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Numrering	Referens	Omslagsbild	Hitta
1.	Broadbent, Gail Helen, et al. (författare) An Analysis of Consumer Incentives in Support of Electric Vehicle Uptake : An Australian Case Study 2019 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 10:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Transitioning from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to innovative technologies, including electric vehicles (EVs), can be a crucial pathway to reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and other negative externalities arising from fossil-fueled cars used for personal transport. Government action to correct insufficient market incentives has been essential in countries working to enhance EV acceptance; however, to date in Australia, there has been little government support to enact EV uptake. This paper identifies barriers and incentives to EV adoption in Australia through a survey of pro-environmental motorists, including an experimental component to test information provision influences on attitude change. Results evidence that wide ranging factors influence vehicle choice including EVs. Purchase barriers are focused on lack of a comprehensive recharge network and high EV purchase price. Factors encouraging fully EV uptake showed affordable price (56%) increased vehicle range (26%) and an adequate recharge network (28%) were mentioned most often; only 13% specifically indicated environmental regard as influential. Information provided about EVs increased the likelihood of positive attitudes towards EV purchase and decreased uncertainty about the technology. Recommendations arising from this research could be considered by laggard countries that, like Australia, have yet to take significant action to encourage transition to EVs.
2.	Ciosek, Katarzyna, et al. (författare) Energy storage activities in the Swedish hybrid vehicle centre 2009 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 3:4, s. 858-862, s. 2850-2854 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Significant efforts are put worldwide on developing new concepts for vehicle propulsion with the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) being a prominent example. Hybrid technology is clearly a strategic future activity for automotive industries and in response to the rapid development in the area; the Swedish Hybrid Vehicle Centre (SHC) was formed in 2007 to join forces between Swedish industry and academia in the field. The centre emphasizes a holistic view to meet the environmental and societal needs with new technological solutions. The research within SHC is currently divided into three different themes whereof we here describe the Energy Storage theme with emphasis on the activities carried out at the involved universities in the current main project areas: Cell Properties, Electrode Materials and Electrolyte Additives. Examples are given on how these projects attacks the problems at hand separately, but also how we create synergy effects between the projects. As an example cell modelling is performed given a specific chemistry and cycling scheme, the same parameters are used for electrochemical experiments which provide macroscopic data that are connected with molecular level actions in the electrodes, the electrolyte, and the interfaces. All this is done using our base-line chemistry and a subsequent route is to investigate the role of different additives to overcome the limitations that are observed.
3.	Gnann, Till, et al. (författare) A Model for Public Fast Charging Infrastructure Needs 2016 Ingår i: Electric Vehicle Symposium 29, Montreal, 2016-06-20. - : MDPI AG. - 9781510832701 ; 8:4, s. 933-944 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Plug-in electric vehicles can reduce GHG emissions although the low availability of public charging infrastructure combined with short driving ranges prevents potential users from adoption. The rollout and operation, especially of public fast charging infrastructure, is very costly. Therefore, policy makers, car manufacturers and charging infrastructure providers are interested in determining a number of charging stations that is sufficient. Since most studies focus on the placement and not on the determination of the number of charging stations, this paper proposes a model for the quantification of public fast charging points. We first analyze a large database of German driving profiles to obtain the viable share of plug-in electric vehicles in 2030 and determine the corresponding demand for fast charging events. Special focus lies on a general formalism of a queuing system for charging points. This approach allows us to quantify the capacity provided per charging point and the required quantity. Furthermore, we take a closer look on the stochastic occupancy rate of charging points for a certain service level and the distribution of the time users have to wait in the queue. When applying this model to Germany, we find about 15,000 fast charging points with 50 kW necessary in 2030 or ten fast charging point per 1,000 BEVs. When compared with existing charging data from Sweden, this is lower than the currently existing 36 fast charging points per 1,000 BEVs. Furthermore, we compare the models output of charging event distribution over the day with that of the real data and find a qualitatively similar load of the charging network, though with a small shift towards later in the day for the model.
4.	Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al. (författare) The role of ICEVs, HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs and FCVs in achieving stringent CO2 targets: results from global energy systems modeling 2009 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 3, s. 1645-1655 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A modified GET model version was used to investigate long-term, cost-effective fuel and vehicle technologies for global passenger transport. The aim was to quantify the potential impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and low CO2 intensity electricity from renewable sources, such as concentrating solar power (CSP), on cost-effective passenger vehicle fuel and technology options necessary to achieve stabilization of atmospheric CO2 at 450 ppm. In addition, the model was used to assess the sensitivity of future vehicle cost assumptions. For all cases investigated, there is no single technology and fuel that dominates throughout the century; instead a variety of fuels and vehicle technologies are important. The availability of CCS and CSP have a substantial impact on cost-effective fuel and technology choices, in general: (i) the introduction of CCS increases the use of coal in the energy system and conventional vehicle technology, (ii) the introduction of CSP reduces the relative cost of electricity in relation to hydrogen and tends to increase the use of electricity for transport, and (iii) the introduction of both CCS and CSP reduces the economic incentives to shift to more advanced vehicle technologies. Varying cost estimates for future vehicle technologies results in large differences in the cost-effective fuel and vehicle technology solutions. For instance, for low battery costs ($150/kWh), electrified powertrains dominate and for higher battery costs ($450/kWh), hydrogen-fueled vehicles dominate, regardless of CCS and CSP availability. The results highlight the importance of a multi-sector approach and the importance of pursuing research and development of multiple fuel and vehicle technologies.
5.	Hemsen, Jonas, et al. (författare) Innovative and highly integrated modular electric drivetrain 2019 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 10:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A highly integrated electric drivetrain module with 157 kW peak power is presented, which incorporates novel technologies in the field of electric machines, power electronics and transmissions: 1. High-speed electric machine with six phases and injection mould polymer-bonded magnets; 2. High-ratio dual-speed transmission with double planetary gear set (Ravigneaux gear set); 3. Gallium nitride (GaN) power electronics with winding reconfiguration feature. The combination of these components in one single housing makes the drive module flexible to integrate and to combine with conventional or alternative propulsion technologies, thus allowing various hybrid and electric drivetrain topologies. All technologies are selected in accordance with mass production potential and can therefore have a high impact on the automotive market in the future. Currently, the drive module is under development; the first models will be assembled in winter 2019. The integration into a demonstrator vehicle in 2020 will prove the potential of many new technologies and the suitability for the automotive market.
6.	Jonasson, Mats, et al. (författare) Stability of an electric vehicle with permanent magnet in-wheel motors during electrical faults 2007 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 1, s. 100-107 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents an analysis of the stability of an electric vehicle equipped with in-wheel motors of permanent-magnet type during a class of electrical faults. Due to the constant excitation from the permanent magnets, the output torque from a faulted wheel cannot easily be removed if an inverter shuts down, which directly affects the vehicle stability. In this paper, the impact of an electrical fault during two driving scenarios is investigated by simulations; using parameters from a 30 kW in-wheel motor and experimentally obtained tire data. It is shown that the electrical fault risks to seriously degrading the vehicle stability if the correct counteraction is not taken quickly. However, it is also demonstrated that vehicle stability during an electrical fault can be maintained with only minor lateral displacements when a closed-loop path controller and a simple method to allocate the individual tire forces are used. This inherent capacity to handle an important class of electrical faults is attractive; especially since no additional fault-handling strategy or hardware is needed.
7.	Karlsson, Anton, et al. (författare) Conductive Electric Road Localization and Related Vehicle Power Control 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI. - 2032-6653. ; 13:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Enabling vehicles to draw energy from an electric road system (ERS) significantly reduces the need for battery capacity on board the vehicle. It is not necessary, nor realistic, to cover every meter of every stretch of road with ERS. The question then arises how and where the ERS sections should be placed. One way of doing it is to place equally long sections of ERS with a certain separating distance. Another way is to place the sections where the highest amount of traction power of the vehicles is required. This paper presents a performance evaluation of both these methods from an energy consumption and battery degradation point of view. This study assumes a conductive ERS which allows for high power transfer. Being conductive, galvanic isolation between the energy source (the ERS) and the on board traction voltage system (TVS) is needed for electric safety reasons. In addition to the two alternative methods for location of ERS segments, three different powertrains, each with a different approach to galvanic isolation and charging, are evaluated. It is discovered that the method for location of the ERS can in fact affect both energy consumption and battery degradation depending on powertrain and driving scenario.
8.	Karlsson, Anton, et al. (författare) Energy Supply to Buses on a Conductive Electric Road : An evaluation of charger topologies and electric road characteristics 2021 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI. - 2032-6653. ; 12:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An electric road system (ERS) enables transfer of electric energy to a moving vehicle, making it possible to reduce the capacity—and cost—of the battery and the need for static chargers. A conductive electric road allows for relatively low complexity whilst being able to provide high levels of power. When utilising a conductive electric road, safety precautions must be considered with regard to isolation between the charging supply (the electric road) and the vehicle’s traction voltage system (TVS), since no protective Earth connection can be guaranteed. Isolation can be achieved by separating the two systems galvanically or by double isolating the entire TVS and all equipment connected to it on-board the vehicle. This study used the experimental results from a previous paper to model and evaluate three different electric powertrains/charger topologies, including a novel integrated design fulfilling the required safety features. The models were used in a full vehicle model and further investigated in a city bus scenario in terms of how charging performance, energy consumption and battery ageing are affected by the aforementioned charging topologies and electric road characteristic. We discovered that charging topology has a strong influence on energy consumption, and that electric road characteristics have a strong influence on battery ageing.
9.	Karlsson, Sten, 1951, et al. (författare) GPS measurement of Swedish car movements for assessment of possible electrification 2013 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 6:4, s. 955-968 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To enhance the transition to electrified vehicles, such as PHEVs, the use patterns of cars need to be well understood and thus information about individual vehicle's movements over longer time periods is needed. This is of major importance for instance for optimal powertrain and battery design, estimation of consumer viability and potential for PHEVs and for assessment of policies for shifting energy use in transport sector from fuel to electricity. Good and publicly available data of this kind is today unfortunately lacking. The aim of this project has been to gather a larger amount of data on the characteristics and distribution of individual movements for privately driven cars in Sweden by measurement with GPS equipment. The logging was performed with commercial equipment containing a GPS unit, including a roof-mounted antenna, and a gprs communication unit. Data logged (2.5 Hz) were: time, position, velocity, and number and id of used satellites. The measurements started in June 2010 and ended in September 2012. The target has been to accomplish good quality measurements of at least 30 days for about 500 representative vehicles. The paper includes a description of the project, an analysis of its representativeness and some car movement statistics for the full results.
10.	Karlsson, Sten, 1951 (författare) Optimal size of PHEV batteries from a consumer perspective – estimation using car movement data and implications for data harvesting 2009 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 2, s. 1160-1168 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Due to expensiveness of PHEV batteries, the dimensioning of the batteries is very important. We derive the marginally optimal size from a consumer economics perspective and show that a crucial factor for optimal size and profitability is the marginal annual recharging frequency. We apply the analysis to a small set of Swedish vehicle movement data and demonstrate that the resulting optimal battery is highly dependent on the specific movement pattern of the individual car. We conclude that it is now urgent for the continued development, planning, and estimates of proliferation and impact of PHEVs, that statistical data, today mostly lacking, for the movement patterns of individual vehicles are assembled.
11.	Karlsson, Sten, 1951 (författare) The potential for a BEV in the two-car household 2016 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 2, s. 1442-1453 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An optimization model was developed to estimate the potential for a BEV, when replacing one of the conventional cars, to viably contribute to the performance of the driving in the households. It uses data from 1 to 3 months of simultaneous GPS logging of the movement patterns for both cars in 64 commuting 2-car Swedish households. The results show that the BEV can potentially roughly double the driving and still decrease the unfulfilled driving in the household with a flexible car use strategy compared to a BEV substituting the 2nd car only, turning the BEV economics into a TCO gain. © 2016 WEVA.
12.	Kullingsjö, Lars-Henrik, 1984, et al. (författare) Conflicting interests in defining an 'optimal' battery size when introducing the PHEV? 2013 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 6:4, s. 1021-1028 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The PHEV is an interesting option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport or to increase energy security without losing performance in car operation. However finding an optimal battery size is of great importance for the overall economic and environmental performance of the PHEVs. This study investigates the resulting vehicle design, and fleet composition and performance when optimising the PHEV battery with respect to different objective functions possibly reflecting different actors' interest: number of PHEVs, cumulative cost savings and share of electric driving respectively under various assumptions concerning policies and costs. A recently available data set of car movements, containing 445 privately driven Swedish cars that have been measured with GPS-equipment for 1-2 months each is utilized to get a representative car fleet. We find that the battery size and fleet performance are heavily influenced by not only the choice of objective function for the optimization but also by its interaction with the cost structure and performance requirement in the transition from an energy efficient fuel-driven car to a PHEV. The effect of different policies may also vary depending on these conditions and may favour various actors' interests differently. We conclude that these aspects are important to consider both when designing vehicles and when formulating policies for the introduction of PHEVs.
13.	Kullingsjö, Lars-Henrik, 1984, et al. (författare) The possibility for energy regeneration by electrification in Swedish car driving 2013 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 6:2, s. 373-379 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The ability to regenerate energy when braking is a valuable advantage of hybrid and fully electric vehicles. How much energy that can be regenerated depends mainly on the car driving and the capacity of the driveline. Detailed studies of possibilities for brake energy regeneration in real world driving are needed to better understand the potential gains of car-electrification since test cycles do not take individual driving or elevation into account. This study has analysed the potential for regeneration in Swedish car driving by applying a model for a normalized vehicle to a highly detailed and representative data set of individual car movements for privately driven cars in Sweden. The share of energy at the wheels used for braking was found to range from 12% to 63%, with an average of 30%. Engine braking could however reduce the amount of recoverable energy to about 16%. On average 42% and 89% of the potentially regenerable energy is available below 10 and 40 kW, respectively. Drivers with lower average speed have in general a higher share of the energy at the wheels potentially available for regeneration. This is however not an important factor to determine the total yearly energy/cost savings. Instead the yearly mileage is shown to be a more relevant indicator on total energy savings from regeneration. The results are compared to the NEDC and WLTP test cycles.
14.	Márquez-Fernández, Francisco J., et al. (författare) Electric safety challenges with a conductive electric road system-Chassis potential modeling and measurement 2019 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 10:2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Conductive Electric Road Systems (ERS) appear as a promising solution for the electrification of transportation, particularly for heavy vehicles and long-distance trips but also for light vehicles. Significant research efforts are currently devoted to the development of conductive ERS systems, with up to four pilot test sites with different technologies in operation only in Sweden. With the help of electric models and experimental measurements on a pilot test track, this article assesses the potential safety challenges associated with one aspect of this technology: the absence of a reliable protective earth connection while the vehicle is connected to the ERS power supply. The results highlight the importance of monitoring the chassis potential at all times and the need of an active safety mechanism to disconnect the vehicle from the ERS supply if a severe fault occurs.
15.	Pettersson, Stefan (författare) Lightweight infrastructure for electric vehicle charging 2015 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 7:4, s. 631-642 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Electric vehicles need a charging infrastructure. In this paper, it will be argued that Sweden already has a charging infrastructure that potentially could provide all cars with electricity if they were electrified. The charging infrastructure consists of existing motor heaters sockets and outlets near e.g. villas and holiday homes which directly or for low cost can be rebuild to provide electric vehicles with energy. Building a lightweight infrastructure for electric vehicle charging consisting of simple sockets is roughly hundred times cheaper than building fast chargers or a charging infrastructure with Type 2 plug with charging modes Mode 2 or Mode 3. Therefore, it is wise to build a lightweight charging infrastructure for electric vehicle charging and use the connectivity of the vehicle to e.g. enable smart charging and other desirable services/applications. Parts of the conclusions and results in this paper have been established in a Swedish project denoted ELVIIS consisting of partners from research (Viktoria Swedish ICT), car industry (Volvo Car Cooperation), telecom sector (Ericsson) and utility industry (Göteborg Energi).
16.	Plötz, Patrick, et al. (författare) Can policy measures foster plug-in electric vehicle market diffusion? 2016 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 8:4, s. 783-791 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Plug-in Electric vehicles (PEV), both as battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) have noteworthy potential to reduce global and local emissions. Governments around the world have implemented monetary and non-monetary policy measures to foster PEV market diffusion. However, empirical estimates of their effectiveness are scarce. Here, we analyse data on PEV sales from Europe and the US with the policy measures active in these countries, e.g., direct subsidies, tax rebates, and public charging infrastructure. The aim of the present paper is to contribute empirical evidence to the discussion of policy aided market evolution of electric vehicles. We find income, gasoline prices and both direct and indirect subsidies to positively influence PEV adoption. © 2016 WEVA.
17.	Smith, Göran, et al. (författare) ElectriCity innovation challenge 2015 : Experiences 2016 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 8:3, s. 690-698 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract ElectriCity Innovation Challenge 2015 was an open innovation contest in Gothenburg, Sweden. The main purpose was to surge public interest and involvement in ElectriCity, a demonstration arena for next-generation's electrified bus systems. The contest furthermore aimed to catalyse innovation that can contribute to making public transport more attractive, and to test a novel innovation platform that assembles data from buses and bus stops. The outcome was six events with a total of more than 800 attendants, 48 viable prototypes with potential to increase the modal share of electrified public transport and feedback on the innovation platform's potential for development.
18.	Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al. (författare) Charging strategies-implications on the interaction between an electrified road infrastructure and the stationary electricity system 2016 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 3, s. 1823-1834 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study uses a vehicle model together with detailed traffic data of the European route 39 in western Norway to estimate how the electricity demand for an electric road system varies with time and location. The aim is to better understand the impact of an electric road system on the stationary electricity system. The results show that the electricity demand for an E39 electric road system is comparable to a larger industry, potentially increasing the peak power demand in the regional electricity system with only a few percent. Yet, if all main Norwegian roads are electrified, or if vehicles can also charge their batteries while driving, there will be a significant (>10%) addition of electricity demand to the current load. © 2016 WEVA.
19.	Wanner, Daniel, et al. (författare) Survey on fault-tolerant vehicle design 2012 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : The World Electric Vehicle Association (WEVA). - 2032-6653. ; 5:2, s. 598-609 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Fault-tolerant vehicle design is an emerging inter-disciplinary research domain, which is of increased importance due to the electrification of automotive systems. The goal of fault-tolerant systems is to handle occuring faults under operational condition and enable the driver to get to a safe stop. This paper presents results from an extended survey on fault-tolerant vehicle design. It aims to provide a holistic view on the fault-tolerant aspects of a vehicular system. An overview of fault-tolerant systems in general and their design premises is given as well as the specific aspects related to automotive applications. The paper highlights recent and prospective development of vehicle motion control with integrated chassis control and passive and active fault-tolerant control. Also, fault detection and diagnosis methods are briefly described. The shift on control level of vehicles will be accompanied by basic structural changes within the network architecture. Control architecture as well as communication protocols and topologies are adapted to comply with the electrified automotive systems. Finally, the role of regulations and international standardization to enable fault-tolerant vehicle design is taken into consideration.
20.	Whitehead, Jake, 1989-, et al. (författare) The Impact of Different Incentive Policies on Hybrid Electric Vehicle Demand and Price: An International Comparison 2019 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 10:2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Significant efforts to incentivize the uptake of energy efficient vehicles (EEVs) are evident across the globe. Given EEV markets are dynamic, and consumer demand may fluctuate in response to incentives, this may also lead to other market forces influencing prices. An analysis of EEV incentives, therefore, must account for the possible endogeneity between demand and pricing. Here we estimate the effects of different types of incentives on the demand and price premiums of a specific group of EEVs: plug-in and conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). For the first time we dis-entangle the endogeneity between HEV demand and price, using error components three-stage least squares (EC3SLS) regression, and establish that increased HEV price premiums lead to reduced demand. In turn, we also establish that increased HEV demand leads to lower price premiums. Additionally, we find that one-off subsidies are associated with higher consumer demand, however, unlike other types of incentives, are also associated with higher HEV price premiums. This finding suggests that HEV manufacturers and/or dealers are absorbing a significant monetary benefit from one-off subsidies, raising a question regarding the appropriateness of HEV subsidies, particularly in non-HEV manufacturing nations. We also find that higher fuel prices are associated with higher HEV demand and price premiums.
21.	Arikere, Adithya, 1987, et al. (författare) Added Value for Electrified Vehicles through Enhanced Active Safety 2016 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - 2032-6653. ; 8:3, s. WEVJ8-0623 - 0634- Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The possibility of using electric drives to improve safety is presented. Several opportunities were identified and discussed briefly. In particular, two use cases are analyzed in detail: first to accelerate the lead vehicle to prevent or mitigate a rear-end collision and second, to control speed for mitigation of collision risk with oncoming vehicles during evasive maneuvers. Significant safety benefit was estimated in both cases and hence, a strong opportunity is seen for adding safety related value to electrified vehicles at little extra cost.
22.	Castellucci, Valeria, et al. (författare) Potential of Load Shifting in a Parking Garage with Electric Vehicle Chargers, Local Energy Production and Storage 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI. - 2032-6653. ; 13:9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The electrification of the transport sector is of crucial importance for a successful transition to a fossil-free society. However, the electricity grid constitutes a bottleneck. This article provides a case study based on a real-world parking garage with a smart grid infrastructure, called Dansmästaren. The analysis shows how renewable energy sources, energy storage technologies, and smart charging of electric vehicles can smooth out the load curve of the parking garage and relieve the electric grid during peak hours. Dansmästaren is located in Uppsala, Sweden, and equipped with 60 charging points for electric vehicles, a PV system, and a battery storage system. The study utilizes an energy flow model to show the potential of a realistically dimensioned smart energy system, that can benefit the parking facility in itself and the local distribution grid in a city, Uppsala, with grid capacity challenges. The results suggest that the parking garage demand on the local grid can be significantly lowered by smarter control of its relatively small battery energy storage. Moreover, further smart control strategies can decrease demand up to 60% during high load hours while still guaranteeing fully charged vehicles at departure in near future scenarios. The study also shows that peak shaving strategies can lower the maximum peaks by up to 79%. A better understanding of the potential of public infrastructures for electric vehicle charging helps to increase knowledge on how they can contribute to more sustainable cities and a fossil-free society.
23.	Davidsson, Karin, et al. (författare) Safety test methods for EV batteries 2010 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - 2032-6653. ; 4, s. 414-420 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present paper is to share our experience in battery safety testing and risk analysis from arecent project called BLIXT, which had the objective to speed up the progress of the paradigmatic shifttoward electric vehicles (EV). The batteries in question have been three different configurations of lithiumionbatteries (LiFePO4). The tests have involved fire, crash tests and sort circuit.
24.	Davidsson, Karin, et al. (författare) Safety test methods for EV batteries 2011 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - 2032-6653. ; 4:1, s. 414-420 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
25.	de Santiago Ochoa, Juan, et al. (författare) Design Parameters Calculation of a Novel Driveline for Electric Vehicles 2009 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - 2032-6653. ; 3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A driveline for electric vehicles is presented. The propulsion system is operated at a higher voltage than the primary energy source. The batteries selected as the primary energy source deliver power to the vehicle through a motor-generator wounded with two electrically isolated sets of windings, named Two Voltage Level Machine (TVLM). The dynamic behaviour of a vehicle operating according to a standard drive cycle is studied. Parameters of the driveline such as power rates and size of the flywheel are obtained by optimization. A description of the performance of a TVLM is also presented through its equivalent circuit and the control of the machine. Special attention to the system losses is presented. A scale prototype has been constructed and tested under a drive cycle, demonstrating the system performance of the system.
26.	Domingues-Olavarría, Gabriel, et al. (författare) Electric roads : Analyzing the societal cost of electrifying all Danish road transport 2018 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 9:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Electric Road Systems (ERS) have emerged as an alternative to deal with the main drawbacks that battery electric vehicles present (i.e., higher cost, short driving range, long charging times, etc.). This paper analyses the societal cost of electrifying all road transport in Denmark under four different scenarios. The first scenario considered in this study is based on today's approach of having electric vehicles with high battery capacity and fast charging stations, the remaining scenarios study the cost of implementing different ERS at a national level. The results clearly show the benefits of implementing road bound electric road solutions that can be used both by commercial and passenger vehicles.
27.	Foskolos, Georgios, 1976- (författare) Measurement-based current-harmonics modeling of aggregated electric-vehicle loads using power-exponential functions 2020 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 11:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents an aggregate current-harmonic load model using power exponential functions and built from actual measurement data during the individual charging of four dierent fully electric vehicles. The model is based on individual emitted current harmonics as a function of state of charge (SOC), and was used to deterministically simulate the simultaneous charging of six vehicles fed from the same bus. The aggregation of current harmonics up to the 11th was simulated in order to find the circumstances when maximal current-harmonic magnitude occurs, and the phase-angle location. The number of possible identical vehicles was set to four, while battery SOC, the start of charging, and the kind of vehicle were randomized. The results are presented in tables, graphs, and polar plots. Even though simulations did not consider the surrounding harmonics, supply-voltage variation, or network impedance, this paper presents an innovative modeling approach that gives valuable information on the individual current-harmonic contribution of aggregated electric-vehicle loads. With the future implementation of vehicle-to-grid technology, this way of modeling presents new opportunities to predict the harmonic outcome of multiple electric vehicles charging.
28.	Gebresenbet, Girma (författare) Assessment of an Electric Vehicle Drive Cycle in Relation to Minimised Energy Consumption with Driving Behaviour: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Its Suburbs 2023 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - 2032-6653. ; 14 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are suitable alternatives for achieving energy independence and meeting the criteria for reducing greenhouse emissions in the transportation sector. Evaluating their performance and energy consumption in the real-data driving cycle (DC) is important. The purpose of this work is to develop a BEV DC for the interlinked urban and suburban route of Addis Ababa (AA) in Ethiopia. In this study, a new approach of micro-trip random selection-to-rebuild with behaviour split (RSBS) was implemented, and its effectiveness was compared via the k-means clustering method. When comparing the statistical distribution of velocity and acceleration with measured real data, the RSBS cycle shows a minimum error of 2% and 2.3%, respectively. By splitting driving behaviour, aggressive drivers were found to consume more energy because of frequent panic stops and subsequent acceleration. In braking mode, coast drivers were found to improve the regenerative braking possibility and efficiency, which can extend the range by 10.8%, whereas aggressive drivers could only achieve 3.9%. Also, resynthesised RSBS with the percentage of behaviour split and its energy and power consumption were compared with standard cycles. A significant reduction of 14.57% from UDDS and 8.9% from WLTC-2 in energy consumption was achieved for the AA and its suburbs DC, indicating that this DC could be useful for both the city and suburbs.
29.	Gezelius, Mats, et al. (författare) Effect of Having Solar Panels on the Probability of Owning Battery Electric Vehicle 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 13:7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Greenhouse gas emissions, produced by various sectors, including transportation, are significantly impairing the environment and drive climate change. Battery electric vehicles are increasingly seen as a way to alleviate these problems, but they must be charged with electricity produced through environmentally friendly methods. This paper investigates a possible relationship between battery electric vehicles and solar photovoltaic panels using ENABLE.EU household survey data from ten European countries in autumn 2017–spring 2018. Based on the estimates from a recursive bivariate probit model, it is found that the probability that a household owns a battery electric vehicle increases significantly if said household owns solar photovoltaic panels. This suggests that a policy encouraging the home charging of battery electric vehicles using solar photovoltaic panels that includes an energy storage facility could speed up the transition to the use of these vehicles.
30.	Karlsson, Sten, 1951, et al. (författare) Electrification potential of the car – an estimate from a mid-size Swedish town 2011 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 4:1, s. 82-90 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An electrification of vehicles can contribute to increased energy efficiency and decreased air pollution in urban environments. The high vehicle costs involved, especially for the batteries, means that careful considerations of the options are needed. We have investigated the optimal design and potential for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) under various viability conditions with the help of a data set for individual vehicle movements from a mid-size Swedish town.In the estimates each car is equipped with a battery cost-optimized in size with respect to the individual car movement pattern and charging options expressed as the minimum break time interval required for considering recharging. The resulting optimal battery sizes are relatively small for lower economic viability, but increase with raised charging options. For high economic competitiveness the optimal sizes are larger, but decrease with better recharging possibilities.The results point to a PHEV design strategy with a small battery in an introductory phase and then an increased size when the economic competitiveness is further enhanced. Still the resulting optimal battery size is highly dependent on the specific movement pattern of the individual car. It is now urgent for the continued development, planning, and estimates of proliferation and impact of electrified vehicles that further statistical data, today mostly lacking, for the movement patterns of individual vehicles in various regions are assembled and utilized.
31.	Leijon, Jennifer, 1990-, et al. (författare) An Analysis of Vehicle-to-Grid in Sweden Using MATLAB/Simulink 2024 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI. - 2032-6653. ; 15:4, s. 153-153 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract With more electric vehicles introduced in society, there is a need for the further implementation of charging infrastructure. Innovation in electromobility may result in new charging and discharging strategies, including concepts such as smart charging and vehicle-to-grid. This article provides an overview of vehicle charging and discharging innovations with a cable connection. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed to show the difference between an electric vehicle with and without the vehicle-to-grid capabilities for electricity grid prices estimated for Sweden for three different electric vehicle user profiles and four different electric vehicle models. The result includes the state-of-charge values and price estimations for the different vehicles charged with or without a bidirectional power flow to and from the electric grid. The results show that there is a greater difference in state-of-charge values over the day investigated for the electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid capabilities than for vehicles without vehicle-to-grid capabilities. The results indicate potential economic revenues from using vehicle-to-grid if there is a significant variation in electricity prices during different hours. Therefore, the vehicle owner can potentially receive money from selling electricity to the grid while also supporting the electric grid. The study provides insights into utilizing vehicle-to-grid in society and taking steps towards its implementation.
32.	Leijon, Jennifer, 1990-, et al. (författare) Charging Electric Vehicles Today and in the Future 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 13:139 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract It is expected that more vehicles will be electrified in the coming years. This will require reliable access to charging infrastructure in society, and the charging will include data exchange between different actors. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of recent scientific literature on different charging strategies, including for example battery swapping, conductive- and inductive charging, and what data that may be needed for charging of different types of electric vehicles. The methodology of the paper includes investigating recent scientific literature and reports in the field, with articles from 2019 to 2022. The contribution of this paper is to provide a broad overview of different charging strategies for different types of electric vehicles, that could be useful today or in the coming years. The literature review shows that data utilized for charging or discharging includes for example information on the battery, temperature, electricity cost, and location. It is concluded that the preferred charging strategy for an electric vehicle may depend on the type of electric vehicle and when, where, and how the vehicle is used.
33.	Leijon, Jennifer, 1990-, et al. (författare) Vehicle-to-Water (V2W) Concept for Disaster Relief to Ensure Safe Access to Freshwater and Electricity : A Proposed System Where Electric Vehicles Power the Desalination Process 2021 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI. - 2032-6653. ; 12:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, the concept of vehicle-to-water is proposed for disaster relief. This, along with a presentation of a new system including an electric vehicle of van type, with roof-mounted solar panels and a desalination system installed in its cargo hold. The system can be used for transportation and water and electricity supply, with zero tailpipe emissions. The mobile electric vehicle and desalination system are expected to be beneficial for communities with an urgent need for freshwater while also lacking electricity, such as during natural disasters or societal crises in coastal regions. It is related to the water–energy nexus and is an interdisciplinary project. The electric vehicle would have to be charged from a grid-connected charging infrastructure, and the desalination system would require an inlet of seawater and would generate freshwater and brine. The presentation of the innovative system is followed by a brief case study, estimating the amount of freshwater that could be generated and the amount of people that could benefit from such a system. It is estimated that one system could produce up to 29,333 L of freshwater daily, suggesting that around 1466 people could fulfill their personal daily freshwater need of 20 L during a disaster.
34.	Mandev, Ahmet, 1991, et al. (författare) Electrification of Vehicle Miles Traveled and Fuel Consumption within the Household Context: A Case Study from California, USA 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 13:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), consisting of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), combined with the decarbonization of the electricity sector, can significantly help reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. This study used empirical data from 287 households with at least one plug-in electric vehicle in California between 2016 and 2020. We estimated electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT), fuel consumption and utility factor at the household level, i.e., taking into consideration all vehicles. We also studied the effect of household-specific factors-such as frequency of overlaps between vehicles, frequency of charging and frequency of long-distance trips-on eVMT, utility factor and fuel consumption within two-car households. Our results indicate that PHEVs with a range of at least 35 miles have the potential to electrify a similar share of total household miles as some short range BEVs, or can reach up to 70% as much electrification as some long range BEVs and, thus, can play an important role in decarbonizing the transport sector.
35.	Olsson, Oscar, et al. (författare) Poly segment monorail, a conductive method as an alternative for highway electrification 2012 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - 2032-6653. ; 5:3, s. 679-687 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Vehicles driven on alternative fuels, such as electric vehicles (EVs), are becoming more common while awareness of a diminishing oil supply, oil prices and environmental pollution are increasing. Despite technical breakthroughs, the low energy density in the battery is a problem that limits long distance travel, especially for heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). The low energy density combined with the high cost and the uncertain predictable lifetime of the battery could be estimated to hamper the expansion of the long distance EVs. Electrified highways connecting cities could be one solution to reduce the battery and fuel dependency by supplying electricity continuously to the vehicles. Different technical solutions of electric roads, both conductive and inductive, have been proven functional but are today mainly used in the tram and train industry. Despite the inductive system's major benefit of not relying on a physical contact, an inductive system is not necessarily the best option due to high costs and questionable efficiency. This said, also a conductive system intended for highway transport, despite the mature technology used, is far from problem free. This paper presents the new concept Poly segment monorail (PSM), intended to reduce the drawbacks of the general conductive system for highways. PSM utilizes segments alternating each other at road level, in contrast to traditionally being parallel and sometimes partially buried. With the new design and segments that are galvanically insulated, reduced losses and increase safety could be achieved. The paper also highlights the complexity for the new technology, involving several stakeholder markets, to achieve an international standard, which could be estimated a requirement for such a system to be beneficial and reasonable.
36.	Pohl, Hans M, 1966, et al. (författare) Academic and Corporate Vehicle Electrification Research 2023 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 14:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We developed and used methodology to analyze scientific publications in Scopus relating to vehicle electrification and associated key enabling technologies: batteries, fuel cells and electric machines with power electronics. The global research landscape was mapped, and an analysis of the 16 most active countries was carried out. Vehicle electrification publications are rewarded with a high citation impact, and they include corporate actors to a great extent. China dominates in vehicle electrification research as well as in the enabling technologies, and China’s position is set to become even more dominating. Battery research has grown rapidly with a high citation impact, whereas the volume of research for the other enabling technologies was more constant during 2017–2021. Automakers’ research that has led to scientific publications was specifically studied. Ford Motor Company was the automaker with the highest number of vehicle electrification publications during 2017–2021. A large share of the automakers’ publications was co-authored with academic actors, and such publications were rewarded with a higher citation impact than those without. However, the share of international co-publications among the automakers was meager. It is concluded that the analysis of vehicle electrification publications gives an overview of the rapidly developing field. Moreover, the analysis of automakers’ involvement in such research is one way of obtaining one perspective on their strategies and priorities.
37.	Shoman, Wasim, 1990, et al. (författare) Benefits of an Electric Road System for Battery Electric Vehicles 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 13:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Electric road systems (ERS)—infrastructure that allows for charging while driving—are currently considered in Sweden for electrifying long-haul trucking. The technology can also charge battery electric passenger vehicles (BEVs). This study utilizes real-world car movement data in Sweden and detailed spatial analysis to explore to what extent ERS could displace stationary charging if it is available for BEVs and the expected benefits. We find that ERS utilization and the minimum battery ranges depend more on visited locations and home locations and less on the annual travel distances of car users. The median battery ranges required by rural residents are 15–18% greater than for urban residents. Our scenarios suggest that a mix of ERS and home-charging would achieve the most significant benefits. ERS with home charging reduces the required battery range by 62–71% in the main scenarios, and the net savings from smaller BEV batteries exceed the cost of ERS. Eliminating all stationary charging is feasible for many but not all vehicles. Utilizing ERS could also significantly reduce peak BEV charging by distributing charging throughout the day. We also find that there is a considerable difference between the maximum possible and minimum needed charging on ERS, which can significantly influence ERS revenues. Future studies can expand to include other modes (e.g., trucks) to provide more holistic assessments of economic benefits and charging needs.
38.	Wallberg, Alexander, 1991-, et al. (författare) Peak Shaving for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure : A Case Study in a Parking Garage in Uppsala, Sweden 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI. - 2032-6653. ; 13:8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The need for a more flexible usage of power is increasing due to the electrification of new sectors in society combined with larger amounts of integrated intermittent electricity production in the power system. Among other cities, Uppsala in Sweden is undergoing an accelerated transition of its vehicle fleet from fossil combustion engines to electrical vehicles. To meet the requirements of the transforming mobility infrastructure, Uppsala municipality has, in collaboration with Uppsala University, built a full-scale commercial electrical vehicle parking garage equipped with a battery storage and photovoltaic system. This paper presents the current hardware topology of the parking garage, a neural network for day-ahead predictions of the parking garage’s load profile, and a simulation model in MATLAB using rule-based peak shaving control. The created neural network was trained on data from 2021 and its performance was evaluated using data from 2022. The performance of the rule-based peak shaving control was evaluated using the predicted load demand and photovoltaic data collected for the parking garage. The aim of this paper is to test a prediction model and peak shaving strategy that could be implemented in practice on-site at the parking garage. The created neural network has a linear regression index of 0.61, which proved to yield a satisfying result when used in the rule-based peak shaving control with the parking garage’s 60 kW/137 kWh battery system. The peak shaving model was able to reduce the highest load demand peak of 117 kW by 38.6% using the forecast of a neural network.
39.	Wenander, David, et al. (författare) Reducing the Environmental Impact of Large Battery Systems with Conductive Electric Road Systems—A Technical Overview 2024 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - 2032-6653. ; 15:2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A radical transformation of the transport industry is required in order to achieve a fossil-fuel-free vehicle fleet and reach the greenhouse gas emissions goals. Electrification plays a crucial role in this radical process. An electric road system (ERS) is a road that supplies power to electric vehicles as they drive on it, offering numerous advantages. These include an extended driving range, decreased reliance on batteries, and increased flexibility and convenience for drivers, eliminating the need to stop for recharging. This paper highlights the transformative potential of ERS in revolutionizing the land transport sector. Through thorough testing with a conductive ERS demonstrator, the viability of the presented technology is validated. Essential aspects like power transfer, efficiency, safety, and environmental impact showcase ERS’s adaptability and scalability across diverse vehicle types. This study recommends widespread ERS support for battery electric vehicles, emphasizing the route toward a sustainable future.
40.	Zander, Lennarth, 1961, et al. (författare) Evaluation of a Back-up Range Extender and Other Heavy-Duty BEV-Supporting Systems 2022 Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 13:6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Electric powertrains in terms of battery electric vehicles (BEV) are considered to be very interesting for heavy truck transportations. The challenge is the need for very large onboard energy and batteries. Long-term fuel cells (FCs) are considered an interesting support system for heavy-duty BEV, but in the short term, a range extender (REX) is also interesting. A heavy-duty BEV with 970 kWh batteries installed can handle 27% of all possible missions for the Scania fleet considering daily recharging. The back-up range extender (BUREX) can expand this figure to 55% utilized 20 days per year. If a customer has a few very energy-demanding use cases each year and does not want to pay for all the batteries needed, the BUREX may be an especially good option. The BUREX reduces life-cycle CO2 emissions, irrespective of the generation mix of the grid supplying the electricity used in vehicle manufacturing and battery charging. The BUREX reuse of the existing electric components of the BEV powertrain enables the installation of a 10% larger battery pack while being 80% less costly. The BUREX also adds redundancy to the BEV concept while recharging infrastructure improves, especially in rural places. These results indicate that the BUREX concept is a powerful short-term solution that could enable greater use of HD FC and BEV trucks while charging infrastructure and FC technologies gradually become more mature.

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