| 1. |
- Abada, A., et al.
(författare)
-
FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 2
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 228:2, s. 261-623
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in the same 100 km tunnel. The scientific capabilities of the integrated FCC programme would serve the worldwide community throughout the 21st century. The FCC study also investigates an LHC energy upgrade, using FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the second volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the electron-positron collider FCC-ee. After summarizing the physics discovery opportunities, it presents the accelerator design, performance reach, a staged operation scenario, the underlying technologies, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, and an implementation plan. FCC-ee can be built with today’s technology. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh. Combining concepts from past and present lepton colliders and adding a few novel elements, the FCC-ee design promises outstandingly high luminosity. This will make the FCC-ee a unique precision instrument to study the heaviest known particles (Z, W and H bosons and the top quark), offering great direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics. © 2019, The Author(s).
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| 2. |
- Abada, A., et al.
(författare)
-
FCC-hh : The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 3
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 228:4, s. 755-1107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100TeV. Its unprecedented centre of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.
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| 3. |
- Abada, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Future Circular Collider : Vol. 2 The Lepton Collider (FCC-ee)
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Future Circular Collider. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in the same 100 km tunnel. The scientific capabilities of the integrated FCC programme would serve the worldwide community throughout the 21st century. The FCC study also investigates an LHC energy upgrade, using FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the second volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the electron-positron collider FCC-ee. After summarizing the physics discovery opportunities, it presents the accelerator design, performance reach, a staged operation scenario, the underlying technologies, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, and an implementation plan. FCC-ee can be built with today’s technology. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh. Combining concepts from past and present lepton colliders and adding a few novel elements, the FCC-ee design promises outstandingly high luminosity. This will make the FCC-ee a unique precision instrument to study the heaviest known particles (Z, W and H bosons and the top quark), offering great direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics.
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| 4. |
- Abada, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Future Circular Collider : Vol. 3 The Hadron Collider (FCC-hh)
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Future Circular Collider. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Particle physics has arrived at an important moment of its history. The discovery of the Higgs boson, with a mass of 125 GeV, completes the matrix of particles and interactions that has constituted the “Standard Model” for several decades. This model is a consistent and predictive theory, which has so far proven successful at describing all phenomena accessible to collider experiments. However, several experimental facts do require the extension of the Standard Model and explanations are needed for observations such as the abundance of matter over antimatter, the striking evidence for dark matter and the non-zero neutrino masses. Theoretical issues such as the hierarchy problem, and, more in general, the dynamical origin of the Higgs mechanism, do likewise point to the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model. This report contains the description of a novel research infrastructure based on a highest-energy hadron collider with a centre-of-mass collision energy of 100 TeV and an integrated luminosity of at least a factor of 5 larger than the HL-LHC. It will extend the current energy frontier by almost an order of magnitude. The mass reach for direct discovery will reach several tens of TeV, and allow, for example, to produce new particles whose existence could be indirectly exposed by precision measurements during the earlier preceding e+e– collider phase. This collider will also precisely measure the Higgs self-coupling and thoroughly explore the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking at the TeV scale, to elucidate the nature of the electroweak phase transition. WIMPs as thermal dark matter candidates will be discovered, or ruled out. As a single project, this particle collider infrastructure will serve the world-wide physics community for about 25 years and, in combination with a lepton collider (see FCC conceptual design report volume 2), will provide a research tool until the end of the 21st century. Collision energies beyond 100 TeV can be considered when using high-temperature superconductors. The European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update 2013 stated “To stay at the forefront of particle physics, Europe needs to be in a position to propose an ambitious post-LHC accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update”. The FCC study has implemented the ESPP recommendation by developing a long-term vision for an “accelerator project in a global context”. This document describes the detailed design and preparation of a construction project for a post-LHC circular energy frontier collider “in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide”, and enhanced by a strong participation of industrial partners. Now, a coordinated preparation effort can be based on a core of an ever-growing consortium of already more than 135 institutes worldwide. The technology for constructing a high-energy circular hadron collider can be brought to the technology readiness level required for constructing within the coming ten years through a focused R&D; programme. The FCC-hh concept comprises in the baseline scenario a power-saving, low-temperature superconducting magnet system based on an evolution of the Nb3Sn technology pioneered at the HL-LHC, an energy-efficient cryogenic refrigeration infrastructure based on a neon-helium (Nelium) light gas mixture, a high-reliability and low loss cryogen distribution infrastructure based on Invar, high-power distributed beam transfer using superconducting elements and local magnet energy recovery and re-use technologies that are already gradually introduced at other CERN accelerators. On a longer timescale, high-temperature superconductors can be developed together with industrial partners to achieve an even more energy efficient particle collider or to reach even higher collision energies.The re-use of the LHC and its injector chain, which also serve for a concurrently running physics programme, is an essential lever to come to an overall sustainable research infrastructure at the energy frontier. Strategic R&D; for FCC-hh aims at minimising construction cost and energy consumption, while maximising the socio-economic impact. It will mitigate technology-related risks and ensure that industry can benefit from an acceptable utility. Concerning the implementation, a preparatory phase of about eight years is both necessary and adequate to establish the project governance and organisation structures, to build the international machine and experiment consortia, to develop a territorial implantation plan in agreement with the host-states’ requirements, to optimise the disposal of land and underground volumes, and to prepare the civil engineering project. Such a large-scale, international fundamental research infrastructure, tightly involving industrial partners and providing training at all education levels, will be a strong motor of economic and societal development in all participating nations. The FCC study has implemented a set of actions towards a coherent vision for the world-wide high-energy and particle physics community, providing a collaborative framework for topically complementary and geographically well-balanced contributions. This conceptual design report lays the foundation for a subsequent infrastructure preparatory and technical design phase.
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| 5. |
- Abada, A., et al.
(författare)
-
HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 228:5, s. 1109-1382
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries. © 2019, The Author(s).
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| 6. |
- Abramowicz, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Conceptual design report for the LUXE experiment
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal-Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 230:11, s. 2445-2560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Conceptual Design Report describes LUXE (Laser Und XFEL Experiment), an experimental campaign that aims to combine the high-quality and high-energy electron beam of the European XFEL with a powerful laser to explore the uncharted terrain of quantum electrodynamics characterised by both high energy and high intensity. We will reach this hitherto inaccessible regime of quantum physics by analysing high-energy electron-photon and photon-photon interactions in the extreme environment provided by an intense laser focus. The physics background and its relevance are presented in the science case which in turn leads to, and justifies, the ensuing plan for all aspects of the experiment: Our choice of experimental parameters allows (i) field strengths to be probed where the coupling to charges becomes non-perturbative and (ii) a precision to be achieved that permits a detailed comparison of the measured data with calculations. In addition, the high photon flux predicted will enable a sensitive search for new physics beyond the Standard Model. The initial phase of the experiment will employ an existing 40 TW laser, whereas the second phase will utilise an upgraded laser power of 350 TW. All expectations regarding the performance of the experimental set-up as well as the expected physics results are based on detailed numerical simulations throughout.
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| 7. |
- Assmann, R. W., et al.
(författare)
-
EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 229:24, s. 3675-4284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report presents the conceptual design of a new European research infrastructure EuPRAXIA. The concept has been established over the last four years in a unique collaboration of 41 laboratories within a Horizon 2020 design study funded by the European Union. EuPRAXIA is the first European project that develops a dedicated particle accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology. It focuses on the development of electron accelerators and underlying technologies, their user communities, and the exploitation of existing accelerator infrastructures in Europe. EuPRAXIA has involved, amongst others, the international laser community and industry to build links and bridges with accelerator science — through realising synergies, identifying disruptive ideas, innovating, and fostering knowledge exchange. The Eu-PRAXIA project aims at the construction of an innovative electron accelerator using laser- and electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration that offers a significant reduction in size and possible savings in cost over current state-of-the-art radiofrequency-based accelerators. The foreseen electron energy range of one to five gigaelectronvolts (GeV) and its performance goals will enable versatile applications in various domains, e.g. as a compact free-electron laser (FEL), compact sources for medical imaging and positron generation, table-top test beams for particle detectors, as well as deeply penetrating X-ray and gamma-ray sources for material testing. EuPRAXIA is designed to be the required stepping stone to possible future plasma-based facilities, such as linear colliders at the high-energy physics (HEP) energy frontier. Consistent with a high-confidence approach, the project includes measures to retire risk by establishing scaled technology demonstrators. This report includes preliminary models for project implementation, cost and schedule that would allow operation of the full Eu-PRAXIA facility within 8—10 years. © 2020, The Author(s).
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| 8. |
- Baladron, Carlos, et al.
(författare)
-
Bell inequality violation in the framework of a Darwinian approach to quantum mechanics
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 227:15-16, s. 2119-2132
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fundamental particle in physical space subject to conservation of momentum and energy, and characterized by its average mass and its position is methodologically supplemented with an information processor - a classical Turing machine - and a randomizer both defined on an information space localized on every particle. In this way the particle can be considered a generalized Darwinian system on which natural selection could act steering the evolution on the information space of the algorithms that govern the behaviour of the particles, giving rise plausibly to emergent quantum behaviour from initial randomness. This theory is applied to an EPR-Bohm experiment for electrons in order to analyse Bell inequality violation. A model for the entanglement of two particles has been considered. The model includes shared randomness - each particle stores its own randomizer and that of its partner - and the mutual transfer of their algorithms - sharing programs - that contain their respective anticipation modules. This fact enables every particle to anticipate not only the possible future configurations of its surrounding systems, but also those of the surrounding systems of its entangled partner. Thus, while preserving locality and realism, this theory implies outcome dependence - through shared randomness - and parameter dependence - through shared anticipation - for entangled states and, as a consequence, the violation of the Bell inequality in an EPR-Bohm experiment.
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| 9. |
- Bashinov, A. V., et al.
(författare)
-
New horizons for extreme light physics with mega-science project XCELS
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 223:6, s. 1105-1112
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A short review of the Russian mega-science project XCELS and scientific problems to be solved are presented. We discuss the origin of multi-beam design to attain the highest field magnitude at optimal focusing. Then, we formulate particular physical problems of fundamental interest that can be solved within this project.
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| 10. |
- Belonoshko, Anatoly B., et al.
(författare)
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Melting of a polycrystalline material
- 2013
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Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 216:1, s. 199-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Calculating the melting temperature of a solid with a known model of interaction between atoms is nowadays a comparatively simple task. However, when one simulates a single crystal by molecular dynamics method, it does not normally melt at the melting temperature. Instead, one has to significantly overheat it. Yet, a real material melts at the melting point. Here we investigate the impact of the defects and the grain boundaries on melting. We demonstrate that defects and grain boundaries have similar impact and make it possible to simulate melting in close vicinity of thermodynamic melting temperature. We also show that the Z method might be non-applicable in discriminating a stable submelting phase.
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| 11. |
- Berg, M. C., et al.
(författare)
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Water dynamics in glass ionomer cements
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 225:4, s. 773-777
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glass ionomer cements (GIC) are an alternative for preventive dentistry. However, these dental cements are complex systems where important motions related to the different states of the hydrogen atoms evolve in a confined porous structure. In this paper, we studied the water dynamics of two different liquids used to prepare either conventional or resin-modified glass ionomer cement. By combining thermal analysis with neutron scattering data we were able to relate the water structure in the liquids to the materials properties.
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| 12. |
- Bhardwaj, Anshuman, et al.
(författare)
-
The challenges and possibilities of earthquake predictions using non-seismic precursors
- 2021
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Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 230:1, s. 367-380
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The catastrophic magnitude of life and monetary losses associated with earthquakes deserve serious attention and mitigation measures. However, in addition to the pre-earthquake and post-earthquake alleviation actions, the scientific community indeed needs to reconsider the possibilities of earthquake predictions using non-seismic precursors. A significant number of studies in the recent decades have reported several possible earthquake precursors such as anomalies in electric field, magnetic field, gas/aerosol emissions, ionospheric signals, ground water level, land surface temperature, surface deformations, animal behaviour, thermal infrared signals, atmospheric gravity waves, and lightning. Such substantial number of scientific articles and reported anomalous signals cannot be overlooked without a thoughtful appraisal. Here, we provide an opinion on the way forward for earthquake prediction in terms of challenges and possibilities while using non-seismic precursors. A general point of concern is the widely varying arrival times and the amplitudes of the anomalies, putting a question mark on their universal applicability as earthquake markers. However, a unifying concept which does not only define the physical basis of either all or most of these anomalies but which also streamlines their characterisation procedure must be the focus of future earthquake precursory research. Advancements in developing the adaptable instrumentation for in-situ observations of the claimed non-seismic precursors must be the next step and the satellite observations should not be taken as a replacement for field-based research. We support the need to standardise the precursor detection techniques and to employ a global-scale monitoring system for making any possible earthquake predictions reliable.
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| 13. |
- Borge, M. J. G., et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping of the C-12* states via the B-10(He-3,p alpha alpha alpha) reaction
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 150:1, s. 207-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have studied C-12 in full kinematics via the B-10(He-3, p alpha alpha alpha) reaction at an energy of 2.45 MeV. In our data we have identified states in C-12 from the ground state up to about 18 MeV, with spins ranging from 0 to 4. Due to the very good resolution, we are able to determine properties of these C-12 resonances, such as their energy, width, and spin. In this contribution preliminary results from the ongoing analysis are presented. Main focus on the precise determination of the breakup spectra for all resonances.
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| 14. |
- Boutami, R., et al.
(författare)
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Structure of Ac-231 : Measurements of level half-lives
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal - Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 150:1, s. 87-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is lack of knowledge of the structure of the Ac-231 nucleus located in the upper border of the island of octupole deformation centered around A = 225. We have populated the excited states in Ac-231 by beta-decay from the parent Ra-231 produced at ISOLDE, CERN. The low-energy structure of Ac-231 has been investigated by means of gamma, conversion electrons, gamma-gamma and gamma-e(-) spectroscopy. We report here in the precise determination in Ac-231 of the half-life of the most intensively populated states by the Advanced Time Delayed beta beta gamma(t) technique.
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| 15. |
- Brasiello, Antonio, et al.
(författare)
-
From simple lattice models to systems of interacting particles : the role of stochastic regularity in transport models
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 228:1, s. 93-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of stochastic regularity in lattice models corresponds to the physical constraint that the lattice parameters defining particle stochastic motion (specifically, the lattice spacing and the hopping time) attain finite values. This assumption, that is physically well posed, as it corresponds to the existence of bounded mean free path and root mean square velocity, modifies the formulation of the classical hydrodynamic limit for lattice models of particle dynamics, transforming the resulting balance equations for the probability density function from parabolic to hyperbolic. Starting from simple, but non trivial, lattice models of non interacting particles, the article analyzes the role of stochastic regularity in the formulation of the hydrodynamic equations. Specifically, the case of multiphase lattice models is considered both in regular and disordered structures, and the way of including interaction potential within the hyperbolic transport formalism analyzed.
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| 16. |
- Burgman, A., et al.
(författare)
-
The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Nature. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 231:21, s. 3779-3955
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A design study, named ESSνSB for European Spallation Source neutrino Super Beam, has been carried out during the years 2018–2022 of how the 5 MW proton linear accelerator of the European Spallation Source under construction in Lund, Sweden, can be used to produce the world’s most intense long-baseline neutrino beam. The high beam intensity will allow for measuring the neutrino oscillations near the second oscillation maximum at which the CP violation signal is close to three times higher than at the first maximum, where other experiments measure. This will enable CP violation discovery in the leptonic sector for a wider range of values of the CP violating phase δCPδCP and, in particular, a higher precision measurement of δCPδCP. The present Conceptual Design Report describes the results of the design study of the required upgrade of the ESS linac, of the accumulator ring used to compress the linac pulses from 2.86 ms to 1.2 μs, and of the target station, where the 5 MW proton beam is used to produce the intense neutrino beam. It also presents the design of the near detector, which is used to monitor the neutrino beam as well as to measure neutrino cross sections, and of the large underground far detector located 360 km from ESS, where the magnitude of the oscillation appearance of νe from νμ is measured. The physics performance of the ESSνSB research facility has been evaluated demonstrating that after 10 years of data-taking, leptonic CP violation can be detected with more than 5 standard deviation significance over 70% of the range of values that the CP violation phase angle δCPδCP can take and that δCPδCP can be measured with a standard error less than 8° irrespective of the measured value of δCPδCP. These results demonstrate the uniquely high physics performance of the proposed ESSνSBESSνSB research facility.
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| 17. |
- Calvani, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Infrared spectroscopy of two-dimensional electron systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 228:3, s. 669-673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019, EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. We have used grazing-angle infrared spectroscopy with polarized radiation to detect the Berreman effect (BE) in the two-dimensional electron systems (2DES) which form spontaneously at two interfaces: one between an amorphous film LaAlO3 and its SrTiO3 substrate (LAO/STO), and another at the interface between the topological insulator (TI) Bi2Se3 and its sapphire substrate. In both systems we have thus extracted the 2DES parameters at different temperatures. In the quasi-2DES under amorphous LAO, the surface density ns is higher than under crystalline LAO, while the mobility is nearly the same and the thickness d is 7 nm. In ultrapure Bi2Se3 on sapphire, preliminary data provided d
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| 18. |
- Cayao, Jorge, et al.
(författare)
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Finite length effect on supercurrents between trivial and topological superconductors
- 2018
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Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 227:12, s. 1387-1396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We numerically analyze the effect of finite length of the superconducting regions on the low-energy spectrum, current-phase curves, and critical currents in junctions between trivial and topological superconductors. Such junctions are assumed to arise in nanowires with strong spin-orbit coupling under external magnetic fields and proximity-induced superconductivity. We show that all these quantities exhibit a strong dependence on the length of the topological sector in the topological phase and serve as indicators of the topological phase and thus the emergence of Majorana bound states at the end of the topological superconductor.
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| 19. |
- Cayao, Jorge, et al.
(författare)
-
Odd-frequency superconducting pairing in one-dimensional systems
- 2020
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 229:4, s. 545-575
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Odd-frequency superconductivity represents a truly unconventional ordered state which, in contrast to conventional superconductivity, exhibits pair correlations which are odd in relative time and, hence, inherently dynamical. In this review article we provide an overview of recent advances in the study of odd-frequency superconducting correlations in one-dimensional systems. In particular, we focus on recent developments in the study of nanowires with Rashba spin-orbit coupling and metallic edges of two-dimensional topological insulators in proximity to conventional superconductors. These systems have recently elicited a great deal of interest due to their potential for realizing one-dimensional topological superconductivity whose edges can host Majorana zero modes. We also provide a detailed discussion of the intimate relationship between Majorana zero modes and odd-frequency pairing. Throughout this review, we highlight the ways in which odd-frequency pairing provides a deeper understanding of the unconventional superconducting correlations present in each of these intriguing systems and how the study and control of these states holds the potential for future applications.
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| 20. |
- Cirillo, Emilio N.M., et al.
(författare)
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A lattice model approach to the morphology formation from ternary mixtures during the evaporation of one component
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 228:1, s. 55-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stimulated by experimental evidence in the field of solution-born thin films, we study the morphology formation in a three state lattice system subjected to the evaporation of one component. The practical problem that we address is the understanding of the parameters that govern morphology formation from a ternary mixture upon evaporation, as is the case in the fabrication of thin films from solution for organic photovoltaics. We use, as a tool, a generalized version of the Potts and Blume-Capel models in 2D, with the Monte Carlo Kawasaki-Metropolis algorithm, to simulate the phase behaviour of a ternary mixture upon evaporation of one of its components. The components with spin 1, −1 and 0 in the Blume-Capel dynamics correspond to the electron-acceptor, electron-donor and solvent molecules, respectively, in a ternary mixture used in the preparation of the active layer films in an organic solar cell. Furthermore, we introduce parameters that account for the relative composition of the mixture, temperature, and interaction between the species in the system. We identify the parameter regions that are prone to facilitate the phase separation. Furthermore, we study qualitatively the types of formed configurations. We show that even a relatively simple model, as the present one, can generate key morphological features, similar to those observed in experiments, which proves the method valuable for the study of complex systems.
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| 21. |
- Dion, Claude, et al.
(författare)
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Controllable 3D atomic Brownian motor in optical lattices
- 2008
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Ingår i: The European Physical Journal - Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 159:1, s. 11-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study a Brownian motor, based on cold atoms in optical lattices, where atomic motion can be induced in a controlled manner in an arbitrary direction, by rectification of isotropic random fluctuations. In contrast with ratchet mechanisms, our Brownian motor operates in a potential that is spatially and temporally symmetric, in apparent contradiction to the Curie principle. Simulations, based on the Fokker-Planck equation, allow us to gain knowledge on the qualitative behaviour of our Brownian motor. Studies of Brownian motors, and in particular ones with unique control properties, are of fundamental interest because of the role they play in protein motors and their potential applications in nanotechnology. In particular, our system opens the way to the study of quantum Brownian motors.
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| 22. |
- Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955-
(författare)
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Nature as a Network of Morphological Infocomputational Processes for Cognitive Agents
- 2017
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - Heidelberg, Germany : Springer. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 226:2, s. 181-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a view of nature as a network of infocomputational agents organized in a dynamical hierarchy of levels. It provides a framework for unification of currently disparate understandings of natural, formal, technical, behavioral and social phenomena based on information as a structure, differences in one system that cause the differences in another system, and computation as its dynamics, i.e. physical process of morphological change in the informational structure. We address some of the frequent misunderstandings regarding the natural/morphological computational models and their relationships to physical systems, especially cognitive systems such as living beings. Natural morphological infocomputation as a conceptual framework necessitates generalization of models of computation beyond the traditional Turing machine model presenting symbol manipulation, and requires agent-based concurrent resource-sensitive models of computation in order to be able to cover the whole range of phenomena from physics to cognition. The central role of agency, particularly material vs. cognitive agency is highlighted.
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| 23. |
- Donges, Jonathan F., et al.
(författare)
-
Event coincidence analysis for quantifying statistical interrelationships between event time series
- 2016
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 225:3, s. 471-487
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studying event time series is a powerful approach for analyzing the dynamics of complex dynamical systems in many fields of science. In this paper, we describe the method of event coincidence analysis to provide a framework for quantifying the strength, directionality and time lag of statistical interrelationships between event series. Event coincidence analysis allows to formulate and test null hypotheses on the origin of the observed interrelationships including tests based on Poisson processes or, more generally, stochastic point processes with a prescribed inter-event time distribution and other higher-order properties. Applying the framework to country-level observational data yields evidence that flood events have acted as triggers of epidemic outbreaks globally since the 1950s. Facing projected future changes in the statistics of climatic extreme events, statistical techniques such as event coincidence analysis will be relevant for investigating the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on human societies and ecosystems worldwide.
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| 24. |
- Duong, M. H., et al.
(författare)
-
Discrete and continuum links to a nonlinear coupled transport problem of interacting populations
- 2017
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 226:10, s. 2345-2357
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are interested in exploring interacting particle systemsthat can be seen as microscopic models for a particular structure ofcoupled transport flux arising when different populations are jointlyevolving. The scenarios we have in mind are inspired by the dynamicsof pedestrian flows in open spaces and are intimately connectedto cross-diffusion and thermo-diffusion problems holding a variationalstructure. The tools we use include a suitable structure of the relativeentropy controlling TV-norms, the construction of Lyapunov functionalsand particular closed-form solutions to nonlinear transport equations,a hydrodynamics limiting procedure due to Philipowski, as wellas the construction of numerical approximates to both the continuumlimit problem in 2D and to the original interacting particle systems.
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| 25. |
- Echtermeyer, T. J., et al.
(författare)
-
Graphene field-effect devices
- 2007
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 148:1, s. 19-26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, graphene is investigated with respect to its electronic properties when introduced into field effect devices ( FED). With the exception of manual graphene deposition, conventional top-down CMOS-compatible processes are applied. Few and monolayer graphene sheets are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The electrical properties of monolayer graphene sandwiched between two silicon dioxide films are studied. Carrier mobilities in graphene pseudo-MOS structures are compared to those obtained from double-gated Graphene-FEDs and silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors ( MOSFETs).
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| 26. |
- Elber, R., et al.
(författare)
-
SHAKE parallelization
- 2011
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 200:1, s. 211-223
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- SHAKE is a widely used algorithm to impose general holonomic constraints during molecular simulations. By imposing constraints on stiff degrees of freedom that require integration with small time steps (without the constraints) we are able to calculate trajectories with time steps larger by approximately a factor of two. The larger time step makes it possible to run longer simulations. Another approach to extend the scope of Molecular Dynamics is parallelization. Parallelization speeds up the calculation of the forces between the atoms and makes it possible to compute longer trajectories with better statistics for thermodynamic and kinetic averages. A combination of SHAKE and parallelism is therefore highly desired. Unfortunately, the most widely used SHAKE algorithm (of bond relaxation) is inappropriate for parallelization and alternatives are needed. The alternatives must minimize communication, lead to good load balancing, and offer significantly better performance than the bond relaxation approach. The algorithm should also scale with the number of processors. We describe the theory behind different implementations of constrained dynamics on parallel systems, and their implementation on common architectures.
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| 27. |
- Ferretti, Gabriele, 1963
(författare)
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Underlying gauge-fermion models of compositeness
- 2022
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 231:7, s. 1265-1272
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review recent advances in the construction of models of compositeness using four-dimensional gauge theories with fermionic matter. We discuss the group theory data needed to fulfill the basic phenomenological requirements and we touch upon the main predictions of these constructions.
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| 28. |
- Fischer, J., et al.
(författare)
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Looking at hydrogen motions in confinement The uniqueness of Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering
- 2014
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal. Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 223:9, s. 1831-1847
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why in a barren and hot desert, clays can contain a significant fraction of water? Why does concrete crack? How can we demonstrate that complexation of a drug does not alter its conformation in a way that affects its functionality? In this paper we present results on various studies using Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering aimed at clarifying these questions. To allow for a better understanding of neutron scattering, a brief introduction to the basics of its theory is presented. Following the theoretical part, experimental results dealing with the effects of confinement on the water dynamics caused by the interfaces in clays and the nano- and micro-pores of concrete are reviewed in detail. At the end, recent Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering investigations on the complexation of the local anesthetics Bupivacaine (BVC.HCl, C18H28N20.HCl.H2O) and Ropivacaine (RVC.HCl, C17H26N20.HCl.H2O) into the cyclic beta-cyclodextrin oligosaccharide are presented. To conclude, the perspectives that the European Spallation Source brings to this subject are discussed.
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| 29. |
- Fuchs, J., et al.
(författare)
-
Plasma devices for focusing extreme light pulses
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 223:6, s. 1169-1173
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the inception of the laser, there has been a constant push toward increasing the laser peak intensity, as this has lead to opening the exploration of new territories, and the production of compact sources of particles and radiation with unprecedented characteristics. However, increasing the peak laser intensity is usually performed by enhancing the produced laser properties, either by lowering its duration or increasing its energy, which involves a great level of complexity for the laser chain, or comes at great cost. Focusing tightly is another possibility to increase the laser intensity, but this comes at the risk of damaging the optics with target debris, as it requires their placement in close proximity to the interaction region. Plasma devices are an attractive, compact alternative to tightly focus extreme light pulses and further increase the final laser intensity.
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| 30. |
- Geier, Fabian, et al.
(författare)
-
The physics of governance networks : critical transitions in contagion dynamics on multilayer adaptive networks with application to the sustainable use of renewable resources
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 228:11, s. 2357-2369
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adaptive networks are a versatile approach to model phenomena such as contagion and spreading dynamics, critical transitions and structure formation that emerge from the dynamic coevolution of complex network structure and node states. Adaptive networks have been successfully applied to study and understand phenomena ranging from epidemic spreading, infrastructure, swarm dynamics and opinion formation to the sustainable use of renewable resources. Here, we study critical transitions in contagion dynamics on multilayer adaptive networks with dynamic node states and present an application to the governance of sustainable resource use. We focus on a three-layer adaptive network model, where a polycentric governance network interacts with a social network of resource users which in turn interacts with an ecological network of renewable resources. We uncover that sustainability is favored for slow interaction timescales, large homophilic network adaptation rate (as long it is below the fragmentation threshold) and high taxation rates. Interestingly, we also observe a trade-off between an eco-dictatorship (reduced model with a single governance actor that always taxes unsustainable resource use) and the polycentric governance network of multiple actors. In the latter setup, sustainability is enhanced for low but hindered for high tax rates compared to the eco-dictatorship case. These results highlight mechanisms generating emergent critical transitions in contagion dynamics on multilayer adaptive networks and show how these can be understood and approximated analytically, relevant for understanding complex adaptive systems from various disciplines ranging from physics and epidemiology to sociology and global sustainability science. The paper also provides insights into potential critical intervention points for policy in the form of taxes in the governance of sustainable renewable resource use that can inform more process-detailed social-ecological modeling.
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| 31. |
- Goldozian, Bahareh, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying the impact of phonon scattering on electrical and thermal transport in quantum dots
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 227:15-16, s. 1959-1967
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the inclusion of phonon scattering to our recently established numerical package QmeQ for transport in quantum dot systems. This enables straightforward calculations for a large variety of devices. As examples we show (i) transport in a double-dot structure, where energy relaxation is crucial to match the energy difference between the levels, and (ii) the generation of electrical power by contacting cold electric contacts with quantum dot states, which are subjected to heated phonons.
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| 32. |
- Gorgoi, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Hard X-ray high kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy at the KMC-1 beamline at BESSY
- 2009
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal - Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 169, s. 221-225
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photoelectron spectroscopy at high kinetic energy is a research field that receives an increasing interest due to the possibility of studying bulk properties of materials and deeply buried interfaces. Recently, the hard x-ray high kinetic energy electron spectroscopy facility (HIKE) at BESSY in Berlin has become operative at the bending magnet beamline KMC-1. First results show excellent performance. Electron spectra have been recorded using x-ray energies continuously tunable between 2 keV and 12 keV. Using back-scattering conditions in the crystal monochromator very high resolution has been achieved for photon energies around 2 keV, 6 keV and 8 keV.
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| 33. |
- Grieser, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Storage ring at HIE-ISOLDE
- 2012
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 207:1, s. 1-117
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose to install a storage ring at an ISOL-type radioactive beam facility for the first time. Specifically, we intend to setup the heavy-ion, low-energy ring TSR at the HIE-ISOLDE facility in CERN, Geneva. Such a facility will provide a capability for experiments with stored secondary beams that is unique in the world. The envisaged physics programme is rich and varied, spanning from investigations of nuclear ground-state properties and reaction studies of astrophysical relevance, to investigations with highly-charged ions and pure isomeric beams. The TSR might also be employed for removal of isobaric contaminants from stored ion beams and for systematic studies within the neutrino beam programme. In addition to experiments performed using beams recirculating within the ring, cooled beams can also be extracted and exploited by external spectrometers for high-precision measurements. The existing TSR, which is presently in operation at the Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, is well-suited and can be employed for this purpose. The physics cases as well as technical details of the existing ring facility and of the beam and infrastructure requirements at HIE-ISOLDE are discussed in the present technical design report.
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| 34. |
- Grieser, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Storage ring at HIE-ISOLDE Technical design report
- 2012
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 207:1, s. 1-117
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose to install a storage ring at an ISOL-type radioactive beam facility for the first time. Specifically, we intend to setup the heavy-ion, low-energy ring TSR at the HIE-ISOLDE facility in CERN, Geneva. Such a facility will provide a capability for experiments with stored secondary beams that is unique in the world. The envisaged physics programme is rich and varied, spanning from investigations of nuclear ground-state properties and reaction studies of astrophysical relevance, to investigations with highly-charged ions and pure isomeric beams. The TSR might also be employed for removal of isobaric contaminants from stored ion beams and for systematic studies within the neutrino beam programme. In addition to experiments performed using beams recirculating within the ring, cooled beams can also be extracted and exploited by external spectrometers for high-precision measurements. The existing TSR, which is presently in operation at the Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, is well-suited and can be employed for this purpose. The physics cases as well as technical details of the existing ring facility and of the beam and infrastructure requirements at HIE-ISOLDE are discussed in the present technical design report.
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| 35. |
- Gözen, Irep, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Biological lipid nanotubes and their potential role in evolution
- 2020
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 229:17-18, s. 2843-2862
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The membrane of cells and organelles are highly deformable fluid interfaces, and can take on a multitude of shapes. One distinctive and particularly interesting property of biological membranes is their ability to from long and uniform nanotubes. These nanoconduits are surprisingly omnipresent in all domains of life, from archaea, bacteria, to plants and mammals. Some of these tubes have been known for a century, while others were only recently discovered. Their designations are different in different branches of biology, e.g. they are called stromule in plants and tunneling nanotubes in mammals. The mechanical transformation of flat membranes to tubes involves typically a combination of membrane anchoring and external forces, leading to a pulling action that results in very rapid membrane nanotube formation - micrometer long tubes can form in a matter of seconds. Their radius is set by a mechanical balance of tension and bending forces. There also exists a large class of membrane nanotubes that form due to curvature inducing molecules. It seems plausible that nanotube formation and functionality in plants and animals may have been inherited from their bacterial ancestors during endosymbiotic evolution. Here we attempt to connect observations of nanotubes in different branches of biology, and outline their similarities and differences with the aim of providing a perspective on their joint functions and evolutionary origin.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Hopjan, Miroslav, et al.
(författare)
-
Initial correlated states for the generalized Kadanoff–Baym Ansatz without adiabatic switching-on of interactions in closed systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 227:15-16, s. 1939-1948
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We reconsider the Generalized Kadanoff–Baym Ansatz (GKBA) approximation for non-equilibrium Green’s functions and extend it to self-consistently define an equilibrium correlated (within GKBA) state in closed systems. The advantage of the proposed prescription is to avoid the preparation of the initial equilibrium correlated state via adiabatic switching-on of the correlations. A simple model system, namely a Hubbard-dimer, is used to illustrate aspects of the computational implementation and performance of the new scheme.
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| 39. |
- Horowitz, Viva R., et al.
(författare)
-
Active colloidal particles in emulsion droplets: a model system for the cytoplasm
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 227:17, s. 2413-2424
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In living cells, molecular motors create activity that enhances the diffusion of particles throughout the cytoplasm, and not just ones attached to the motors. We demonstrate initial steps toward creating artificial cells that mimic this phenomenon. Our system consists of active, Pt-coated Janus particles and passive tracers confined to emulsion droplets. We track the motion of both the active particles and passive tracers in a hydrogen peroxide solution, which serves as the fuel to drive the motion. We first show that correcting for bulk translational and rotational motion of the droplets induced by bubble formation is necessary to accurately track the particles. After drift correction, we find that the active particles show enhanced diffusion in the interior of the droplets and are not captured by the droplet interface. At the particle and hydrogen peroxide concentrations we use, we observe little coupling between the active and passive particles. We discuss the possible reasons for lack of coupling and describe ways to improve the system to more effectively mimic cytoplasmic activity.
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| 40. |
- Irbäck, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Protein folding/unfolding in the presence of interacting macromolecular crowders
- 2017
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 226:4, s. 627-638
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent years have seen an increasing number of biophysical studies of proteins being conducted in cells and concentrated protein solutions. In these experiments, compared to dilute-solution data, both stabilization and destabilization of globular proteins have been observed, which cannot be explained in terms of volume exclusion alone. For a fundamental understanding of the observed effects, there is a need for computational modeling beyond the level of hard-sphere crowders. This mini-review discusses recent efforts to simulate folding/unfolding properties of proteins in the presence of explicit macromolecular crowders. A Monte Carlo-based approach by us is described, which we recently applied to study the equilibrium folding thermodynamics of two peptides in the presence of explicit protein crowders.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Khrennikov, Andrei, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Concept of information laser : from quantum theory to behavioural dynamics
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 227:15-16, s. 2133-2153
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, the methods of quantum theory, especially quantum information, started to be widely applied outside of physics: in cognitive, social sciences, economics, finance, decision making and biology. We propose a quantum-like model: the information laser. The basic assumption is the discrete structure of state spaces related to the quantization of information. The information field acts in the form of indistinguishable quanta of social energy analogue to photons. The massive flow of information acts as a laser pump. In this framework, an information selection process by agents under constant pressure of massive repeated information leads to collective resonance effects in analogy with laser cavity and stimulated emission. In order to make operational parallels between physical lasers and the information laser we identify the essential features of laser operation. An application to the analysis of recent disruptive social events (colour revolutions) is discussed. Social analogues to the laser are also considered through the model of Echo Chambers induced by the Internet and Adam Smith's invisible hand.
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| 43. |
- Khrennikov, Andrei, 1958-
(författare)
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Roots of quantum computing supremacy : superposition, entanglement, or complementarity?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 230, s. 1053-1057
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent claim of Google to have brought forth a breakthrough in quantum computing represents a major impetus to further analyze the foundations for any claims of superiority regarding quantum algorithms. This note attempts to present a conceptual step in this direction. I start with a critical analysis of what is commonly referred to as entanglement and quantum nonlocality and whether or not these concepts may be the basis of quantum superiority. Bell-type experiments are then interpreted as statistical tests of Bohr's principle of complementarity (PCOM), which is, thus, given a foothold within the area of quantum informatics and computation. PCOM implies (by its connection to probability) that probabilistic algorithms may proceed without the knowledge of joint probability distributions (jpds). The computation of jpds is exponentially time consuming. Consequently, classical probabilistic algorithms, involving the computation of jpds for n random variables, can be outperformed by quantum algorithms (for large values of n). Quantum probability theory (QPT) modifies the classical formula for the total probability (FTP). Inference based on the quantum version of FTP leads to a constructive interference that increases the probability of some events and reduces that of others. The physical realization of this probabilistic advantage is based on the discreteness of quantum phenomena (as opposed to the continuity of classical phenomena).
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| 44. |
- Kitzmann, Niklas H., et al.
(författare)
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Detecting contagious spreading of urban innovations on the global city network
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 231:9, s. 1609-1624
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Only a fast and global transformation towards decarbonization and sustainability can keep the Earth in a civilization-friendly state. As hotspots for (green) innovation and experimentation, cities could play an important role in this transition. They are also known to profit from each other’s ideas, with policy and technology innovations spreading to other cities. In this way, cities can be conceptualized as nodes in a globe-spanning learning network. The dynamics of this process are important for society’s response to climate change and other challenges, but remain poorly understood on a macroscopic level. In this contribution, we develop an approach to identify whether network-based complex contagion effects are a feature of sustainability policy adoption by cities, based on dose-response contagion and surrogate data models. We apply this methodology to an exemplary data set, comprising empirical data on the spreading of a public transport innovation (Bus Rapid Transit Systems) and a global inter-city connection network based on scheduled flight routes. Although our approach is not able to identify detailed mechanisms, our results point towards a contagious spreading process, and cannot be explained by either the network structure or the increase in global adoption rate alone. Further research on the role of a city’s abstract “global neighborhood” regarding its policy and innovation decisions is thus both needed and promising, and may connect with research on social tipping processes. The methodology is generic, and can be used to compare the predictive power for innovation spreading of different kinds of inter-city network connections, e.g. via transport links, trade, or co-membership in political networks.
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| 45. |
- Klimesova, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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A multipurpose end-station for atomic, molecular and optical sciences and coherent diffractive imaging at ELI beamlines
- 2021
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Nature. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 230:23, s. 4183-4194
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the status of a users' end-station, MAC: a Multipurpose station for Atomic, molecular and optical sciences and Coherent diffractive imaging, designed for studies of structure and dynamics of matter in the femtosecond time-domain. MAC is located in the E1 experimental hall on the high harmonic generation (HHG) beamline of the ELI Beamlines facility. The extreme ultraviolet beam from the HHG beamline can be used at the MAC end-station together with a synchronized pump beam (which will cover the NIR/Vis/UV or THz range) for time-resolved experiments on different samples. Sample delivery systems at the MAC end-station include a molecular beam, a source for pure or doped clusters, ultrathin cylindrical or flat liquid jets, and focused beams of substrate-free nanoparticles produced by an electrospray or a gas dynamic virtual nozzle combined with an aerodynamic lens stack. We further present the available detectors: electron/ion time-of-flight and velocity map imaging spectrometers and an X-ray camera, and discuss future upgrades: a magnetic bottle electron spectrometer, production of doped nanodroplets and the planned developments of beam capabilities at the MAC end-station.
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| 46. |
- Kroell, Th., et al.
(författare)
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Coulomb excitation of neutron-rich (138,140,142) Xe at REX-ISOLDE
- 2007
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal. Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 150, s. 127-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on "safe" Coulomb excitation of neutron-rich (138,140,142) Xe nuclei. The radioactive nuclei have been produced by ISOLDE at CERN and post-accelerated by the REX-ISOLDE facility. The gamma-rays emitted by the decay of excited states have been detected by the MINIBALL array. Recent results are presented.
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| 47. |
- Lacis, Ugis, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
-
Steady moving contact line of water over a no-slip substrate Challenges in benchmarking phase-field and volume-of-fluid methods against molecular dynamics simulations
- 2020
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Nature. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 229:10, s. 1897-1921
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The movement of the triple contact line plays a crucial role in many applications such as ink-jet printing, liquid coating and drainage (imbibition) in porous media. To design accurate computational tools for these applications, predictive models of the moving contact line are needed. However, the basic mechanisms responsible for movement of the triple contact line are not well understood but still debated. We investigate the movement of the contact line between water, vapour and a silica-like solid surface under steady conditions in low capillary number regime. We use molecular dynamics (MD) with an atomistic water model to simulate a nanoscopic drop between two moving plates. We include hydrogen bonding between the water molecules and the solid substrate, which leads to a sub-molecular slip length. We benchmark two continuum methods, the Cahn-Hilliard phase-field (PF) model and a volume-of-fluid (VOF) model, against MD results. We show that both continuum models reproduce the statistical measures obtained from MD reasonably well, with a trade-off in accuracy. We demonstrate the importance of the phase-field mobility parameter and the local slip length in accurately modelling the moving contact line.
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| 48. |
- Lee, Sang Hoon, et al.
(författare)
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A greedy-navigator approach to navigable city plans
- 2013
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 215:1, s. 135-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use a set of four theoretical navigability indices for street maps to investigate the shape of the resulting street networks, if they are grown by optimizing these indices. The indices compare the performance of simulated navigators (having a partial information about the surroundings, like humans in many real situations) to the performance of optimally navigating individuals. We show that our simple greedy shortcut construction strategy generates the emerging structures that are different from real road network, but not inconceivable. The resulting city plans, for all navigation indices, share common qualitative properties such as the tendency for triangular blocks to appear, while the more quantitative features, such as degree distributions and clustering, are characteristically different depending on the type of metrics and routing strategies. We show that it is the type of metrics used which determines the overall shapes characterized by structural heterogeneity, but the routing schemes contribute to more subtle details of locality, which is more emphasized in case of unrestricted connections when the edge crossing is allowed.
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| 49. |
- Lestinsky, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Physics book: CRYRING@ESR
- 2016
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 225:5, s. 797-882
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The exploration of the unique properties of stored and cooled beams of highly-charged ions as provided by heavy-ion storage rings has opened novel and fascinating research opportunities in the realm of atomic and nuclear physics research. Since the late 1980s, pioneering work has been performed at the CRYRING at Stockholm (Abrahamsson et al. 1993) and at the Test Storage Ring (TSR) at Heidelberg (Baumann et al. 1988). For the heaviest ions in the highest charge-states, a real quantum jump was achieved in the early 1990s by the commissioning of the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt (Franzke 1987) where challenging experiments on the electron dynamics in the strong field regime as well as nuclear physics studies on exotic nuclei and at the borderline to atomic physics were performed. Meanwhile also at Lanzhou a heavy-ion storage ring has been taken in operation, exploiting the unique research opportunities in particular for medium-heavy ions and exotic nuclei (Xia et al. 2002).
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| 50. |
- Lindgren, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Non-traditional stochastic models for ocean waves
- 2010
-
Ingår i: The European Physical Journal. Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6355 .- 1951-6401. ; 185, s. 209-224
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present two flexible stochastic models for 2D and 3D ocean waves with potential to reproduce severe and non-homogeneous sea conditions. The first family consists of generalized Lagrange models for the movements of individual water particles. These models can generate crest-trough and front-back statistically asymmetric waves, with the same degree of asymmetry as measured ocean waves. They are still in the Gaussian family and it is possible to calculate different slope distributions exactly from a wave energy spectrum. The second model is a random field model that is generated by a nested stochastic partial differential equation. This model can be adapted to spatially non-homogeneous sea conditions and it can approximate standard wave spectra. One advantage with this model is that Hilbert space approximations can be used to obtain computationally efficient representations with Markov-type properties that facilitate the use of sparse matrix techniques in simulation and estimation.
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