| 1. |
- Ahlquist, John S., et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of Import Competition on Unionization
- 2023
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 15:4, s. 359-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study direct and indirect effects of Chinese import competition on union membership in the United States, 1990–2014. Import competition in manufacturing induced a modest decline in unionization within manufacturing industries. The magnitude is small because unionized manufacturers competed in higher-quality product segments. Manufacturers in right-to-work states experienced more direct competition with low-quality Chinese imports. Outside of manufacturing, however, import competition causes an important increase in union membership, as less educated women shift away from retail and toward jobs in health care and education where unions are stronger. We calculate that Chinese imports prevented 26 percent of the union density decline that would have otherwise occurred.
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| 2. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Paternalism against Veblen: Optimal Taxation and Non-respected Preferences for Social Comparisons
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal-Economic Policy. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 10:1, s. 39-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares optimal nonlinear income tax policies of welfarist and paternalist governments, where the latter does not respect individual preferences regarding relative consumption. Consistent with previous findings, relative consumption concerns typically induce a welfarist government to increase the marginal tax rates to internalize positional externalities. Remarkably, the optimal marginal tax rules are often very similar in the paternalist case, where such externalities are not taken into account. We identify several cases where the marginal tax rules are indeed identical between the governments. Numerical simulations show that marginal and average tax levels and the overall redistribution are often also similar.
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| 3. |
- Avdic, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Does Health-Care Consolidation Harm Patients? : Evidence from Maternity Ward Closures
- 2024
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 16:1, s. 160-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study how closures of maternity wards affect maternal and neonatal health. Using data on all hospital births in Sweden between 1990 and 2004, we compare changes in birth -related outcomes across hospital catchment areas that were differently exposed to ward closures. Our findings show that the closures increased maternal obstetric trauma but also decreased fetal stress and infant trauma among newborns. Adverse maternal outcomes are mainly driven by ward overcrowding, whereas increases in travel distance have no distinguishable effects. Positive effects on infant health reflect a shift of births from smaller to larger wards of higher quality.
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| 4. |
- Bastani, Spencer, Docent, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Child care subsidies, quality and optimal income taxation
- 2020
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 12:4, s. 1-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study child care subsidies in a Mirrleesian optimal tax framework where parents choose both the quantity and quality of child care. Child care services not only enable parents to work, but also contribute to children’s human capital. We examine the conditions under which child care expenditures should be encouraged or discouraged by the tax system under different assumptions regarding the available policy instruments. Using a quantitative model calibrated to the US economy, we illustrate the possibility that child care expenditures should be taxed rather than subsidized, and discuss the merits of public provision schemes for child care.
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| 5. |
- Bindler, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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How Punishment Severity Affects Jury Verdicts: Evidence from Two Natural Experiments
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 10:4, s. 36-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the effect of punishment severity on jury decision-making using archival data from London's Old Bailey Criminal Court from 1772 to 1871. We exploit two natural experiments in English history, resulting in sharp decreases in punishment severity: the offense-specific abolition of capital punishment and the temporary halt of penal transportation during the American Revolution. Using difference-in-differences to study the former and a pre-post design for the latter, we find a large, significant and permanent impact on jury behavior: juries are more likely to convict overall and across crime categories. Moreover, the effect size differs with defendants' gender.
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| 6. |
- Blomquist, Sören, et al.
(författare)
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Public Provision of Private Goods and Nondistortionary Marginal Tax Rates
- 2010
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 2:2, s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using an optimal taxation model combined with a previously neglected scheme of public provision of private goods, we show that there is an efficiency gain if public provision of selected goods replaces market purchases and that efficiency requires marginal income tax rates to be higher than if the goods were purchased in the market. Part of the marginal tax serves the same role as a market price and conveys information about a real social cost of working more hours. It might be that economies with higher marginal tax rates have less severe distortions than economies with lower marginal tax rates. (JEL H21, H42, I38).
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| 7. |
- Borcan, Oana, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Fighting Corruption in Education: What Works and Who Benefits?
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal-Economic Policy. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 9:1, s. 180-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the efficiency and distributional consequences of a corruptionfighting initiative in Romania targeting the endemic fraud in a high-stakes high school exit exam, which introduced CCTV monitoring of the exam and credible punishment threats. We find that punishment coupled with monitoring was effective in reducing corruption. Estimating the heterogeneous impact for students of different ability, poverty status, and gender, we show that fighting corruption led to efficiency gains (ability predicts exam outcomes better) but also to a worrisome score gap increase between poor and non-poor students. Consequently,the poor students have reduced chances to enter an elite university.
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| 8. |
- Campa, Pamela, et al.
(författare)
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Addressing Environmental Justice through In-Kind Court Settlements
- 2024
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-774X .- 1945-7731. ; 16:1, s. 415-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In US environmental court cases, a cash penalty can be mitigated if a defendant volunteers to undertake an in-kind project, such as retrofitting school buses or building a public park. A goal of the policy is to address environmental justice concerns for low-income and minority populations, yet the historical record shows in-kind settlements most likely occur in cases involving high-income, majority-White communities. A choice experiment reveals that the public prefers in-kind settlements over cash, and a randomized survey reveals in-kind settlements improve the public’s view of a violating firm, consistent with our finding of positive stock market reactions to in-kind settlements.
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| 9. |
- Carneiro, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Term Impacts of Compensatory Preschool on Health and Behavior : Evidence from Head Start
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 6:4, s. 135-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides new estimates of the medium- and long-term impacts of Head Start on health and behavioral problems. We identify these impacts using discontinuities in the probability of participation induced by program eligibility rules. Our strategy allows us to identify the effect of Head Start for the individuals in the neighborhoods of multiple discontinuities. Participation in the program reduces the incidence of behavioral problems, health problems, and obesity of male children at ages 12 and 13. It lowers depression and obesity among adolescents, and it reduces engagement in criminal activities and idleness for young adults.
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| 10. |
- Engström, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Tax Compliance and Loss Aversion
- 2015
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 7:4, s. 132-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study if taxpayers are loss averse when filing returns. Preliminary deficits might be viewed as losses assuming zero preliminary balances as reference points. Swedish taxpayers can to try to escape such losses by claiming deductions after receiving information about the preliminary balance. Using a regression kink and discontinuity approach, we study data for 3.6 million Swedish taxpayers for 2006. There are strong causal effects of preliminary tax deficits on the probability of claiming deductions. Compliance will increase and auditing costs will be reduced if preliminary taxes are calibrated so that most taxpayers receive refunds.
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| 11. |
- Lundqvist, Heléne, et al.
(författare)
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Stimulating Local Public Employment:Do General Grants Work?
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 6:1, s. 167-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We apply the regression kink design to the Swedish grant system and estimate causal effects of intergovernmental grants on local public employment. Our robust conclusion is that grants do not stimulate local public employment. We find no statistically significant effects on total local public employment, and we can exclude even moderate effects. When disaggregating the total effect by sector, we find that personnel in the traditional welfare sectors are unaffected, a conclusion which applies to both publicly and privately employed in these sectors. The only positive and statistically significant effect of grants is that on administrative personnel.
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| 12. |
- Pettersson-Lidbom, Per
(författare)
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Dynamic Commitment and the Soft Budget Constraint An Empirical Test
- 2010
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 2:3, s. 154-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops an empirical framework for the problem of soft budgets which is explicitly based on a dynamic commitment problem, i e, the inability of a supporting organization to commit itself not to extend more resources ex post to a budget-constrained organization than it was prepared to provide ex ante Swedish local governments are used as a testing ground since the central government distributed a large number of fiscal transfers The estimated soft-budget effect is economically significant on average a local government Increases its debt by more than 20 percent by going from a hard to a soft budget constraint (JEL D82, G32, L32)
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| 13. |
- Seim, David
(författare)
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Behavioral Responses to Wealth Taxes : Evidence from Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 9:4, s. 395-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides an empirical assessment of an annual wealth tax. Using Swedish administrative data, I estimate net-of-tax-rate elasticities of taxable wealth in the range [0.09, 0.27]. Cross-checking self-reported assets against asset data unavailable to the tax agency reveals that around a third of the elasticity estimates are due to underreporting of asset values. Difference-in-difference designs further suggest that the responses reflect evasion and avoidance rather than changes in saving.
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| 14. |
- Avdic, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Does Health-Care Consolidation Harm Patients? Evidence from Maternity Ward Closures
- 2024
-
Ingår i: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. - 1945-7731. ; 16:1, s. 160-189
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study how closures of maternity wards affect maternal and neonatal health. Using data on all hospital births in Sweden between 1990 and 2004, we compare changes in birth-related outcomes across hospital catchment areas that were differently exposed to ward closures. Our findings show that the closures increased maternal obstetric trauma but also decreased fetal stress and infant trauma among newborns. Adverse maternal outcomes are mainly driven by ward overcrowding, whereas increases in travel distance have no distinguishable effects. Positive effects on infant health reflect a shift of births from smaller to larger wards of higher quality.
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