| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Anikin, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Implicit associations between individual properties of color and sound
- 2019
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 81:3, s. 764-777
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a series of 22 experiments in which the implicit associations test (IAT) was used to investigate cross-modal correspondences between visual (luminance, hue [R-G, B-Y], saturation) and acoustic (loudness, pitch, formants [F1, F2], spectral centroid, trill) dimensions. Colors were sampled from the perceptually accurate CIE-Lab space, and the complex, vowel-like sounds were created with a formant synthesizer capable of separately manipulating individual acoustic properties. In line with previous reports, the loudness and pitch of acoustic stimuli were associated with both luminance and saturation of the presented colors. However, pitch was associated specifically with color lightness, whereas loudness mapped onto greater visual saliency. Manipulating the spectrum of sounds without modifying their pitch showed that an upward shift of spectral energy was associated with the same visual features (higher luminance and saturation) as higher pitch. In contrast, changing formant frequencies of synthetic vowels while minimizing the accompanying shifts in spectral centroid failed to reveal cross-modal correspondences with color. This may indicate that the commonly reported associations between vowels and colors are mediated by differences in the overall balance of low- and high-frequency energy in the spectrum rather than by vowel identity as such. Surprisingly, the hue of colors with the same luminance and saturation was not associated with any of the tested acoustic features, except for a weak preference to match higher pitch with blue (vs. yellow). We discuss these findings in the context of previous research and consider their implications for sound symbolism in world languages.
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| 3. |
- Chancel, M, et al.
(författare)
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Which hand is mine? Discriminating body ownership perception in a two-alternative forced-choice task
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, perception & psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-393X .- 1943-3921. ; 82:8, s. 4058-4083
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The experience of one’s body as one’s own is referred to as the sense of body ownership. This central part of human conscious experience determines the boundary between the self and the external environment, a crucial distinction in perception, action, and cognition. Although body ownership is known to involve the integration of signals from multiple sensory modalities, including vision, touch, and proprioception, little is known about the principles that determine this integration process, and the relationship between body ownership and perception is unclear. These uncertainties stem from the lack of a sensitive and rigorous method to quantify body ownership. Here, we describe a two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task that allows precise and direct measurement of body ownership as participants decide which of two rubber hands feels more like their own in a version of the rubber hand illusion. In two experiments, we show that the temporal and spatial congruence principles of multisensory stimulation, which determine ownership discrimination, impose tighter constraints than previously thought and that texture congruence constitutes an additional principle; these findings are compatible with theoretical models of multisensory integration. Taken together, our results suggest that body ownership constitutes a genuine perceptual multisensory phenomenon that can be quantified with psychophysics in discrimination experiments.
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| 4. |
- Chesney, Dana, et al.
(författare)
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How to estimate how well people estimate: Evaluating measures of individual differences in the approximate number system
- 2015
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 77:8, s. 2781-2802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At a glance, one can tell that there are more indi- vidual fruits in a pile of 100 apples than in a pile of 20 water- melons, even though the watermelons take up more space. People’s ability to distinguish between such nonsymbolic nu- merical magnitudes without counting is derived from the ap- proximate number system (ANS). Individual differences in this ability (ANS acuity) are emerging as an important predic- tor in research areas ranging from children’s understanding of arithmetic to adults’ use of numbers in judgment and decision making. However, ANS acuity must be assessed through proxy tasks that might not show consistent relationships with this ability. Furthermore, practical limitations often confine researchers to using abbreviated measures of this ability, whose reliability is questionable. Here, we developed and tested several novel ANS acuity measures: a nonsymbolic discrimination task designed to account for participants’ lapses in attention; three estimation tasks, including one task in which participants estimated the number of dots in a briefly presented set, one in which they estimated the ratio between two sets of dots, and one in which they indicated the correct position of a set of dots on a “number-line” anchored by two sets of dots, as well as a similar number-line task using sym- bolic numbers. The results indicated that the discrimination task designed to account for lapses in participants’ attention holds promise as a reliable measure of ANS acuity, considered in terms of both internal and test–retest reliability. We urge researchers to use acuity measures whose reliability has been demonstrated.
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| 5. |
- Collier, Elizabeth S, et al.
(författare)
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Does grasping capacity influence object size estimates? : It depends on the context
- 2017
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer New York LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 79:7, s. 2117-2131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Linkenauger, Witt, and Proffitt (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(5), 1432–1441, 2011, Experiment 2) reported that right-handers estimated objects as smaller if they intended to grasp them in their right rather than their left hand. Based on the action-specific account, they argued that this scaling effect occurred because participants believed their right hand could grasp larger objects. However, Collier and Lawson (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(4), 749–769, 2017) failed to replicate this effect. Here, we investigated whether this discrepancy in results arose from demand characteristics. We investigated two forms of demand characteristics: altering responses following conscious hypothesis guessing (Experiments 1 and 2), and subtle influences of the experimental context (Experiment 3). We found no scaling effects when participants were given instructions which implied the expected outcome of the experiment (Experiment 1), but they were obtained when we used unrealistically explicit instructions which gave the exact prediction made by the action-specific account (Experiment 2). Scaling effects were also found using a context in which grasping capacity could seem relevant for size estimation (by asking participants about the perceived graspability of an object immediately before asking about its size on every trial, as was done in Linkenauger et al., 2011; Experiment 2). These results suggest that demand characteristics due to context effects could explain the scaling effects reported in Experiment 2 of Linkenauger et al. (2011), rather than either hypothesis guessing, or, as proposed by the action-specific account, a change in the perceived size of objects. © 2017, The Author(s).
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| 6. |
- Collier, Elizabeth S, et al.
(författare)
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Trapped in a tight spot : Scaling effects occur when, according to the action-specific account, they should not, and fail to occur when they should
- 2018
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer New York LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 80:4, s. 971-985
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The action-specific account of perception claims that what we see is perceptually scaled according to our action capacity. However, it has been argued that this account relies on an overly confirmatory research strategy—predicting the presence of, and then finding, an effect (Firestone & Scholl, 2014). A comprehensive approach should also test disconfirmatory predictions, in which no effect is expected. In two experiments, we tested one such prediction based on the action-specific account, namely that scaling effects should occur only when participants intend to act (Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2005). All participants wore asymmetric gloves in which one glove was padded with extra material, so that one hand was wider than the other. Participants visually estimated the width of apertures. The action-specific account predicts that the apertures should be estimated as being narrower for the wider hand, but only when participants intend to act. We found this scaling effect when it should not have occurred (Exp. 1, for participants who did not intend to act), as well as no effect when it should have occurred (Exp. 2, for participants who intended to act but were given a cover story for the visibility and position of their hands). Thus, the cover story used in Experiment 2 eliminated the scaling effect found in Experiment 1. We suggest that the scaling effect observed in Experiment 1 likely resulted from demand characteristics associated with using a salient, unexplained manipulation (e.g., telling people which hand to use to do the task). Our results suggest that the action-specific account lacks predictive power. © 2018, The Author(s).
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| 7. |
- Eck, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Instant disembodiment of virtual body parts
- 2022
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Nature. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 84:8, s. 2725-2740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence from multisensory body illusions suggests that body representations may be malleable, for instance, by embodyingexternal objects. However, adjusting body representations to current task demands also implies that external objects becomedisembodied from the body representation if they are no longer required. In the current web-based study, we induced theembodiment of a two-dimensional (2D) virtual hand that could be controlled by active movements of a computer mouse or ona touchpad. Following initial embodiment, we probed for disembodiment by comparing two conditions: Participants eithercontinued moving the virtual hand or they stopped moving and kept the hand still. Based on theoretical accounts that conceptualizebody representations as a set of multisensory bindings, we expected gradual disembodiment of the virtual hand if the bodyrepresentations are no longer updated through correlated visuomotor signals. In contrast to our prediction, the virtual hand wasinstantly disembodied as soon as participants stopped moving it. This result was replicated in two follow-up experiments. Theobserved instantaneous disembodiment might suggest that humans are sensitive to the rapid changes that characterize action andbody in virtual environments, and hence adjust corresponding body representations particularly swiftly.
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| 8. |
- Englund, Mats P., et al.
(författare)
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Beware how you compare : comparison direction dictates stimulus-valence-modulated presentation-order effects in preference judgment
- 2013
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 75:5, s. 1001-1011
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Englund and Hellstrom (Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 25: 82-94, 2012a) found a tendency to prefer the left (first-read) of two attractive alternatives but the right (second-read) of two unattractive alternatives-a valence-dependent word-order effect (WOE). They used stimulus pairs spaced horizontally, and preference was indicated by choosing one of several written statements (e. g., apple I like more than pear). The results were interpreted as being due to stimulus position, with the magnitude of the left stimulus having a greater impact on the comparison outcome than the magnitude of the right. Here we investigated the effects of the positioning of the stimuli versus the semantics of the response alternatives (i.e., comparison direction) on the relative impacts of the stimuli. Participants rated preferences for stimuli spaced horizontally with the response alternatives not dictating a comparison direction (Exp. 1), and stimuli spaced vertically using Englund and Hellstrom's (Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 25: 82-94, 2012a) response alternatives, which dictate a comparison direction semantically (Exp. 2). The results showed that the valence-dependent WOE found by Englund and Hellstrom (Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 25: 82-94, 2012a) was not due to the horizontal stimulus positioning per se, but to the induced comparison direction, with the effect probably being mediated by attention directed at the subject of the comparison. We concluded that a set comparison direction is required for the valence-dependent WOE to appear, and that using Hellstrom's sensation-weighting model to determine stimulus weights is a way to verify the comparison direction.
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| 9. |
- Englund, Mats P., 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Presentation-order effects for aesthetic stimulus preference
- 2012
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 74:7, s. 1499-1511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For preference comparisons of paired successive musical excerpts, Koh (American Journal of Psychology, 80, 171-185, 1967) found time-order effects (TOEs) that correlated negatively with stimulus valence-the first (vs. the second) of two unpleasant (vs. two pleasant) excerpts tended to be preferred. We present three experiments designed to investigate whether valence-level-dependent order effects for aesthetic preference (a) can be accounted for using Hellstrom's (e.g., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, 460-477, 1979) sensation-weighting (SW) model, (b) can be generalized to successive and to simultaneous visual stimuli, and (c) vary, in accordance with the stimulus weighting, with interstimulus interval (ISI; for successive stimuli) or stimulus duration (for simultaneous stimuli). Participants compared paired successive jingles (Exp. 1), successive color patterns (Exp. 2), and simultaneous color patterns (Exp. 3), selecting the preferred stimulus. The results were well described by the SW model, which provided a better fit than did two extended versions of the Bradley-Terry-Luce model. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed higher weights for the second stimulus than for the first, and negatively valence-level-dependent TOEs. In Experiment 3, there was no laterality effect on the stimulus weighting and no valence-level-dependent space-order effects (SOEs). In terms of the SW model, the valence-level-dependent TOEs can be explained as a consequence of differential stimulus weighting in combination with stimulus valence varying from low to high, and the absence of valence-level-dependent SOEs as a consequence of the absence of differential weighting. For successive stimuli, there were no important effects of ISI on weightings and TOEs, and, for simultaneous stimuli, duration had only a small effect on the weighting.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Flykt, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Fear makes you stronger : Responding to feared animal targets in visual search
- 2012
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 74:7, s. 1437-1445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate whether fear affects the strength with which responses are made, 12 animal-fearful individuals (five snake fearful and seven spider fearful) were instructed to decide as quickly as possible whether an animal target from a deviant category was present in a 3 × 4 item (animal) search array. The animal categories were snakes, spiders, and cats. Response force was measured, in newtons. The results showed that the strength of the response was greater when the feared animal served as the target than when it served as the distractors. This finding was corroborated by evoked heart rate changes to the stimuli. Our findings strengthen the argument that focused attention on a single, feared animal can lead to increases in manual force.
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| 12. |
- Francis, Gregory, et al.
(författare)
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Excess success in articles on object-based attention
- 2022
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 84:3, s. 700-714
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-five years of research has explored the object-based attention effect using the two-rectangles paradigm and closely related paradigms. While reading this literature, we noticed statistical attributes that are sometimes related to questionable research practices, which can undermine the reported conclusions. To quantify these attributes, we applied the Test for Excess Success (TES) individually to 37 articles that investigate various properties of object-based attention and comprise four or more experiments. A TES analysis estimates the probability that a direct replication of the experiments in a given article with the same sample sizes would have the same success (or better) as the original article. If the probability is low, then readers should be skeptical about the conclusions that are based on those experimental results. We find that 19 of the 37 analyzed articles (51%) seem too good to be true in that they have a replication probability below 0.1. In a new large sample study, we do find evidence for the basic object-based attention effect in the two-rectangles paradigm, which this literature builds on. A power analysis using this data shows that commonly used sample sizes in studies that investigate properties of object-based attention with the two-rectangles paradigm are, in fact, much too small to reliably detect even the basic effect.
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| 13. |
- Franken, Matthias K., et al.
(författare)
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Drifting pitch awareness after exposure to altered auditory feedback
- 2022
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 84:6, s. 2027-2039
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various studies have claimed that the sense of agency is based on a comparison between an internal estimate of an action’s outcome and sensory feedback. With respect to speech, this presumes that speakers have a stable prearticulatory representation of their own speech. However, recent research suggests that the sense of agency is flexible and thus in some contexts we may feel like we produced speech that was not actually produced by us. The current study tested whether the estimated pitch of one’s articulation (termed pitch awareness) is affected by manipulated auditory feedback. In four experiments, 56 participants produced isolated vowels while being exposed to pitch-shifted auditory feedback. After every vocalization, participants indicated whether they thought the feedback was higher or lower than their actual production. After exposure to a block of high-pitched auditory feedback (+500 cents pitch shift), participants were more likely to label subsequent auditory feedback as “lower than my actual production,” suggesting that prolonged exposure to high-pitched auditory feedback led to a drift in participants’ pitch awareness. The opposite pattern was found after exposure to a constant −500 cents pitch shift. This suggests that pitch awareness is not solely based on a prearticulatory representation of intended speech or on a sensory prediction, but also on sensory feedback. We propose that this drift in pitch awareness could be indicative of a sense of agency over the pitch-shifted auditory feedback in the exposure block. If so, this suggests that the sense of agency over vocal output is flexible.
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| 14. |
- Guest, Steve, et al.
(författare)
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The development and validation of sensory and emotional scales of touch perception.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Attention, perception & psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-393X .- 1943-3921. ; 73:2, s. 531-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- No comprehensive language exists that describes the experience of touch. Three experiments were conducted to take steps toward establishing a touch lexicon. In Experiment I, 49 participants rated how well 262 adjectives described sensory, emotional and evaluative aspects of touch. In Experiment II, participants rated pairwise dissimilarities of the most descriptive words of the set. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) solutions representing semantic-perceptual spaces underlying the words resulted in a touch perception task (TPT) consisting of 26 'sensory' attributes (e.g., bumpiness) and 14 'emotional' attributes (e.g., pleasurable). In Experiment III, 40 participants used the TPT to rate unseen textured materials that were moved actively or received passively against the index fingerpad, volar forearm, and two underarm sites. MDS confirmed similar semantic-perceptual structures in Experiments II and III. Factor analysis of Experiment III data decomposed the sensory attribute ratings into factors labeled Roughness, Slip, Pile and Firmness, and the emotional attribute ratings into Comfort and Arousal factors. Factor scores varied among materials and sites. Greater intensity of sensory and emotional responses were reported when participants passively, as opposed to actively, received stimuli. The sensitivity of the TPT in identifying body site and mode of touch-related perceptual differences affirms the validity and utility of this novel linguistic/perceptual tool.
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| 15. |
- Hellström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Intramodal and crossmodal pairing and anchoring in comparisons of successive stimuli
- 2014
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 76:4, s. 1197-1211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments were conducted to study effects of modality, temporal position, and their interaction on comparisons of successive stimuli. In Experiment 1, intramodal (tone-tone and line-line) and crossmodal (tone-line and line-tone) stimulus pairs, with two interstimulus intervals (ISIs), 400 and 2,000 ms, were presented. Participants indicated which stimulus was the stronger. Time-order errors (TOEs) were assessed using the D% measure and were found in all types of pairs. Variation in TOEs across conditions was well accounted for by changes in parameters (stimulus weights, reference levels) in an extended version of Hellstrom's sensation weighting (SW) model. With an ISI of 2,000 ms, the first stimulus had a lower weight (less impact on the response) than did the second stimulus. More negative TOEs were found with the longer ISI in all pair types except tone-line. In Experiment 2, participants indicated which of two lines was the longer or which of two tones was the louder. An intra-or crossmodal anchor, or no anchor, was interpolated between the stimuli. Anchoring tended to reduce the weight of the first stimulus, suggesting interference with memory, and to yield negative TOEs. Intramodal anchors yielded reduced weights of both stimuli, most dramatically for tones, suggesting an additional effect of stimulus interference. Response times decreased with crossmodal anchors. For line-line pairs, strong negative TOEs were found. In both experiments, the variation in TOE across conditions was well accounted for by the SW model.
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| 16. |
- Hellström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Sensation weighting in duration discrimination : A univariate, multivariate, and varied-design study of presentation-order effects
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 82, s. 3196-3220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stimulus discriminability is often assessed by comparisons of two successive stimuli: a fixed standard (St) and a varied comparison stimulus (Co). Hellstrom's sensation weighting (SW) model describes the subjective difference between St and Co as a difference between two weighted compounds, each comprising a stimulus and its internal reference level (ReL). The presentation order of St and Co has two important effects: Relative overestimation of one stimulus is caused by perceptual time-order errors (TOEs), as well as by judgment biases. Also, sensitivity to changes in Co tends to differ between orders StCo and CoSt: the Type B effect. In three duration discrimination experiments, difference limens (DLs) were estimated by an adaptive staircase method. The SW model was adapted for modeling of DLs generated with this method. In Experiments 1 and 2, St durations were 100, 215, 464, and 1,000 ms in separate blocks. TOEs and Type B effects were assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses, and were well accounted for by the SW model, suggesting that the two effects are closely related, as this model predicts. With short St durations, lower DLs were found with the order CoSt than with StCo, challenging alternative models. In Experiment 3, St durations of 100 and 215 ms, or 464 and 1,000 ms, were intermixed within a block. From the SW model this was predicted to shift the ReL for the first-presented interval, thereby also shifting the TOE. This prediction was confirmed, strengthening the SW model's account of the comparison of stimulus magnitudes.
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| 17. |
- Hellström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Time-order errors and standard-position effects in duration discrimination : An experimental study and an analysis by the sensation-weighting model
- 2015
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 77:7, s. 2409-2423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have shown that the discriminability of successive time intervals depends on the presentation order of the standard (St) and the comparison (Co) stimuli. Also, this order affects the point of subjective equality. The first effect is here called the standard-position effect (SPE); the latter is known as the time-order error. In the present study, we investigated how these two effects vary across interval types and standard durations, using Hellstrom's sensation-weighting model to describe the results and relate them to stimulus comparison mechanisms. In Experiment 1, four modes of interval presentation were used, factorially combining interval type (filled, empty) and sensory modality (auditory, visual). For each mode, two presentation orders (St-Co, Co-St) and two standard durations (100 ms, 1,000 ms) were used; half of the participants received correctness feedback, and half of them did not. The interstimulus interval was 900 ms. The SPEs were negative (i.e., a smaller difference limen for St-Co than for Co-St), except for the filled-auditory and empty-visual 100-ms standards, for which a positive effect was obtained. In Experiment 2, duration discrimination was investigated for filled auditory intervals with four standards between 100 and 1,000 ms, an interstimulus interval of 900 ms, and no feedback. Standard duration interacted with presentation order, here yielding SPEs that were negative for standards of 100 and 1,000 ms, but positive for 215 and 464 ms. Our findings indicate that the SPE can be positive as well as negative, depending on the interval type and standard duration, reflecting the relative weighting of the stimulus information, as is described by the sensation-weighting model.
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| 18. |
- Hessels, Roy S, et al.
(författare)
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Eye contact avoidance in crowds : A large wearable eye-tracking study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 84:8, s. 2623-2640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eye contact is essential for human interactions. We investigated whether humans are able to avoid eye contact while navigating crowds. At a science festival, we fitted 62 participants with a wearable eye tracker and instructed them to walk a route. Half of the participants were further instructed to avoid eye contact. We report that humans can flexibly allocate their gaze while navigating crowds and avoid eye contact primarily by orienting their head and eyes towards the floor. We discuss implications for crowd navigation and gaze behavior. In addition, we address a number of issues encountered in such field studies with regard to data quality, control of the environment, and participant adherence to instructions. We stress that methodological innovation and scientific progress are strongly interrelated.
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| 19. |
- Lindskog, Marcus, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Attentional bias induced by stimulus control (ABC) impairs measures of the approximate number system
- 2021
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Nature. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 83:4, s. 1684-1698
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pervasive congruency effects characterize approximate number discrimination tasks. Performance is better on congruent (the more numerous stimulus consists of objects of larger size that occupy a larger area) than on incongruent (where the opposite holds) items. The congruency effects typically occur when controlling for nonnumeric variables such as cumulative area. Furthermore, only performance on incongruent stimuli seems to predict math abilities. Here, we present evidence for an attentional-bias induced by stimulus control (ABC) where preattentive features such as item size reflexively influence decisions, which can explain these congruency effects. In three experiments, we tested predictions derived from the ABC. In Experiment 1, as predicted, we found that manipulation of size introduced congruency effects and eliminated the correlation with math ability for congruent items. However, performance on incongruent items and neutral, nonmanipulated items were still predictive of math ability. A negative correlation between performance on congruent and incongruent items even indicated that they measure different underlying constructs. Experiment 2 demonstrated, in line with the ABC account, that increasing presentation time reduced congruency effects. By directly measuring overt attention using eye-tracking, Experiment 3 revealed that people direct their first gaze toward the array with items of larger individual size, biasing them towards these arrays. The ABC explains why the relation between performance on approximate number discrimination tasks and math achievement has been fragile and suggests that stimulus control manipulations have contaminated the results. We discuss the importance of using stimuli that are representative of the environment.
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| 20. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(författare)
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How the deployment of visual attention modulates auditory distraction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 82:1, s. 350-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Classically, attentional selectivity has been conceptualized as a passive by-product of capacity-limits on stimulus-processing. Here, we examine the role of more active cognitive control processes in attentional selectivity, focusing on how distraction from task-irrelevant sound is modulated by levels of task-engagement in a visually-presented short-term memory task. Task-engagement was varied by manipulating the load involved in the encoding of the (visually-presented) to-be-remembered items. Using a list of Navon letters (where a large letter is composed of smaller, different-identity, letters), participants were oriented to attend and serially recall the list of large letters (low encoding-load) or to attend and serially recall the list of small letters (high encoding-load). Attentional capture by a single deviant noise burst within a task-irrelevant tone sequence (the deviation effect) was eliminated under high encoding-load (Experiment 1). However, distraction from a continuously changing sequence of tones (the changing-state effect) was immune to the influence of load (Experiment 2). This dissociation in the amenability of the deviation effect and the changing-state effect to cognitive control supports a duplex- over a unitary-mechanism account of auditory distraction in which the deviation effect is due to attentional capture while the changing-state effect reflects direct interference between the processing of the sound and processes involved in the focal task. That the changing-state effect survives high encoding-load also goes against an alternative explanation of the attenuation of the deviation effect under high load in terms of the depletion of a limited perceptual resource that would result in diminished auditory processing.
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| 21. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C, et al.
(författare)
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Searching with and against each other : Spatiotemporal coordination of visual search behavior in collaborative and competitive settings
- 2019
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 81:3, s. 666-683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although in real life people frequently perform visual search together, in lab experiments this social dimension is typically left out. Here, we investigate individual, collaborative and competitive visual search with visualization of search partners' gaze. Participants were instructed to search a grid of Gabor patches while being eye tracked. For collaboration and competition, searchers were shown in real time at which element the paired searcher was looking. To promote collaboration or competition, points were rewarded or deducted for correct or incorrect answers. Early in collaboration trials, searchers rarely fixated the same elements. Reaction times of couples were roughly halved compared with individual search, although error rates did not increase. This indicates searchers formed an efficient collaboration strategy. Overlap, the proportion of dwells that landed on hexagons that the other searcher had already looked at, was lower than expected from simulated overlap of two searchers who are blind to the behavior of their partner. The proportion of overlapping dwells correlated positively with ratings of the quality of collaboration. During competition, overlap increased earlier in time, indicating that competitors divided space less efficiently. Analysis of the entropy of the dwell locations and scan paths revealed that in the competition condition, a less fixed looking pattern was exhibited than in the collaborate and individual search conditions. We conclude that participants can efficiently search together when provided only with information about their partner's gaze position by dividing up the search space. Competing search exhibited more random gaze patterns, potentially reflecting increased interaction between searchers in this condition.
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| 22. |
- Poom, Leo
(författare)
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Influences of orientation on the Ponzo, contrast, and Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 82:4, s. 1896-1911
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Explanations of the Ponzo size illusion, the simultaneous contrast illusion, and the Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet brightness illusions involve either stimulus-driven processes (assimilation, enhanced contrast, and anchoring) or prior experiences. Real-world up-down asymmetries for typical direction of illumination and ground planes in our physical environment should influence these illusions if they are experience based, but not if they are stimulus driven. Results presented here demonstrate differences in illusion strengths between upright and inverted versions of all three illusions. A left-right asymmetry of the Cornsweet illusion was produced by manipulating the direction of illumination, providing further support for the involvement of an experience-based explanation. When the inducers were incompatible with the targets being located at the different distances, the Ponzo illusion persisted and so did the influence from orientation, providing evidence for involvement of processes other than size constancy. As defined here, upright for the brightness illusions is consistent with an interpretation of a shaded bulging surface and a 3D object resulting from a light-from-above assumption triggering compensation for varying illumination. Upright for the Ponzo illusion is consistent with the inducers in the form of converging lines being interpreted as railway tracks receding on the ground triggering size constancy effects. The implications of these results, and other results providing evidence against experience-based accounts of the illusions, are discussed.
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| 23. |
- Poom, Leo
(författare)
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Motion and color generate coactivation at postgrouping identification stages
- 2011
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 73:6, s. 1833-1842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Response times (RTs) were measured in a postgrouping visual identification task. Shapes composed of multiple elements were distinguished by color, motion, orientation, and spatial frequency alone or in pairwise conjunctions. The largest amount of redundancy gain, requiring coactivation as revealed by a race model analysis, was obtained with color-motion conjunctions. In contrast, RTs for a pregrouping detection task using the same target shape as in the identification task, distinguished by color, motion, or a conjunction of these features, showed no evidence for coactivation. The results provide psychophysical evidence for coactivation of color and motion signals in cortical regions specialized for grouping and object identification, as opposed to separate processing of these features in cortical area V1, believed to limit performance in visual search and pregrouping detection.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Thorsson, Max, 1995, et al.
(författare)
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A novel end-to-end dual-camera system for eye gaze synchrony assessment in face-to-face interaction
- 2023
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantification of face-to-face interaction can provide highly relevant information in cognitive and psychological science research. Current commercial glint-dependent solutions suffer from several disadvantages and limitations when applied in face-to-face interaction, including data loss, parallax errors, the inconvenience and distracting effect of wearables, and/or the need for several cameras to capture each person. Here we present a novel eye-tracking solution, consisting of a dual-camera system used in conjunction with an individually optimized deep learning approach that aims to overcome some of these limitations. Our data show that this system can accurately classify gaze location within different areas of the face of two interlocutors, and capture subtle differences in interpersonal gaze synchrony between two individuals during a (semi-)naturalistic face-to-face interaction.
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| 26. |
- Van den Berg, Ronald, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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"Plateau"-related summary statistics are uninformative for comparing working memory models.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performance on visual working memory tasks decreases as more items need to be remembered. Over the past decade, a debate has unfolded between proponents of slot models and slotless models of this phenomenon (Ma, Husain, Bays (Nature Neuroscience 17, 347-356, 2014). Zhang and Luck (Nature 453, (7192), 233-235, 2008) and Anderson, Vogel, and Awh (Attention, Perception, Psychophys 74, (5), 891-910, 2011) noticed that as more items need to be remembered, "memory noise" seems to first increase and then reach a "stable plateau." They argued that three summary statistics characterizing this plateau are consistent with slot models, but not with slotless models. Here, we assess the validity of their methods. We generated synthetic data both from a leading slot model and from a recent slotless model and quantified model evidence using log Bayes factors. We found that the summary statistics provided at most 0.15 % of the expected model evidence in the raw data. In a model recovery analysis, a total of more than a million trials were required to achieve 99 % correct recovery when models were compared on the basis of summary statistics, whereas fewer than 1,000 trials were sufficient when raw data were used. Therefore, at realistic numbers of trials, plateau-related summary statistics are highly unreliable for model comparison. Applying the same analyses to subject data from Anderson et al. (Attention, Perception, Psychophys 74, (5), 891-910, 2011), we found that the evidence in the summary statistics was at most 0.12 % of the evidence in the raw data and far too weak to warrant any conclusions. The evidence in the raw data, in fact, strongly favored the slotless model. These findings call into question claims about working memory that are based on summary statistics.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Wang, Xiaoye Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Bootstrapping a better slant : A stratified process for recovering 3D metric slant
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 82:3, s. 1504-1519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lind et al. (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40 (1), 83, 2014) proposed a bootstrap process that used right angles on 3D relief structure, viewed over sufficiently large continuous perspective change, to recover the scaling factor for metric shape. Wang, Lind, and Bingham (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(10), 1508-1522, 2018) replicated these results in the case of 3D slant perception. However, subsequent work by the same authors (Wang et al., 2019) suggested that the original solution could be ineffective for 3D slant and presented an alternative that used two equidistant points (a portion of the original right angle). We now describe a three-step stratified process to recover 3D slant using this new solution. Starting with 2D inputs, we (1) used an existing structure-from-motion (SFM) algorithm to derive the object’s 3D relief structure and (2) applied the bootstrap process to it to recover the unknown scaling factor, which (3) was then used to produce a slant estimate. We presented simulations of results from four previous experiments (Wang et al., 2018, 2019) to compare model and human performance. We showed that the stratified process has great predictive power, reproducing a surprising number of phenomena found in human experiments. The modeling results also confirmed arguments made in Wang et al. (2019) that an axis of mirror symmetry in an object allows observers to use the recovered scaling factor to produce an accurate slant estimate. Thus, poor estimates in the context of a lack of symmetry do not mean that the scaling factor has not been recovered, but merely that the direction of slant was ambiguous.
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| 29. |
- Wang, Xiaoye Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Symmetry mediates the bootstrapping of 3-D relief slant to metric slant
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 82:3, s. 1488-1503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical studies have always shown 3-D slant and shape perception to be inaccurate as a result of relief scaling (an unknown scaling along the depth direction). Wang, Lind, and Bingham (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(10), 1508–1522, 2018) discovered that sufficient relative motion between the observer and 3-D objects in the form of continuous perspective change (≥45°) could enable accurate 3-D slant perception. They attributed this to a bootstrap process (Lind, Lee, Mazanowski, Kountouriotis, & Bingham in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(1), 83, 2014) where the perceiver identifies right angles formed by texture elements and tracks them in the 3-D relief structure through rotation to extrapolate the unknown scaling factor, then used to convert 3-D relief structure to 3-D Euclidean structure. This study examined the nature of the bootstrap process in slant perception. In a series of four experiments, we demonstrated that (1) features of 3-D relief structure, instead of 2-D texture elements, were tracked (Experiment 1); (2) identifying right angles was not necessary, and a different implementation of the bootstrap process is more suitable for 3-D slant perception (Experiment 2); and (3) mirror symmetry is necessary to produce accurate slant estimation using the bootstrapped scaling factor (Experiments 3 and 4). Together, the results support the hypothesis that a symmetry axis is used to determine the direction of slant and that 3-D relief structure is tracked over sufficiently large perspective change to produce metric depth. Altogether, the results supported the bootstrap process.
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| 30. |
- Wykowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Action-induced effects on perception depend neither on element-level nor on set-level similarity between stimulus and response sets
- 2011
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 73:4, s. 1034-1041
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As was shown by Wykowska, Schubö, and Hommel (Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance, 35, 1755-1769, 2009), action control can affect rather early perceptual processes in visual search: Although size pop-outs are detected faster when having prepared for a manual grasping action, luminance pop-outs benefit from preparing for a pointing action. In the present study, we demonstrate that this effect of action-target congruency does not rely on, or vary with, set-level similarity or element-level similarity between perception and action-two factors that play crucial roles in standard stimulus-response interactions and in models accounting for these interactions. This result suggests that action control biases perceptual processes in specific ways that go beyond standard stimulus-response compatibility effects and supports the idea that action-target congruency taps into a fundamental characteristic of human action control
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| 31. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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How big is the gap between olfactory detection and recognition of aliphatic aldehydes?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. - - : The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. - 1943-393X. ; 72:3, s. 806-812
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to determine the magnitude of the difference in concentration between olfactory detection and recognition thresholds of aliphatic aldehydes. To this end, we first determined olfactory detection thresholds for n-butanal, n-pentanal, n-hexanal, n-heptanal, and n-octanal in a group of 16 subjects and then assessed their ability to discriminate between all possible binary pairs of the same odorants presented at different concentrations above their individual detection thresholds. We found that the gap between detection and recognition of aliphatic aldehydes is odorant pair dependent and, at the group level, spans at least a factor of 100. However, single subjects successfully discriminated between certain aldehyde pairs presented at a factor as low as 3 above detection threshold. Our approach to determining olfactory recognition thresholds, using a performance-based measure rather than verbal labeling, not only avoids the problem of semantic ambiguity and arguable criteria, but also is applicable to nonhuman species, allowing for interspecific comparisons of recognition thresholds and of the gap between detection and recognition of odorants. The raw discrimination data from this study are available as a supplement from http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
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| 32. |
- Lidström, Anette
(författare)
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Serial dependence in facial identity perception and visual working memory
- 2023
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - 1943-3921. ; 85:7, s. 2226-2241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serial dependence (SD) refers to the effect in which a person’s current perceptual judgment is attracted toward recent stimulus history. Perceptual and memory processes, as well as response and decisional biases, are thought to contribute to SD effects. The current study examined the processing stages of SD facial identity effects in the context of task-related decision processes and how such effects may differ from visual working memory (VWM) interactions. In two experiments, participants were shown a series of two sequentially presented face images. In Experiment 1, the two faces were separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 1, 3, 6, or 10 s, and participants were instructed to reproduce the second face after a varying response delay of 0, 1, 3, 6, or 10 s. Results showed that SD effects occurred most consistently at ISI of 1 s and response delays of 1 and 6 s consistent with early and late stages of processing. In Experiment 2, the ISI was held constant at 1 s, and to separate SD from VWM interactions participants were post-cued to reproduce either the first or the second face. When the second face was the target, SD effects again occurred at response delays of 1 and 6 s, but not when the first face was the target. Together, the results demonstrates that SD facial identity effects occur independently of task-related processes in a distinct temporal fashion and suggest that SD and VWM interactions may rely on separate underlying mechanisms.
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| 33. |
- Nikolaev, Andrey R., et al.
(författare)
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Refixation behavior in naturalistic viewing : Methods, mechanisms, and neural correlates
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics. - 1943-3921.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When freely viewing a scene, the eyes often return to previously visited locations. By tracking eye movements and coregistering eye movements and EEG, such refixations are shown to have multiple roles: repairing insufficient encoding from precursor fixations, supporting ongoing viewing by resampling relevant locations prioritized by precursor fixations, and aiding the construction of memory representations. All these functions of refixation behavior are understood to be underpinned by three oculomotor and cognitive systems and their associated brain structures. First, immediate saccade planning prior to refixations involves attentional selection of candidate locations to revisit. This process is likely supported by the dorsal attentional network. Second, visual working memory, involved in maintaining task-related information, is likely supported by the visual cortex. Third, higher-order relevance of scene locations, which depends on general knowledge and understanding of scene meaning, is likely supported by the hippocampal memory system. Working together, these structures bring about viewing behavior that balances exploring previously unvisited areas of a scene with exploiting visited areas through refixations.
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