetary value of expected present value utility if consumption is age-independent. In all other cases, empirical estimates of the value of a statistical life are biased estimators of the monetary counterpart to expected present value utility.
17.	Johansson, Per-Olov (författare) Properties of actuarially fair and pay-as-you-go health insurance schemes for the elderly. An OLG model approach 2000 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 19:4, s. 477-498 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aged dependency ratio or ADR is growing at a fast pace in many countries. This fact causes stress to the economy and might create conflicts of interest between young and old. In this paper the properties of different health insurance systems for the elderly are analysed within an overlapping generations (OLG) model. The properties of actuarial health insurance and different variations of pay-as-you-go (PAYG) health insurance are compared. It turns out that the welfare properties of these contracts are heavily dependent on the economy's dynamic properties. Of particular importance is the magnitude of the rate of population growth relative to the interest rate. In addition, it is shown that public health insurance is associated with an inherent externality resulting in a second-best solution.
18.	Lundin, Douglas (författare) Moral hazard in physician prescription behavior 2000 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 19:5, s. 639-662 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract I examine whether the choice made by physicians concerning what drug version — trade-name or generic — to prescribe is subject to moral hazard. I use a data set containing information on exactly what drug and what version was prescribed at a particular patient visit to the physician. The results indicate that physicians' habits and the tastes acquired by patients are important. However, costs also matter. Patients having to pay large sums out-of-pocket are less likely to have trade-name versions prescribed than patients getting most of their costs reimbursed. This indicates moral hazard.
19.	Söderqvist, Tore, et al. (författare) Time spent on waiting lists for medical care: an insurance approach 1998 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 17:5, s. 627-644 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, we develop a simple model of the benefits and costs of being on a waiting list. The model shows that complex factors are in operation, implying that a shorter waiting time need not necessarily be preferred to a longer waiting time. We also present an empirical study, where a sample of Swedes are offered the possibility of purchasing private insurance, thus reducing waiting time for surgery beyond the three-month guarantee offered by the public sector health care system. Respondents could choose between two insurance contracts. A `spike' model, where the probability of a zero WTP is strictly positive, was developed and estimated to obtain demand functions for private insurance.
20.	Allanson, Paul, et al. (författare) Longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequality 2010 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 29:1, s. 78-86 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper considers the characterisation and measurement of income-related health inequality using longitudinal data. The paper elucidates the nature of the Jones and Lopez Nicolas (2004) index of "health-related income mobility" and explains the negative values of the index that have been reported in all the empirical applications to date. The paper further presents an alternative approach to the analysis of longitudinal data that brings Out complementary aspects of the evolution of income-related health inequalities over time. In particular, we propose a new index of "income-related health mobility" that measures whether the pattern of health changes is biased in favour of those with initially high or low incomes. We illustrate our work by investigating mobility in the General Health Questionnaire measure of psychological well-being over the first nine waves of the British Household Panel Survey from 1991 to 1999. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
21.	Almond, Douglas, et al. (författare) Public vs. private provision of charity care? : Evidence from the expiration of Hill-Burton requirements in Florida 2011 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 30:1, s. 189-199 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper explores the consequences of the expiration of charity care requirements imposed on private hospitals by the Hill-Burton Act. We examine delivery care and the health of newborns using the universe of Florida births from 1989 to 2003 combined with hospital data from the American Hospital Association. We find that charity care requirements were binding on hospitals, but that private hospitals under obligation cream skimmed the least risky maternity patients. Conditional on patient characteristics, they provided less intensive maternity services but without compromising patient health. When obligations expired, private hospitals quickly reduced their charity caseloads, shifting maternity patients to public hospitals. The results in this paper suggest, perhaps surprisingly, that requiring private providers to serve the underinsured can be effective.
22.	Andersson, Ola, et al. (författare) Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces willingness to socially distance 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 80 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate how the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines affects voluntary social distancing. In a large-scale preregistered survey experiment with a representative sample, we study whether providing information about the safety, effectiveness, and availability of COVID-19 vaccines affects the willingness to comply with public health guidelines. We find that vaccine information reduces peoples’ voluntary social distancing, adherence to hygiene guidelines, and their willingness to stay at home. Getting positive information on COVID-19 vaccines induces people to believe in a swifter return to normal life. The results indicate an important behavioral drawback of successful vaccine development: An increased focus on vaccines can lower compliance with public health guidelines and accelerate the spread of infectious disease. The results imply that, as vaccinations roll out and the end of a pandemic feels closer, policies aimed at increasing social distancing will be less effective, and stricter policies might be required.
23.	Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, et al. (författare) Maternal education and child health : Causal evidence from Denmark 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 80 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study examines how maternal education shapes the life and health of their children. Causal effects are identified from a Danish school reform that increased minimum compulsory schooling from 7 to 9 years in 1972 and estimates are based on large administrative registers. We find that the reform as well as maternal education when instrumented by it, has significant, positive effects on mothers age at first birth and maternal health. Nevertheless, maternal education has no systematic causal effects on child health, neither at birth, during childhood, or in adolescence. This null finding is robust to a wide range of model specifications.
24.	Avdic, Daniel, et al. (författare) Do responses to news matter? : Evidence from interventional cardiology 2024 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 94 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We examine physician responses to a global information shock and how these impact their patients. We exploit international news over the safety of an innovation in healthcare, the drugeluting stent. We use data on interventional cardiologists' use of stents to define and measure cardiologists' responsiveness to the initial positive news and link this to their patients' outcomes. We find substantial heterogeneity in responsiveness to news. Patients treated by cardiologists who respond slowly to the initial positive news have fewer adverse outcomes. This is not due to patient-physician sorting. Instead, our results suggest that the differences are partially driven by slow responders being better at deciding when (not) to use the new technology, which in turn affects their patient outcomes.
25.	Avdic, Daniel, et al. (författare) Estimating returns to hospital volume : Evidence from advanced cancer surgery 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 63, s. 81-99 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract High-volume hospitals typically perform better than low-volume hospitals. In this paper, we study whether such patterns reflect a causal effect of case volume on patient outcomes. To this end, we exploit closures and openings of entire cancer clinics in Swedish hospitals which provides sharp and arguably exogenous variation in case volumes. Using detailed register data on more than 100,000 treatment episodes of advanced cancer surgery, our results suggest substantial positive effects of operation volume on survival. Complementary analyses point to learning-by-doing as an important explanation. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
26.	Avdic, Daniel (författare) Improving efficiency or impairing access? Health care consolidation and quality of care : Evidence from emergency hospital closures in Sweden 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 48, s. 44-60 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Recent health care consolidation trends raise the important policy question whether improved emergency medical services and enhanced productivity can offset adverse quality effects from decreased access. This paper empirically analyzes how geographical distance from an emergency hospital affects the probability of surviving an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), accounting for health-based spatial sorting and data limitations on out-of-hospital mortality. Exploiting policy-induced variation in hospital distance derived from emergency hospital closures and detailed Swedish mortality data over two decades, results show a drastically decreasing probability of surviving an AMI as residential distance from a hospital increases one year after a closure occurred. The effect disappears in subsequent years, however, suggesting that involved agents quickly adapted to the new environment.
27.	Avdic, Daniel, et al. (författare) Providers, peers and patients. How do physicians? : practice environments affect patient outcomes? 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 89 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We study how physicians' practice environments affect their treatment decisions and quality of care. Using clinical registry data from Sweden, we compare stent choices of cardiologists moving across hospitals over time. To disentangle changes in practice styles attributable to hospital-and peer group-specific factors, we exploit quasi-random variation on cardiologists working together on the same days. We find that migrating cardiologists' stent choices rapidly adapt to their new practice environment after relocation and are equally driven by the hospital and peer environments. In contrast, while decision errors increase, treatment costs and adverse clinical events remain largely unchanged despite the altered practice styles.
28.	Bergman, Mats A., et al. (författare) Privatization and quality : evidence from elderly care in Sweden 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 49, s. 109-119 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Non-contractible quality dimensions are at risk of degradation when the provision of public services is privatized. However, privatization may increase quality by fostering performance-improving innovation, particularly if combined with increased competition. We assemble a large data set on elderly care services in Sweden between 1990 and 2009 and estimate how opening to private provision affected mortality rates – an important and not easily contractible quality dimension – using a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach. The results indicate that privatization and the associated increase in competition significantly improved non-contractible quality as measured by mortality rates.
29.	Bharadwaj, Prashant, et al. (författare) Birth weight and vulnerability to a macroeconomic crisis 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 66, s. 136-144 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper shows that early-life health is an important determinant of labor market vulnerability during macroeconomic downturns. Using data on twins during Sweden's crisis of the early 1990s, we show that individuals with higher birth weight are differentially less likely to receive unemployment insurance benefits after the crisis as compared to before it, and that this effect is concentrated among workers in the private sector. While differences in early-life health thus lead to increased inequality in employment outcomes, we also find that there is no differential effect of birth weight on total income after the crisis. This suggests that in the context of Sweden, the social safety net is able to mitigate the effects of early-life health on labor market outcomes during economic downturns.
30.	Bolin, Kristian, et al. (författare) Non-life-threatening ailments and rational patience when expected treatment outcomes are continuously improving 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 79 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The time at which a rational patient chooses to undergo an elective medical procedure for a non-life-threatening ailment is contemplated. The resulting model is purposely uncomplicated but general, and accounts for several basic factors that might affect such a decision. One such factor is that a patient cannot know with certainty the degree to which the medical procedure will be successful. Even so, patients have information about the expected outcome of the procedure and its risk, and about how the expected outcome and risk are affected by medical technological progress and surgeon experience. The effect of changes in exogenous variables on the timing of the medical procedure and on patient expected lifetime utility are investigated. It is shown that risk averse and prudent patients behave in an unambiguous manner in response to changes in all of the exogenous variables.
31.	Bolin, Kristian, et al. (författare) Non-monotonic health behaviours – implications for individual health-related behaviour in a demand-for-health framework 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 50, s. 9-26 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A number of behaviours influence health in a non-monotonic way. Physical activity and alcohol consumption, for instance, may be beneficial to one's health in moderate but detrimental in large quantities. We develop a demand-for-health framework that incorporates the feature of a physiologically optimal level. An individual may still choose a physiologically non-optimal level, because of the trade-off in his or her preferences for health versus other utility-affecting commodities. However, any deviation above or below the physiologically optimal level will be punished with respect to health. Distinguishing between two individual types we study (a) the qualitative properties of optimal time-paths of health capital and health-related behaviour, (b) the perturbations of the optimal time-paths that result from changes in exogenous parameters, and (c) steady state properties. Predictions of the model and the implications for empirical analysis are discussed at length. Some comments on potential future extensions conclude the paper.
32.	Bolin, Kristian, et al. (författare) Your next of kin or your own career? Caring and working among the 50+ of Europe. 2008 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 27:3, s. 718-738 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An increasing demand for both formal and informal care is likely to result from the ongoing demographic transition at the same time as there is a further move away from the traditional domestic division of labour. Public policy-making that aims at increasing the supply of informal care necessitates knowledge about the relative importance of various incentives for individual care providers. This paper takes as a point of departure that the willingness to supply informal care is partly explained by the extent to which it adversely affects labour-market outcomes and analyses the effect on labour-market outcomes of providing informal care to one's elderly parent(s) among the 50+ of Europe. Data from SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe) was used to examine the association between, on the one hand, hours of informal care provided and, on the other, (1) the probability of employment, (2) hours worked, and (3) wages, respectively. The results suggest that giving informal care to one's elderly parents is associated with significant costs in terms of foregone labour-market opportunities and that these adverse effects vary between countries.
33.	Clarke, D, et al. (författare) Abortion laws and women's health 2021 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 76, s. 102413- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
34.	Clarke, D, et al. (författare) Corrigendum to "Abortion Laws and Women's Health" [Journal of Health Economics 76(2021) 102413] 2021 Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 80, s. 102535- Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
35.	Clarke, Philip M., et al. (författare) Optimal recall length in survey design 2008 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 27:5, s. 1275-1284 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Self-reported data collected Via Surveys are a key input into a wide range of research conducted by economists. It is well known that Such data are subject to measurement error that arises when respondents are asked to recall past utilisation. Survey designers Must determine the length of the recall period and face a trade-off as increasing the recall period provides more information, but increases the likelihood of recall error. A statistical framework is used to explore this trade-off. Finally we illustrate how optimal recall periods call be estimated using hospital use data from Sweden's Survey of Living Conditions. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
36.	Di Porto, Edoardo, et al. (författare) Lockdown, essential sectors, and Covid-19 : Lessons from Italy 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 81 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper investigates how economic activity impacted Covid-19 infections and all-cause mortality. To this purpose, we exploit the distribution of essential sectors, which were exempted from a national lockdown enacted in Italy during the first wave of the pandemic, across provinces and rich administrative data in a difference-in-differences framework. We find that a standard deviation increase in essential workers per built square kilometre leads to 1.1 additional daily cases and 0.32 additional daily deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Back of the envelope calculations suggest that about one third (47,000) of the Covid-19 cases and about 13% (13,000) of deaths between March and May of 2020 can be attributed to the less stringent lockdown for these sectors. The effect is heterogeneous across sectors. Finally, we find that the local health system played a relevant role in reducing fatalities with a higher number of general practitioners and hospital beds per capita being associated with a lower mortality.
37.	Elinder, Mikael, 1976-, et al. (författare) Cognitive ability, health policy, and the dynamics of COVID-19 vaccination 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 91 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We examine the relationship between cognitive ability and prompt COVID-19 vaccination using individual-level data on more than 700,000 individuals in Sweden. We find a strong positive association between cognitive ability and swift vaccination, which remains even after controlling for confounding variables with a twin-design. The results suggest that the complexity of the vaccination decision may make it difficult for individuals with lower cognitive abilities to understand the benefits of vaccination. Consistent with this, we show that simplifying the vaccination decision through pre-booked vaccination appointments alleviates almost all of the inequality in vaccination behavior.
38.	Flynn, Terry N, et al. (författare) Best--worst scaling : What it can do for health care research and how to do it. 2007 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 26:1, s. 171-89 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Statements like "quality of care is more highly valued than waiting time" can neither be supported nor refuted by comparisons of utility parameters from a traditional discrete choice experiment (DCE). Best--worst scaling can overcome this problem because it asks respondents to perform a different choice task. However, whilst the nature of the best--worst task is generally understood, there are a number of issues relating to the design and analysis of a best--worst choice experiment that require further exposition. This paper illustrates how to aggregate and analyse such data and using a quality of life pilot study demonstrates how richer insights can be drawn by the use of best--worst tasks.
39.	Fredriksson, Peter, et al. (författare) School starting age, maternal age at birth, and child outcomes 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 84 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper analyses the effects of maternal age at birth on children's short and long-term outcomes using Finnish register data. We exploit a school starting age rule for identification. Mothers who are born after the school entry cut-off give birth at higher age, but total fertility and earnings are unaffected. Being born after the cut-off reduces gestation and, hence, child birth weight. The effects on birth weight and gestation are rather small, however, suggesting that the long-run impacts may be limited. Accordingly, we find no impacts on longer-term child outcomes, such as educational attainment and adolescent crime rates. Thus, using this source of variation, we find no favorable average effects of maternal age at birth on child outcomes.
40.	Granlund, David, 1979- (författare) Price and welfare effects of a pharmaceutical substitution reform 2010 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 29:6, s. 856-865 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The price effects of the Swedish pharmaceutical substitution reform are analyzed using data for a panel of all pharmaceutical product sold in Sweden in 1997-2007. The price reduction due to the reform was estimated to average 10% and was found to be significantly larger for brand-name pharmaceuticals than for generics. The results also imply that the reform amplified the effect that generic entry has on brand-name prices by a factor of 10. Results of a demand estimation imply that the price reductions increased total pharmaceutical consumption by 8% and consumer welfare by SEK 2.7 billion annually.
41.	Granlund, David, 1979-, et al. (författare) Price competition in pharmaceuticals : evidence from 1303 Swedish markets 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 61, s. 1-12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We study the short- and long-term price effects of the number of competing firms, using panel-data on 1303 distinct pharmaceutical markets for 78 months within a reference-price system. We use actual transaction prices in an institutional setting with little scope for non-price competition and where simultaneity problems can be addressed effectively. In the long term, the price of generics is found to decrease by 81% when the number of firms selling generics with the same strength, form and similar package size is increased from 1 to 10. Nearly only competition at this fine-grained level matters; the effect of firms selling other products with the same active substance, but with different package size, form, or strength, is only a tenths as large. Half of the price reductions take place immediately and 70% within three months. Also, prices of originals are found to react to competition, but far less and much slower.
42.	Grönqvist, Hans, 1978-, et al. (författare) Income inequality and health : Lessons from a refugee residential assignment program 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 31:4, s. 617-629 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper examines the effect of income inequality on health for a group of particularly disadvantaged individuals: refugees. Our analysis draws on longitudinal hospitalization records coupled with a settlement policy where Swedish authorities assigned newly arrived refugees to their first area of residence. The policy was implemented in a way that provides a source of plausibly random variation in initial location. The results reveal no statistically significant effect of income inequality on the risk of being hospitalized. This finding holds also for most population subgroups and when separating between different types of diagnoses. Our estimates are precise enough to rule out large effects of income inequality on health.
43.	Gwozdz, W., et al. (författare) Maternal employment and childhood obesity - A European perspective 2013 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 32:4, s. 728-742 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The substantial increase in female employment rates in Europe over the past two decades has often been linked in political and public rhetoric to negative effects on child development, including obesity. We analyse this association between maternal employment and childhood obesity using rich objective reports of various anthropometric and other measures of fatness from the IDEFICS study of children aged 2-9 in 16 regions of eight European countries. Based on such data as accelerometer measures and information from nutritional diaries, we also investigate the effects of maternal employment on obesity's main drivers: calorie intake and physical activity. Our analysis provides little evidence for any association between maternal employment and childhood obesity, diet or physical activity. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
44.	Hallberg, Daniel, et al. (författare) Is an early retirement offer good for your health? : Quasi-experimental evidence from the army 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 44, s. 274-285 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper studies empirically the consequences on health of an early retirement offer. To this end we use a targeted retirement offer to military officers 55 years of age or older. Before the offer was implemented, the normal retirement age in the Swedish defense was 60 years of age. Estimating the effect of the offer on individuals' health within the age range 56-70, we find support for a reduction in both mortality and in inpatient care as a consequence of the early retirement offer. Increasing the mandatory retirement age may thus not only have positive government income effects but also negative effects on increasing government health care expenditures.
45.	Heckley, Gawain, et al. (författare) A general method for decomposing the causes of socioeconomic inequality in health 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 48, s. 89-106 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We introduce a general decomposition method applicable to all forms of bivariate rank dependent indices of socioeconomic inequality in health, including the concentration index. The technique is based on recentered influence function regression and requires only the application of OLS to a transformed variable with similar interpretation. Our method requires few identifying assumptions to yield valid estimates in most common empirical applications, unlike current methods favoured in the literature. Using the Swedish Twin Registry and a within twin pair fixed effects identification strategy, our new method finds no evidence of a causal effect of education on income-related health inequality.
46.	Jans, Jenny, et al. (författare) Economic status, air quality, and child health : Evidence from inversion episodes 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 61, s. 220-232 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Normally, the temperature decreases with altitude, allowing air pollutants to rise and disperse. During inversion episodes, warmer air at higher altitude traps air pollutants at the ground. By merging vertical temperature profile data from NASA with pollution monitors and health care records, we show that inversions increase the PM10 levels by 25% and children's respiratory health problems by 5.5%. Low-income children are particularly affected, and differences in baseline health seem to be a key mediating factor behind the effect of pollution on the SES health gap. Policies that improve dissemination of information on inversion status may hence improve child health, either through private action or via policies that curb emissions during inversion episodes.
47.	Johansson, Naimi, 1988-, et al. (författare) Reductions in out-of-pocket prices and forward-looking moral hazard in health care demand 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 87 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Little is known about how patients dynamically respond to a forthcoming reduction in health care out-of-pocket prices. Using a kinked Donut Regression Discontinuity design with kinks entering and exiting the donut, we evaluate a Swedish cost-sharing policy, where primary care out-of-pocket prices were eliminated at age 85. We find evidence of forward-looking moral hazard with older adults delaying primary care visits up to four months before the out-of-pocket elimination and shifting these visits until shortly after. These health care delays are driven by non-urgent care: non-physician visits, planned visits and follow up visits. We find no evidence of severe negative health effects in the short-term as a result of the delay. Contrary to our finding of forward-looking behavior with respect to out-of-pocket prices, we do not find evidence of typical moral hazard, as we do not find a persistent increase in primary health care use after the copayment elimination.
48.	Johansson, Per, et al. (författare) Cross-border health and productivity effects of alcohol policies 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 36, s. 125-136 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper studies the cross-border health and productivity effects of alcohol taxes. We estimate the effect of a large cut in the Finnish alcohol tax on mortality, alcohol-related illnesses and work absenteeism in Sweden. This tax cut led to large differences in the prices of alcoholic beverages between these two countries and to a considerable increase in cross-border shopping. The effect is identified using differences-in-differences strategy where changes in these outcomes in regions near the Finnish border are compared to changes in other parts of northern Sweden. We use register data where micro level data on deaths, hospitalisations and absenteeism is merged to population-wide micro data on demographics and labour market outcomes. Our results show that the Finnish tax cut did not have any clear effect on mortality or alcohol-related hospitalisations in Sweden. However, we find that workplace absenteeism increased by 9% for males and by 15% for females near the Finnish border as a result of the tax cut.
49.	Karlsson, Martin, et al. (författare) The Impact of the 1918 Spanish Flu Epidemic on Economic Performance in Sweden - An Investigation into the Consequences of an Extraordinary Mortality Shock 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 36, s. 1-19 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Abstract in UndeterminedWe study the impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic on short- and medium-term economic performance in Sweden. The pandemic was one of the severest and deadliest pandemics in human history, but it has hitherto received only scant attention in the economic literature - despite representing an unparalleled labour supply shock. In this paper, we exploit seemingly exogenous variation in incidence rates between Swedish regions to estimate the impact of the pandemic. The pandemic led to a significant increase in poorhouse rates. There is also evidence that capital returns were negatively affected by the pandemic. However, contrary to predictions, we find no discernible effect on earnings.
50.	Kjellsson, Gustav, et al. (författare) Forgetting to remember or remembering to forget: A study of the recall period length in health care survey questions. 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 35:Feb 7, s. 34-46 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Self-reported data on health care use is a key input in a range of studies. However, the length of recall period in self-reported health care questions varies between surveys, and this variation may affect the results of the studies. This study uses a large survey experiment to examine the role of the length of recall periods for the quality of self-reported hospitalization data by comparing registered with self-reported hospitalizations of respondents exposed to recall periods of one, three, six, or twelve months. Our findings have conflicting implications for survey design, as the preferred length of recall period depends on the objective of the analysis. For an aggregated measure of hospitalization, longer recall periods are preferred. For analysis oriented more to the micro-level, shorter recall periods may be considered since the association between individual characteristics (e.g., education) and recall error increases with the length of the recall period.

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