| 1. |
- Jakob, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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CREATE: A toolbox to develop, implement and monitor advanced energy and climate goals and strategies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Eceee Summer Study Proceedings. - 2001-7960 .- 1653-7025. ; 2019-June, s. 785-792
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various environmental and regulatory changes, such as climate change mitigation strategies and market regulation, have increased the complexity of the challenges which cities, utilities, and real estate owners face. Thus, cities and their utilities are confronted with various problems: How, and at which costs can ambitious climate change mitigation goals be reached? How can urban planning be developed while simultaneously tackling climate change? How can the long-term economic and environmental performance of the building stock be optimized? How to plan electricity, gas, and thermal networks to suit future energy demand and the existing urban topology? These problems are usually addressed individually and independently from each other using instruments that lack an interdisciplinary approach. Data collections are often done “ad hoc” and not from a systemic point of view, resulting in datasets that are often incomplete, incoherent, and with different structures that make them difficult to merge. The paper describes the Carbon Resource Energy and Adaption Toolbox Europe (CREATE), a comprehensive modelling and data toolbox that can overcome these shortcomings. This toolbox has been developed to include elements that are specially conceived for various use cases of different decision makers (and their service providers): urban planners, energy utilities, network operators, building portfolio owners, building code designers, construction authorities, energy and climate policy makers. CREATE has three main elements: • Expert BSM: GIS-based scenario analysis tool for urban and utility energy planners, providing evaluation and management of energy demand, emissions, renewable energy resources, and other parameters. • Basic Web BSM: Simplified web-based spatial data information, monitoring and visualization tool for smaller municipalities and utilities. • Portfolio BSM: A portfolio assessment tool for real estate portfolio owners and manager to analyse the status quo of their portfolio and the possibility to develop short- and long-term strategies in terms of economic, energy and carbon performance. As such CREATE enables engagement between the various decision-making levels and bodies of cities and municipalities as well as (energy) utilities and building portfolio owners or real estate site developers.
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| 2. |
- Karlin, Beth, et al.
(författare)
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Process matters : Assessing the use of behavioural science methods in applied behavioural programmes
- 2022
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Ingår i: ECEEE 2022 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency : Agents of Change - Agents of Change. - 1653-7025 .- 2001-7960. - 9789198827002 ; , s. 541-549
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behavioural science methods have significant potential to help policy makers, practitioners and energy programme managers design, implement and evaluate behavioural campaigns addressing hard-to-reach (HTR) energy users. But when facing budget and logistic constraints, how many real-life programmes actually follow through? How are behavioural science methods actually applied in a real-world setting? This paper presents a scientific process for behaviour change programmes - the “Building Blocks of Behaviour Change” - and analyses 19 case studies from seven countries to see how many are actually utilising these methods in practice. The case studies focus specifically on HTR energy users and the authors also share their perspectives in feasibility and acceptability of utilising such a process in their work. We found that most programmes utilised some behavioural science research methods, but few followed a full scientific “best practice” process. Limitations of this study include selection bias (the case studies for analysis were chosen by country experts), design issues and some missing data in the cases with regards to exact methods employed. But it is the first study of its kind, to our knowledge, that takes a look at the extent of how scientific methods are being applied in the real world with HTR energy users. Based on this comparative analysis of the cases and feedback from the case study authors, we present recommendations on how programmes can continue to realistically integrate best practice methods into their programmes while also meeting budget, competency, and timeline constraints.
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| 3. |
- Sonnenschein, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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When prices don’t steer – mimicking ambitious carbon pricing with energy performance standards
- 2017
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Ingår i: eceee 2017 Summer Study Proceedings : Consumption, efficiency and limits - Consumption, efficiency and limits. - 2001-7960 .- 1653-7025. - 9789198387803 - 9789198387810 ; , s. 419-428
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pricing carbon is often considered to be the cornerstone of any climate policy and, at least in economic theory, it is the only policy intervention required to reach an optimal level of mitigation. In practice, various market and behavioural failures, as well as political barriers, necessitate a policy mix that also encompasses policies to induce energy efficiency and stimulate the up-take of renewable energy sources. Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) are one group of instruments to drive energy efficiency. However, MEPS are viewed very differently by different actors; some see them as complementary to carbon pricing, while others view them as market distortion. Recent studies indicate that MEPS for appliances and vehicles are currently the best performing climate policy instruments. There is a need for more research about how MEPS and carbon pricing policies interact and how they can best be combined for an effective climate policy mix. In this paper, we examine the advantages and potential of using MEPS to drive more ambitious climate policy. We first model the market price of appliances in a UK market and how life cycle costs (LCC) shift when the social cost of carbon (SCC) is factored in. We then examine how the inclusion of the SCC affects the point at which least life cycle costs (LLCC) for an appliance class are reached. We consider carbon prices ranging from the current carbon market price to high-end estimates of SCC, and then estimate the corresponding MEPS in each scenario. Finally, we discuss the implications for mixed policy design when climate change externalities are addressed primarily through MEPS, as well as the merits of such a policy approach.
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| 4. |
- Sprei, Frances, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Mobility and sustainability practices in Viva, a sustainable residential building complex in Gothenburg, Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Eceee Summer Study Proceedings. - 2001-7960 .- 1653-7025. ; , s. 811-819
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a relative central area in Gothenburg Sweden there is a tenant-owner complex with 132 apartments. The complex was built in 2018-2019 with the ambition of being Sweden's most innovative and sustainable apartment building complex. Sustainability, in all its dimensions, guided the construction process and design from installing solar panels, energy storage facilities, facilitating recycling and providing sharing opportunities both for space and goods. From a mobility perspective no residential parking places were constructed and instead tenants are offered access to mobility services such as electric car-sharing, electric bikes and cargo bikes, larger bicycle garages and facilities for bike repair and care. We have followed the residents of Viva through interviews and surveys, before and after moving in the apartment, to assess the impact of moving to Viva has had on their sustainability practices with a special focus on mobility. We find that not having any residential parking does not imply that it is a car free housing. Both the before and after surveys show that there is a fair share of households that have retained a car, some of which reducing from previously having two. From the survey results we don't find that gender or environmental interest has any correlation with deciding to keep the car. However, car owners are slightly older than those without cars. From the interviews we find that other issues such as the ease of making everyday life work are more influential. One household with kids, e.g., was prepared to pay for parking in an adjacent parking lot for a year prior to the move, to be sure that they could retain the car. While another household, also with kids, found a large freedom in not owning a car and the financial opportunity to purchase an apartment in a relative central part of town. In general, the tenants perceive that Viva has facilitated a more sustainable living.
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| 5. |
- Sprei, Frances, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Review of the effects of developments with low parking requirements
- 2019
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Ingår i: Eceee Summer Study Proceedings. - 2001-7960 .- 1653-7025. ; 2019-June, s. 1079-1086
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parking management and planning can be used to address several issues related to sustainable urban development. E.g., parking availability affects both car ownership and usage, and parking planning can affect both land use and building costs. A tool used in several countries is minimum parking requirements (MPR) and lowering these could be a pathway to more sustainable mobility. However, the actual effects of lower MPR have not systematically been studied. In this paper we present the results of a review of twelve developments with low MPR in Sweden, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Existing research and reports have been analysed to compare these and draw conclusions on the effect of MPR on mobility patterns and mobility services. In addition, interviews were conducted with representatives from municipalities and developers. Some of the key findings are: • All of the studied projects have good prerequisites for sustainable mobility such as access to public transport, central location, mobility services, and bike paths. • Results indicate that the mobility patterns of individuals in the studied projects are more sustainable than in nearby projects. However, the causality of MPR and mobility is hard to establish. • Many projects combine MPR with mobility services such as carsharing. For this to be successful, requirements for MPR and mobility services should be included in the planning permission. • Legally binding contracts are needed to clarify responsibilities between developer, municipalities and mobility service suppliers. • Studied developments in and outside Sweden differ in posed requirements. Swedish projects only put requirements on parking and mobility services, whereas those studied in Germany, Switzerland and Austria put requirements on traffic or car ownership. • It is important to look at a wider geographical area and not only the specific project. Parking availability and pricing in the surroundings might affect the outcome of a low MPR project.
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| 6. |
- Habibi, Shiva, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of free-floating car-sharing services in cities
- 2017
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Ingår i: ECEEE Summer Study, 29 May - 3 June, 2017. - 2001-7960. - 9789198387810 ; 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, free-floating car sharing services (FFCS) have been offered by many organizations as a more flexible option compared to traditional car sharing. FFCS allows users to pick up and return cars anywhere within a specified area of a city. FFCS can provide a high degree of utilization of vehicles and less usage of infrastructure in the form of parking lots and roads and thus has the potential to increase the efficiency of the transport sector. However, there is also a concern that these compete with other efficient modes of transport such as cycling and public transport. The aim of this paper is to better understand how, when and where the vehicles are utilized through logged data of the vehicles’ movements. We have access to data collected on FFCS services in 22 cities in Europe and North America which allows us to compare the usage pattern in different cities and examine whether or not there are similar trends. In this paper, we use the collected data to compare the different cities based on utilization rate, length of trip and time of day that the trip is made. We find that the vehicle utilization rates differ between cities with Madrid and Hamburg having some of the highest utilization levels for the FFCS vehicles. The results form a first step of a better understanding on how these services are being used and can provide valuable input to local policy makers as well as future studies such as simulation models.
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| 7. |
- Lindgren, Kate, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming the “efficiency gap” into a viable business opportunity: lessons learned from the ESCO experience in Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: ECEEE Summer Study proceedings. - 1653-7025. - 9789163344541 ; 1
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy service companies (ESCOs) are often portrayed as important change agents in capturing energy efficiency opportunities to curb global energy demand and mitigate climate change. Yet, the literature in this area is limited. While many studies analyze economic and environmental impacts from energy efficiency programs, far less attention has been devoted to evaluating managerial and other challenges for ESCOs in transforming the "efficiency gap" into a viable business. Against the broader question of how to address Demand Side Management (DSM) in a deregulated market, we explore how and the extent to which the Swedish ESCO market’s development has addressed the efficiency gap. Sweden presents an interesting case study given its early experience in energy market reform as well as the rapid growth in recent years of its ESCO market. The insights garnered are especially important as Member States prepare to implement the Directive on Energy End-use Efficiency and Energy Services. By conducting in-depth interviews with ESCOs operating in Sweden (including multi-nationals), we address the following: 1) current market opportunity analysis, including how Swedish market conditions shape firms’ business strategies, 2) service functions and business characteristics, with attention to perceptions regarding which market segments are considered compelling, and 3) how policy might expand the size and attractiveness of additional sectors/market segments. This analysis is informed by follow-up discussions with policymakers and other relevant players. The paper concludes with insights regarding how public intervention and support as well as voluntary private sector action may stimulate ESCO business investment in energy efficiency.
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| 8. |
- Plötz, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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What are the effects of incentives on plug-in electric vehicle sales in Europe?
- 2017
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Ingår i: ECEEE Summer Study. - 2001-7960. - 9789198387810 ; 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), both as battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) have noteworthy potential to reduce global and local emissions. Governments around the world have implemented monetary and non-monetary policies to accelerate PEV market diffusion. However, empirical estimates of their effectiveness are scarce. Here, we analyse data on PEV sales from 30 European Countries from 2010 – 2016 with respect to direct subsidies, tax rebates, and other incentives. We apply panel data regression models and control for several other influencing factors such as income and fuel prices. We find income, diesel prices and both direct and indirect subsidies to positively influence PEV adoption. The aim of the present paper is to contribute with empirical evidence to the discussion on policy aided market evolution of electric vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles in general.
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| 9. |
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