| 1. |
- Augustinsson, Sören, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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On the organisation of sustainable prerequisites for the subjective well-being and growth of individuals
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - 2000-8023. ; 3, s. 18938-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects that work has on individuals are not unknown. The importance of work in terms of the subjective well-being and growth of individuals through their work, however, is not as extensively discussed and documented. Risk factors and unhealthy factors have long been discussed at the expense of positive conditions for well-being and personal growth. We like to call work with that type of potential regenerative work. Hence, that is the type of work that we have chosen to focus on in this study. The following research objectives have guided us through the study: Which everyday work processes may contribute to sustainable prerequisites for the subjective well-being and growth of individuals? The study takes an explorative approach to two workplaces - a care unit at a hospital and a manufacturing company. Our aim is to increase the understanding of prerequisites for the well-being and growth of individuals through their work. Three themes emerged in this type of regenerative work: performance, general overview and participation, and dialogue. These themes are problemised by looking at their potential in relation to the organisation of the work. Prerequisites for performance, general overview and participation, and finally dialogue prove to be more efficient in contexts where the complexity of the work and organisation is acknowledged and where there is room for inter-subjective sense-making and self-organising.
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| 2. |
- Augustinsson, Sören, et al.
(författare)
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On the organisation of sustainable prerequisites for the subjective well-being and growth of individuals
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects that work has on individuals are not unknown. The importance of work in terms of the subjective well-being and growth of individuals through their work, however, is not as extensively discussed and documented. Risk factors and unhealthy factors have long been discussed at the expense of positive conditions for well-being and personal growth. We like to call work with that type of potential regenerative work. Hence, that is the type of work that we have chosen to focus on in this study. The following research objectives have guided us through the study: Which everyday work processes may contribute to sustainable prerequisites for the subjective well-being and growth of individuals? The study takes an explorative approach to two workplaces - a care unit at a hospital and a manufacturing company. Our aim is to increase the understanding of prerequisites for the well-being and growth of individuals through their work. Three themes emerged in this type of regenerative work: performance, general overview and participation, and dialogue. These themes are problemised by looking at their potential in relation to the organisation of the work. Prerequisites for performance, general overview and participation, and finally dialogue prove to be more efficient in contexts where the complexity of the work and organisation is acknowledged and where there is room for inter-subjective sense-making and self-organising.
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| 3. |
- Bahner, Julia
(författare)
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The power of discretion and the discretion of power: personal assistants and sexual facilitation in disability services
- 2013
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: The purpose of this article is to explore how personal assistants, working in state-funded services for mobility-disabled people in Sweden, perceive and experience their work, with special focus on sexual facilitation (assistance with sexual activities). Background: Personal assistance services are a legal right, aiming to give certain disabled people the possibility to live on equal terms in society with non-disabled citizens. The services are to be grounded on the principles of self-determination, autonomy, integrity, and user influence according to independent-living ideology. However, the legislation does not mention sexuality, and in addition, there are often no local policies; hence, it is unclear what service users can demand in terms of sexual facilitation, and on the assistants’ part, what is and what is not acceptable to assist with. Methods: The methods used to gather data were interviews with 15 personal assistants as well as observations in an online discussion forum for personal assistants. Findings: The analysis suggests that personal assistants may experience that there is a taboo against discussing sexual facilitation in the workplace. There are no predetermined policies, regulations, or ethical codes of conduct regarding sexual facilitation, and the personal assistants’ discretion is therefore strong. Different strategies for managing this discretion were identified, greatly influenced by personal values, as well as societal norms. Conclusion: The normative context of discretion is highly visible, suggesting the importance of uncovering the interplay between the power dimensions of sexuality, disability, gender, and professionalism.
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| 4. |
- Ericsson, Ulf, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Housing support workers as equilibrists between instrumentality and situation : a qualitative study in congregated housings for people with smi
- 2014
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - 2000-8023 .- 2000-8023. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Community-based psychiatry as an arena for studying work efforts is relatively unexplored. The professional role of a housing support worker (HSW) in congregated supported housings for people with severe mental illness (SMI) is fairly new. The role has emerged due to major changes in Swedish mental care and services. Our aim was to describe the work experiences of HSWs and to understand the conditions provided when work assignments are being constructed. By doing this we provide an important piece of the puzzle in understanding the processes in contemporary congregated supported housings for people with SMI. Four focus group interviews were conducted and included 25 participants. Four different facilities of congregated supported housings for people with SMI were represented in the material. The interpretation of the material was inspired by a constructionist approach. The work of an HSW is experienced as complex and ambiguous. Together with different significant actors (including objects), the HSWs are negotiating the content of the responsibilities. Thus, different actors help co-construct the work content. Furthermore, the HSWs are caught between two different logics, one that is related to a complex practice and one that is related to instrumental and routine-based ideas. The complex emotional work of an HSW is often not supported by the principles of the organization. The findings can be helpful when organizing the work in congregated supported housings for people with SMI. This paper highlights the importance of bridging the gap between organizational demands and expectations and the individual preconditions and basic needs.
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| 5. |
- Ericsson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Housing support workers as equilibrists between instrumentality and situation : a qualitative study in congregated housings for people with smi
- 2014
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Community-based psychiatry as an arena for studying work efforts is relatively unexplored. The professional role of a housing support worker (HSW) in congregated supported housings for people with severe mental illness (SMI) is fairly new. The role has emerged due to major changes in Swedish mental care and services. Our aim was to describe the work experiences of HSWs and to understand the conditions provided when work assignments are being constructed. By doing this we provide an important piece of the puzzle in understanding the processes in contemporary congregated supported housings for people with SMI. Four focus group interviews were conducted and included 25 participants. Four different facilities of congregated supported housings for people with SMI were represented in the material. The interpretation of the material was inspired by a constructionist approach. The work of an HSW is experienced as complex and ambiguous. Together with different significant actors (including objects), the HSWs are negotiating the content of the responsibilities. Thus, different actors help co-construct the work content. Furthermore, the HSWs are caught between two different logics, one that is related to a complex practice and one that is related to instrumental and routine-based ideas. The complex emotional work of an HSW is often not supported by the principles of the organization. The findings can be helpful when organizing the work in congregated supported housings for people with SMI. This paper highlights the importance of bridging the gap between organizational demands and expectations and the individual preconditions and basic needs.
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| 6. |
- Hansen, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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The relative importance of aerobic capacity, physical activity and body mass index in impaired glucose toleranceand Type 2 diabetes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Co-action Publishing. - 2000-8023. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To investigate the relative importance of aerobic capacity, physical activity and body mass index (BMI) for discriminating between people with Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) or Type 2 diabetes and healthy controls. Method: Variables included scores on estimated VO2-max (ml/kg/min) by walking the UKK walking-test, responses to questions on self-reported physical activity and BMI. Design: Participants were recruited into groups of IGT, Type 2 diabetes and healthy controls (N64). Statistical analyses were performed by multifactor ANOVA, bivariate correlations and logistic regression. Result: Obesity, as indicated by BMI, was most evident in the IGT and Type 2 diabetes groups when jointly compared with the healthy controls (p=0.004, OR ≥16.00). However, when separately compared with the healthy controls, BMI scores strongly discriminated between the IGT versus healthy controls but failed to distinguish between Type 2 diabetes and healthy controls. Scores for aerobic capacity and level of physical activity failed to distinguish between healthy controls and IGT as well as Type 2 diabetes status. Conclusion: BMI was significantly associated with IGT whereas aerobic capacity and level of physical activity were not predictive of group status for IGT and Type 2 diabetes. The results indicated that primary health care should focus on all means for weight reduction, including physical activity and other life style changes, in order to prevent individuals from escalating into IGT in order to prevent risk of Type 2 diabetes.
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| 7. |
- Johansson Sevä, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Are the self-employed really that poor? Income poverty and living standard among self-employed in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small enterprises are often highlighted by politicians as important engines of economic growth and job creation. However, previous research suggests that self-employment might not be equally beneficial for individuals in terms of their income compared to regular employment. Several studies have in fact found that the self-employed may face a substantially higher poverty risk than do regular employees. The aim of the present study is to investigate to what extent income poverty is a good predictor of actual living standards among the self-employed. Is the relationship between income poverty and living standards different for self-employed compared to the regularly employed? To investigate this question we use a unique Swedish survey dataset including regularly employed (n 2,642) as well as self-employed (over-sampled, n 2,483). Income poverty is defined as living in a household with less than 60% of the median household income. Living standards are measured with a deprivation index based on 29 consumption indicators. The results show that even though income poverty is more prevalent among the self-employed than among the regularly employed, no evidence can be found suggesting that the self-employed have a lower standard of living than the regularly employed. Furthermore, when specifically comparing income poor self-employed with income poor regularly employed, we find that the income poor self-employed score significantly lower on the deprivation index even after the compositional characteristics of both groups are taken into account. The conclusion is that poverty measures based on income data underestimate the actual living standard of the self-employed.
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| 8. |
- Klockmo, Carolina, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Moving toward a recovery-oriented approach in the Swedish mental health system : an interview study of Personligt Ombud in Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 3, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Personligt Ombud (PO) is a Swedish version of case management (CM) which was established with the Swedish Mental Health Reform in 1995. The main purpose of POs is to ensure that people with psychiatric disabilities receive the services needed to live an independent life in the community and to coordinate these services. Studies have shown that POs provide more support than this and it was interesting to investigate this further. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore what supportive strategies Personligt Ombuds (POs) use in their work with the clients who have PO support. Method: To obtain extensive descriptions of strategies that POs use in work, POs from different parts of Sweden were chosen and asked to participate in the study and 22 POs agreed to participate. The interviews were conducted over the telephone. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings: The findings of the study were reflected in a main category where PO could be described as a facilitator of an active changing process, where the clients make their personal changes in life, based on personal active choices. POs used several strategies, such as defining goals, acting to push the client forward, acting as mentors, strengthening the client and mobilizing external resources. Conclusion: Many of the strategies POs used are similar to strategies in recovery-oriented services and, in particular, in Strengths Model Case Management. However, there are strategies that POs could develop to be even more recovery-oriented. There is a lack of systematic review of the strengths of a client, and this could be solved by using an already existing assessment instrument like the one in the Strengths Model Case Management.
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| 9. |
- Landstad, Bodil, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Female leaders' experiences of psychosocial working conditions and its health consequences in Swedish public human service organizations
- 2013
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Municipal workplaces have high levels of sickness absence, and deterioration of the psychosocial work environment has been most pronounced for women and employees in this sector of Swedish working life. This study explores how female leaders in one rural municipality in Sweden experience their psychosocial working conditions and its health consequences. Interviews were carried out with 20 female leaders. Data were analyzed with a content analysis method using major dimensions of work stress models. These were job demands, job control, job resources, social support, and its health consequences. The analysis shows that the leaders experience high and conflicting job demands, limited possibilities to influence their work situation, insufficient job resources and social support, and limited time for their own health promotion. However, the leaders experience possibilities to develop skills in their jobs and opportunities to participate in educational programs. The analyses confirm the need for improvements in the prerequisites for female leaders in public human service organizations. It is important to improve female leaders' psychosocial working conditions by implementing a more narrow control range, increased personal and economical recourses, leadership support, and leader development programs.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Control and demands in work, work-private life balance and wellbeing among male and female self-employed in Europe
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 3, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-employed persons and their enterprises are regarded as important to the economy for their contribution to economic development. However, an understanding of the relationship between the psychosocial working conditions, the work-life balance and outcomes, such as health and wellbeing among the self-employed and micro-enterprise is limited. The main aim of this article is to study the relationships between control and demands at work, the work-life balance and wellbeing among self-employed men and women. Data were obtained from the European Social Survey (ESS) programme 2004, which is an interview survey conducted in 26 European countries (n15 789). Wellbeing is measured by the WHO-Five Wellbeing Index and work-life balance is measured by an index consisting of two questions on work-life balance/conflict. The results show that men and women who are self-employed experience a lower level of work-life balance than those employed and this result is found more in men than women. When job control and demands are held constant for the self-employed and the employed, self-employed women experience a significantly higher level of work-life balance than do employed women, but self-employed men experience a similar level of work-life balance as do employed men. Self-employed women have a slightly higher level of wellbeing than do employed women and the difference between the selfemployed and the employed men is non-significant. When controlling for the level of job control, the relationship between self-employment and wellbeing is non-significant among women and is significantly negative among men. The results of this study confirm that the psychosocial working conditions are important because demands and control in work influence work-life balance and wellbeing among self-employed men and women.
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| 12. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Job control and demands, work-life balance and wellbeing among self-employed men and women in Europe.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-employed persons and their enterprises are regarded as important to the economy for their contribution to economic development. However, an understanding of the relationship between the psychosocial working conditions, the work-life balance, and outcomes such as health and wellbeing among the self-employed and micro-enterprise is limited. The main aim of this article is to study the relationships between control and demands at work, the work-life balance and wellbeing among self-employed men and women. Data were obtained from the European Social Survey Program (ESS) 2004 which is an interview survey conducted in 26 European countries (n = 15 789). Wellbeing is measured by the WHO-Five Wellbeing Index and work-life balance is measured by an index consisting of two questions asking about work-life balance/conflict. The results show that men and women who are self-employed experience a lower level of work-life balance than the employed and this result is found more in men than women. When job control and demands are held constant for the self-employed and the employed, self-employed women experience a significantly higher level of work-life balance than do employed women, yet self-employed men experience a similar level of work-life balance as do employed men. Self-employed women have a slightly higher level of wellbeing than do employed women and the difference between the self-employed and employed men is non-significant. When controlling for the level of job control the relationship between self-employment and wellbeing is non-significant among women and is significantly negative among men. In sum, the results of this study confirm that the psychosocial working conditions are important because demands and control in work influence work-life balance and well-being among self-employed men and women.
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| 13. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Self-rated health among young Europeans not in employment, education or training - with a focus on the conventionally unemployed and the disengaged
- 2015
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Ingår i: Society, health & vulnerability. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 2002-1518. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- NEET is an acronym for Not in Employment, Education or Training. For the year 2010, it is estimated that 12.5% of all young people aged 15-24 in the OECD countries could be categorised as NEETs. Within this group, various subgroups of NEET are identified. Our study, which was conducted using cross-sectional data collected through the European Social Survey, focuses on the category of people who are assumed to be most marginalised and inactive: "the disengaged.'' Participants in the study were men and women aged 18-30, originating from 33 European countries. The results show that disengaged NEETs reported poorer health than both young people who were conventionally unemployed and those in employment or studying. It is also shown that "the disengaged'' scored worse on other social and welfare variables, for example, trust and social activity. Being disengaged is discussed in relation to the gross domestic products of the different countries.
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| 14. |
- Olofsdotter, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Gender as headline and subtext : Problematizing the gender perspective in an occupational health project.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus of this article is on how a “gender perspective” becomes lifted to the headlines as a solution to an organizational problem. The purpose of this article is to problematize how a gender perspective was employed in the everyday practices of an occupational health project in a Swedish municipality. The project’s stated aim was to construct and implement a new model for occupational health, targeting the municipality’s employees, and gender equality was seen as one means of reducing sick leave among the staff. Our focus was the participants’ perceptions of their participation and their reflections on the content and practices of the program. The information was gathered from focus-group interviews with participants in a management training program (MTP) and a rehabilitation program (RP) and from documents produced within the project. Drawing from feminist writings on gender subtexts defined as a set of concealed power based processes (re)producing gender distinctions in organizations, we have explored how power structures are created based on socially constructed differences. Our results demonstrate how gender knowledge could reproduce inequality and hierarchical distinctions between people in different positions in working life.
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| 15. |
- Olofsdotter, Gunilla
(författare)
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Workplace flexibility and control in temporary agency work
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores workers’ experiences of flexibility, control, and autonomy in organisations with extensive contracting of staff from temporary work agencies (TWAs). The starting point for this article is in theoretical perspectives on workplace flexibility and organisational control practices I argue that workers’ opportunities to control and have autonomy over their work and accomplish workplace flexibility are interconnected with the controlling practices that are present in their everyday working life. In organisations with extensive hiring of temporary agency workers (TAWs), this is complicated further, as workers from different organisations, with different management strategies, are working together at the same work site. Open-ended, semi-structured interviews were conducted with TAWs and regular employees in three user firms with extensive contracting of TAWs. A questionnaire was also completed by them. The results show that there are few opportunities for either TAWs or regular staff to achieve workplace flexibility in terms of making choices about where, when, and for how long they are going to work. The findings contradict assumptions that formal differences between the employment conditions of regulars and agency workers affect their opportunities for workplace flexibility. Similar technical control systems were used in the user firms despite differences between assembly line production and customer support. Despite these similarities in the opportunities for flexibility for both groups of workers, the findings showed some differences between TAWs’ and regulars’ everyday experiences of flexibility and control. The findings showed how close surveillance by technological systems was intertwined with a normative control, which means the awareness among TAWs of their replaceable position implicates anxiety about the consequences of absence from work. As a consequence of their vulnerable position, TAWs were striving to prove themselves to be competent to both the user firms and the agency. This highlights the dualistic controlling practices that TAWs are subjected to by user firms as well as the agency in their everyday work. This constitutes an effective and powerful system of organisational control.
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| 16. |
- Rising Holmström, Malin, lektor, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Health among 6-year-old children in a Swedish county: Based on the health Dialogue.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; feb
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Aim: To explore the experiences of self-reported health (SRH) of 6-year-old boys and girls. Background: The goals for the Swedish School Health Services (SHS) are to identify health problems, take measures to prevent illness, and promote health. One approach used to achieve this is the use of the Health Dialogue (HD) questionnaire. The HD is offered at three occasions during compulsory school and once in high school; it follows the child’s development and growth from 6 to 16 years old. Methods: The HD is a structured questionnaire consisting of 15 questions related to health, each phrased in a positive manner. The HD represents a cross-sectional image of the child’s SRH according to the child and parents. The SRH in this study is based on the results from the 5259 HD questionnaires conducted during 20062009 with 6-year-old children and parents. OR were analyzed for the HD. Results: Experiencing comfortableness in preschool, good sleep, absence of severe headaches, being physical active/play every day, and not being a victim for bullying shows to be important preschool indicators for boys and girls. Discussion: The most important health variable tagging in the preschool children’s positive SRH was comfortableness in preschool. Both boys and girls need to feel comfortable in preschool to report a positive SRH in school. The girls seem to be more dependent on comfortableness, being physical active, and not being bullied while the boys need to have lunch in school every day and not to show symptoms like severe headaches. Conclusion: The most important health variable tagging the preschool children’s SRH is comfortableness in school. The HD can increase the knowledge of 6-year-old children’s SRH and also be a tool to gain further insight into children’s health by highlighting patterns in children’s SRH
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| 17. |
- Safipour, Jalal, et al.
(författare)
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The mediating role of alienation in self reported health among Swedish Adolescents
- 2011
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : CoAction Publishing. - 2000-8023. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a sense of alienation and self reported health. A sample consisting of a total of 446 high school students aged 15-19 (Mean age=16.95, SD=1.01, Female=59%), with a participation rate of 91%. The Jessor and Jessor alienation scale and the Nottingham Health Profile for self reported health were used to gather data. To analyze the relationship between sense of alienation and self reported health, a path model was created and tested using structural equation modeling. The results suggest that sense of alienation is importantly related to the domain of self-reported health. The alienation variable mediates between mental health (energy level, sleep and emotional reaction) and physical health (pain pain and physical mobility).
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| 18. |
- Torres, Sandra, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Daily newspaper reporting on elderly care in Sweden and Finland : a quantitative content analysis of ethnicity- and migration-related issues
- 2014
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 5, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Media representations are important sources of information especially about contexts that people have limited access to (such as the one we address here, that is, elderly care). Representations of this also give us an insight into how ethnicity-, culture-, and migration-related issues are regarded. This article aims to shed light on media representations related to the nexus of elderly care, ethnicity, and migration in Sweden and Finland, given that the two countries have similar elderly care regimes but different migration regimes. The study uses quantitative content analysis to analyze all of the daily newspaper articles on elderly care that have touched upon these issues and have been published in one major newspaper in each country between 1995 and 2011 (N=347). In this article, we present the topics that these newspaper articles discuss; the elderly care actors that the articles focus on (i.e. whether the focus has been on elderly care recipients, elderly care providers or informal caregivers); the ethnic backgrounds of those who expressed themselves in the articles (i.e. whether the focus has been on the ethnic majority or on ethnic minorities); and the type of explanatory frameworks used in the daily press reporting in question. The article problematizes the media representations of ethnicity- and migration-related issues within the Swedish and Finnish elderly care sectors that the analysis has unveiled in relation to the debate on the challenges that the globalization of international migration poses to the elderly care sector.
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| 19. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-
(författare)
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Modern working life and inclusion
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Working life occupies a considerable part of life for most people and is therefore of great importance to public health. Besides work environment factors, employment conditions and the possibilty to balance work and leisure are of importance to individual health. Working environment conditions and the health of individuals are also important issues for the development and growth of organizations and regions. Health in working life is therefore a special target in several European and Swedish policy documents. In the Europe 2020 strategy it is pointed out that ensuring quality of work and employment is a core element for achieving competitiveness and sustainability. According to the community strategy on health and safety at work, good health at work helps improve public health in general and also the productivity and competitiveness of businesses. In a recent Swedish governmental report addressing a renewed work environment policy it is stated that the positive and health promoting effects of a work environment must be more visible. Furthermore, workplace problems of health and safety exact a high cost for social protection systems and therefore workers need to be provided with suitable working conditions if their general wellbeing is to be enhanced. Working environment and employment relations are also important when discussing social determinants for health and health equity in working life.
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