| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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ELAN Analysis Companion (EAC) : A Software Tool for Time-course Analysis of ELAN-annotated Data
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 9:3, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ELAN is a widely used and free (in both senses) annotation software for behavioral or other events that unfold over time. We report on and release a stand-alone program that expands on ELAN's capabilities in two ways: 1) it allows the researcher to plot and export time-course analysis data directly from ELAN's native annotation files, allowing for hassle-free analysis in the time domain; and 2) it allows the researcher to weight ELAN's built-in annotator reliability rating based on the duration of the coded events. This software is released under an open license.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Sampling frequency and eye-tracking measures : how speed affects durations, latencies, and more
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 3:3:6, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use simulations to investigate the effect of sampling frequency on common dependent variables in eye-tracking. We identify two large groups of measures that behave differently, but consistently. The effect of sampling frequency on these two groups of measures are explored and simulations are performed to estimate how much data are required to overcome the uncertainty of a limited sampling frequency. Both simulated and real data are used to estimate the temporal uncertainty of data produced by low sampling frequencies. The aim is to provide easy-to-use heuristics for researchers using eye-tracking. For example, we show how to compensate the uncertainty of a low sampling frequency with more data and post-experiment adjustments of measures. These findings have implications primarily for researchers using naturalistic setups where sampling frequencies typically are low.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Foulsham, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing scanpaths during scene encoding and recognition: A multi-dimensional approach
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - 1995-8692. ; 5:4:3, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedComplex stimuli and tasks elicit particular eye movement sequences. Previous research has focused on comparing between these scanpaths, particularly in memory and imagery research where it has been proposed that observers reproduce their eye movements when recognizing or imagining a stimulus. However, it is not clear whether scanpath similarity is related to memory performance and which particular aspects of the eye movements recur. We therefore compared eye movements in a picture memory task, using a recently proposed comparison method, MultiMatch, which quantifies scanpath similarity across multiple dimensions including shape and fixation duration. Scanpaths were more similar when the same participant's eye movements were compared from two viewings of the same image than between different images or different participants viewing the same image. In addition, fixation durations were similar within a participant and this similarity was associated with memory performance.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Gidlöf, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Using eye-tracking to trace a cognitive process: Gaze behavior during decision making in a natural environment
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 6:1, s. 3-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The visual behaviour of consumers buying (or searching for) products in a supermarket was measured and used to analyse the stages of their decision process. Traditionally metrics used to trace decision-making processes are difficult to use in natural environments that often contain many options and unstructured information. Unlike previous attempts in this direction (i.e. Russo & Leclerc, 1994), our methodology reveals differences between a decision-making task and a search task. In particular the second (evaluation) stage of a decision task contains more re-dwells than the second stage of a comparable search task. This study addresses the growing concern of taking eye movement research from the laboratory into the ‘real-world’, so findings can be better generalised to natural situations.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Holmberg, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Animated adverts impair children’s online reading and text comprehension
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 8:4, s. 98-98
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we examined the effects of animated adverts on children’s online reading. We conducted an eye-tracking experiment with authentic web pages to assess whether (1) advert animation primarily affects overt visual attention, or (2) animated adverts primarily affect text comprehension, or (3) both eye movements and comprehension are affected. 59 children in third grade (9-year-olds) participated in the study. The stimulus material con- sisted of 6 factual texts that were presented on a news website. Online banner adverts were presented in a column on the right side of the texts. The adverts were presented in two conditions: static and animated. After reading each text the children provided answers to multiple choice comprehension questions. The results showed that advert animation af- fected several text processing measures, such as fixation duration and regressive saccades. This effect was stronger among children with poor gaze control (as measured with an anti- saccade task). More importantly, however, the present study showed that animated adverts had a significant negative effect on children’s text comprehension. The study discusses how these findings could be used to regulate commercial content on children’s websites. Also, suggestions for using individual differences in eye movement measures to predict reading comprehension are explored.
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| 13. |
- Holmberg, Nils
(författare)
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Children's attention management on commercial websites: Effects of task type and advert prominence
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - 1995-8692. ; 10:6, s. 153-154
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This experiment was designed to investigate how children cope with salient online advertising while engaging in task-oriented website interaction. 57 children in 3rd grade (9-year-olds) participated in the experiment. Each participant was introduced to a mock-up website and was instructed to solve two types of online tasks: reading for comprehension and information search. The web pages used by the children contained both task-relevant textual information as well as task-irrelevant online display advertising. The adverts were presented in two saliency conditions: static and animated. Eye movement data were used to differentiate task types in terms of cognitive load, and to construct an advert distraction measure. Pupil dilation data were used to measure children's cognitive load and fixation location data were used to measure attentional advert distraction. The results of the study showed that animated online adverts caused increases in both task-related cognitive load and advert-related fixations compared to static adverts. However, the results also showed that children's level of advert distraction differed between task types, such that advert distraction was higher during task types associated with lower cognitive load (reading for comprehension). The results are discussed in relation to existing cognitive load theory, as well as current media and communication research.
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| 14. |
- Holmberg, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Children's attention to online adverts is related to low-level saliency factors and individual level of gaze control
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - 1995-8692. ; 8:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-six children in 3rd grade were observed while surfing freely on their favourite websites. Eye movement data were recorded, as well as synchronized screen recordings. Each online advert was analyzed in order to quantify low-level saliency features, such as motion, luminance and edge density. The eye movement data were used to register if the children had attended to the online adverts. A mixed-effects multiple regression analysis was performed in order to test the relationship between visual attention on adverts and advert saliency features. The regression model also included individual level of gaze control and level of internet use as predictors. The results show that all measures of visual saliency had effects on children's visual attention, but these effects were modulated by children's individual level of gaze control.
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| 15. |
- Holmqvist, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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Data quality in eye trackers: Signal resolution
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This document contains the abstracts for the 2018 Scandinavian Workshop on Applied Eye Tracking (SWAET 2018) which was held at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, 23 to 24 August, 2018..
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Holsanova, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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How image content correlates with image perception
- 2013
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts of the 17th European Conference on Eye Movements, 11-16 August 2013, in Lund, Sweden. - 1995-8692. ; 6:3, s. 316-316
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Huovinen, Erkki, et al.
(författare)
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Early attraction in temporally controlled sight reading of music
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; :2, s. 1-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A music reader has to “look ahead” from the notes currently being played—this has usually been called the Eye-Hand Span. Given the restrictions on processing time due to tempo and meter, the Early Attraction Hypothesis suggests that sight readers are likely to locally in- crease the span of looking ahead in the face of complex upcoming symbols (or symbol re- lationships). We argue that such stimulus-driven effects on looking ahead are best studied using a measure of Eye-Time Span (ETS) which redefines looking ahead as the metrical distance between the position of a fixation in the score and another position that corresponds to the point of metrical time at fixation onset. In two experiments of temporally controlled sight reading, musicians read simple stepwise melodies that were interspersed with larger intervallic skips, supposed to create points of higher melodic complexity (and visual sali- ence) at the notes following the skips. The results support both Early Attraction (lengthening of looking ahead) and Distant Attraction (lengthening of incoming saccades) in the face of relative melodic complexity. Notably, such effects also occurred on the notes preceding the nominally complex ones. The results suggest that saccadic control in music reading depends on temporal restrictions as well as on local variations in stimulus complexity.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C, et al.
(författare)
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Concurrent manual tracking enhances pursuit eye movements
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 8:4, s. 31-31
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This document contains all abstracts of the 18th European Conference on Eye Movements, August 16-21 2015 in Vienna, Austria
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| 26. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C, et al.
(författare)
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Microsaccade detection using pupil and corneal reflection signals
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This document contains the abstracts for the 2018 Scandinavian Workshop on Applied Eye Tracking (SWAET 2018) which was held at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, 23 to 24 August, 2018..
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| 27. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C, et al.
(författare)
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Searching with and against each other
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - 1995-8692. ; 10:6, s. 146-146
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Nivala, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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How prior experience, cognitive skills and practice are related with eye-hand span and performance in video gaming
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 11:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that performance in visual domains depends on domain-specific cognitive and perceptual adaptations that result from extensive practice. However, less is known about processes and factors that underpin the acquisition of such adaptations. The present study investigated how prior experience, cognitive skills, task difficulty and practice effect eye-hand span (EHS) and performance in video gaming. Thirty-three participants played a platformer video game in a pre-test/practice/post-test experiment. Eye movements and keypresses were recorded. The results show that a short practice period improved performance but did not increase EHS. Instead, EHS was related to task difficulty. Furthermore, while EHS correlated with initial performance, this effect seemed to diminish after practice. Cognitive skills (concentration endurance, working memory, mental flexibility and executive functioning) predicted performance in some parts of the experiment. The study offers insights into the early development of visual adaptations and performance.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Nyström, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Is the Tobii Pro Spectrum a useful tool for microsaccade researchers?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This document contains the abstracts for the 2018 Scandinavian Workshop on Applied Eye Tracking (SWAET 2018) which was held at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, 23 to 24 August, 2018..
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| 32. |
- Nyström, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Semantic override of low-level features in image viewing - both initially and overall
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - 1995-8692. ; 2:2, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Guidance of eye-movements in image viewing is believed to be controlled by stimulus driven factors as well as viewer dependent higher level factors such as task and memory. It is currently debated to what proportions these factors contribute to gaze guidance, and also how they vary over time after image onset. Overall, the unanimity regarding these issues is surprisingly low and there are results supporting both types of factors as being dominant in eye-movement control under certain conditions. We investigate in this paper how low, and high level factors influence eye guidance by manipulating contrast statistics on images from three different semantic categories and measure how this affects fixation selection. Our results show that the degree to which contrast manipulations affect fixation selection heavily depends on an image’s semantic content, and how this content is distributed over the image. Over the three image categories, we found no systematic differences between contrast and edge density at fixated location compared to control locations, neither during the initial fixation nor over the whole time course of viewing. These results suggest that cognitive factors easily can override low-level factors in fixation selection, even when the viewing task is neutral.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Strukelj, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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One page of text : Eye movements during regular and thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 11:1, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eye movements during regular reading, thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking of single pages of text were measured, to investigate how high-level reading tasks elicited by instructions affect reading behavior. Word frequency and word length effects were found. All results were compared to regular reading. Thorough reading involved longer total reading times and more rereading, and resulted in higher comprehension scores. Skimming involved longer saccades, shorter average fixation durations, more word skipping, shorter total reading times evenly distributed across the page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Spell checking involved shorter saccades, longer average fixation durations, less word skipping, longer total reading times evenly distributed across the entire page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Replicating local effects shows that paragraphs maintain sufficient experimental rigor, while also enabling reading anal-yses from a global perspective. Compared to regular reading, thorough reading was more elaborate and less uniform, skimming was faster and more uniform, and spell checking was slower and more uniform.
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| 38. |
- Strukelj, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Social context modulates basic properties of oculomotor control
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 9:2, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments performed in a lab are often considered generali- zable over both people and social settings. The problems with generalizing over different groups of people are well known, but it is only recently that changes in behavior depending on thesocial setting have been examined. Large changes in behavior can be seen in trivial cognitive tasks, depending on whether the participant is alone or if other people are present. However, there are very few studies which have measured eye move- ments in social settings. In this paper, we used the antisaccade task to test whether basic parameters of oculomotor control are sensitive to the size of an experimental group. 70 participants conducted 48 antisaccade trials in groups of one to seven people in a classroom equipped with multiple eye trackers. The results show that for horizontal saccades, but not for vertical saccades, participants make significantly more antisaccade errors when the group size become larger. The group size did however not significantly predict a change in antisaccade latency. These results are in line with a number of recent studies on social attention showing that the mere presence of other people in the room can modulate several aspects of performance, and show that behavior in a lab might not be easily generalizable to everyday life or social situations. Finally, from a methodological viewpoint, the results show that the group size should be considered when testing participants in a social setting.
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| 39. |
- Strukelj, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Sound Environments on Oculomotor Control, Stress, and Performance
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - 1995-8692. ; 6:3, s. 408-408
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: This study is the third within the project Sound, Music, and Eye Movements, and results from the two previous studies examining reading for comprehension revealed no effects on eye movements such as fixation durations and saccade amplitudes with regards to sound environments. Therefore, other eye movement measures were tested in the current study, namely oculomotor control. Participants performed an anti- saccade task during eight sound environments with different types of non-linguistic distraction, while stress was measured using GSR and pupil dilation. Performance was evaluated by the participants after each sound environment, and an EPQ-R personality test and questionnaire about specific preferences regarding music and noise exposure was completed after the antisaccade task. Results from the current study suggest that oculomotor control is affected by disturbance, with highly signif- icant decrease in correct eye movements (mean correct) in most “negative” sound environments (e.g., crying baby) compared to the control condition (silence), and no significant difference in most “positive” ones (e.g., a Mozart sonata). However, contrary to the hypothesis, a flowing river showed negative effects, and traffic noise showed no effects, compared to the control condition, which suggests that familiarity plays an important role in the level of disturbance.Contact
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| 40. |
- Sun, Qian (Chayn), et al.
(författare)
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Investigating the spatial pattern of older drivers' eye fixation behaviour and associations with their visual capacity
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 9:6, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Visual capacity generally declines as people age, yet its impact on the visual search patterns along sections of different road during actual driving still remains undocumented. This on-road driving study simultaneously recorded 30 older drivers' eye movement and precise vehicle movement trajectories. The vehicle positions were linked to every identified eye fixation for each individual driver, so that the locations of the driver's gaze origin in geo-spatial coordinates were obtained. Spatial distribution pattern of drivers' eye fixations were then mapped and analysed. In addition, the associations between older drivers' visual ca-pacity (processing speed, divided and selective attention) and their eye fixation patterns in various driving manoeuvres were investigated. The results indicate that driving scenarios have a significant impact on older drivers' visual patterns. Older drivers performed more frequent eye fixations at roundabouts, while they tended to fixate on certain objects for longer periods during straight road driving. The key findings show that the processing speed and divided attention of older drivers were associated with their eye fixations at complex right-turns; drivers with a lower capacity in selective attention performed less frequent eye fixations at roundabouts. This study has also demonstrated that visualisation and spatial sta-tistics are effective and intuitive approaches to eye movement analysis.
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| 41. |
- Thorslund, Birgitta, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Hearing loss and a supportive tactile signal in a navigation system : Effects on driving behavior and eye movements
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : INT GROUP EYE MOVEMENT RESEARCH. - 1995-8692. ; 6:5, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An on-road study was conducted to evaluate a complementary tactile navigation signal on driving behaviour and eye movements for drivers with hearing loss (HL) compared to drivers with normal hearing (NH). 32 participants (16 HL and 16 NH) performed two preprogrammed navigation tasks. In one, participants received only visual information, while the other also included a vibration in the seat to guide them in the correct direction. SMI glasses were used for eye tracking, recording the point of gaze within the scene. Analysis was performed on predefined regions. A questionnaire examined participant's experience of the navigation systems. Hearing loss was associated with lower speed, higher satisfaction with the tactile signal and more glances in the rear view mirror. Additionally, tactile support led to less time spent viewing the navigation display.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Wang, Junle, et al.
(författare)
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Study of depth bias of observers in free viewing of still stereoscopic synthetic stimuli
- 2012
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF EYE MOVEMENT RESEARCH. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 5:5, s. Art. no. 1-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observers' fixations exhibit a marked bias towards certain areas on the screen when viewing scenes on computer monitors. For instance, there exists a well-known "center-bias" which means that fixations are biased towards the center of the screen during the viewing of 2D still images. In the viewing of 3D content, stereoscopic displays enhance depth perception by the mean of binocular parallax. This additional depth cue has a great influence on guiding eye movements. Relatively little is known about the impact of binocular parallax on visual attention of the 3D content displayed on stereoscopic screen. Several studies mentioned that people tend to look preferably at the objects located at certain positions in depth. But studies proving or quantifying this depth-bias are still limited. In this paper, we conducted a binocular eye-tracking experiment by showing synthetic stimuli on a stereoscopic display. Observers were required to do a free-viewing task through passive polarized glasses. Gaze positions of both eyes were recorded and the depth of eyes' fixation was determined. The stimuli used in the experiment were designed in such a way that the center-bias and the depth-bias affect eye movements individually. Results indicate the existence of a depth-bias: objects closer to the viewer attract attention earlier than distant objects, and the number of fixations located on objects varies as a function of objects' depth. The closest object in a scene always attracts most fixations. The fixation distribution along depth also shows a convergent behavior as the viewing time increases.
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| 44. |
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