| 1. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, et al.
(författare)
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Suggested landfill sites for hazardous waste in Iraq
- 2013
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 5:4, s. 463-477
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq experienced two devastating wars in 1991 and 2003, during which massive amounts of new weapons and sophisticated manufactured nuclear weapons were used called Depleted Uranium (DU). As a consequence of the radioactive contamination; the humans are suffering from various disease like cancer and the environment is polluted.In practice, there is no strategy and/or national program, not even well thought out plans and scientific personnel and technical equipment required to clean Iraq of these wastes. Reviewing the geological, topographical and hydrological data, it had been noticed that Umm Chaimin depression is a good candidate site to dump all contaminated radioactive scrap and soil. The suggested design of the landfill will ensure safe containment of the waste for hundreds of thousands of years even if significant climatic changes will take place.
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| 2. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, et al.
(författare)
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Water loss in Mafraq governorate, Jordan
- 2013
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 5:3, s. 333-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Jordan is located in the Middle East and covers an area of 89,342 km2. The total population of Jordan is 6,508,271. Jordan is rapidly facing a severe water supply crisis due to greater demands on a finite quantity of available water. If current trends continue, it has been estimated that the country will experience a chronic water shortage by 2020. Despite these shortages, water loss in the distribution network is relatively high where it reaches 46%. Mafraq Governorate has the maximum water loss. Continuous records and data for the period 1999-2004 for Mafraq water authority were investigated for the water supply and lose. Water losses were evaluated, and suggestions were given to minimize the loss.
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| 3. |
- Alanbari, Mohammad Ali, et al.
(författare)
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GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis for Landfill Site Selection in AL-HashimyahQadaa
- 2014
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 6:5, s. 282-304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste management system is not well regulated in Iraq. Despite the fact that there are various techniques used for solid waste disposal, landfill is the most common mode for the disposal of solid waste in Iraq, landfill site selection criteria is quite complex process and it depends on several regulation and factors. In this study landfill site selection is performed by using Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for the Al-Hashimyahqadaa. Existing landfills in qadaa are temporary and/or non-conforming to the environmental conditions. In order to determine landfill site, several criteria were examined such as Urban centers, Land use, Airports, Pipes, Power lines, Railways, Roads, Slope, Streams, Surface water, Industrial areas, Oil pipes, Liquid gas pipes, Soil types are prepared. MCDA was used to measure the relative importance weighting for each criterion. Each map layer was prepared using GIS and the final suitable map was created by overlay analyses of each criterion maps. According to the results, high and low suitable areas were determined in the study area. Field site check was performed to determine the accuracy and suitability of the candidate sites.
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| 4. |
- Alanbari, Mohammad Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling Landfill Suitability Based on GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis: Case Study in Al-Mahaweelqadaa
- 2014
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 6:11, s. 828-851
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste management system is not regulated in Iraq. At present, there are various techniques used for solid waste management such as landfill, thermal treatment, biological treatment, recycling etc. Landfill is the most common mode for the disposal of solid waste. However, landfill site selection is quite complex process and it depends on several criteria and regulations. In this study landfill site selection is performed for Al-Mahaweel qadaa using Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) And Geographic Information System (GIS). It should be mentioned however, that the existing landfill in this area, is temporary and does not fulfill the environmental conditions. To select suitable landfill site, several criteria were considered such as Urban centers, Land use, Airports, Pipes, Power lines, Railways, Roads, slope, streams, Surface water, Industrial areas, Oil pipes, Liquid gas pipes, Soil types are prepared. (MCDA) was used to evaluate the relative importance of each criterion. Each map layers were formed with the aid of GIS and final suitability map was created by overlay analyses of each criterion map. According to obtained results, high and low suitable areas were determined in the study area. Field and office checks were performed out to determine the accuracy and suitability of the candidate sites.
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| 5. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Development of methodology for quantitative landslide risk assessment—Example Göta river valley
- 2014
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 6:3, s. 130-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective landslide risk management requires knowledge of the landslide risks. This paper presents a risk assessment methodology for semiregional scale. The landslide probability is assessed taking into account expected climatechange in the case study area (the G?ta river valley). Climate change is expected to result in increased erosion and water fluctuations. There are large areas with marine clays, often quick clay, in the area and the landslide process can be rapid with extensive damages and casualties. The consequence methodology includes a wide range of consequences assessed by monetary valuation. The consequences and the landslide probability are combined as pairs of values in a risk matrix and the risk is also presented on a map. The map has been used as discussion and decision bases in the municipalities in the G?ta river valley, in the county administration and on governmental level to estimate the needs of risk mitigation and to make priorities.
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| 6. |
- Jia, Qi, et al.
(författare)
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Estimation of road dust using BSNEs
- 2013
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 5:5, s. 567-572
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mining is a core industry in Sweden and plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Though the importance of mining dust has been well recognized, the quantification of dust production with regard to individual source activity has rarely been done in Sweden. Depending on the type of source activity, dust estimation method can be chosen from three alternatives: exposure profiling methods, back calculation method, and wind erosion prediction method. Also included in the paper is an example of experiment, which was executed on two unpaved roads in Lulea, Sweden by using exposure profiling method. The experiment concluded that dust emission due to vehicle transportation is strongly dependent on traveling speed and road bed material.
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| 7. |
- Jia, Qi, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of dust emission from a road construction using exposure-profiling method
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 0075-4307. ; 5:12, s. 1255-1263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road construction is one example of heavy constructions that may have a substantial temporary impact on local air quality. Construction of Luleå Road during the summer 2013 generated a great deal of dust emission. US EPA recommended exposure-profiling method was used to measure dust emission. Inexpensive BSNE dust samplers were used instead of high volume samplers. The objective was to give a general idea of the amount of dust generated due to the construction work. Dust generation related to weather was discussed conditions. Estimated threshold wind velocity for road surface materials at the height of 2m were 12.88m/s, 12.88m/s and 24.76m/s which were lower measured wind velocity, indicated no dust generated from wind erosion. Dust masses for 7 sampling periods show dust generation had a close relation with moisture content of surface material. Wind speed, humidity had minor or no effect. The estimated dust emission rate in the construction work during the measuring period was 22.86kg TSP/d, 6kg/d was from construction work and 16.86kg/d was generated due to traffic on temporary roads.
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| 8. |
- Madej, Malgorzata, et al.
(författare)
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Heparin-binding proteins from boar seminal plasma affecting the release of prostaglandins and interleukin-6 by porcine endometrial and cervical cells and bovine endometrial cells
- 2013
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 5, s. 21-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objectives of this study were to explore whether heparin-binding proteins, separated by fast protein liquid chromatography from boar seminal plasma influence the release of pros- taglandins F2α, (PGF2α), E2 (PGE2) and interleu- kin-6 (IL-6) by porcine endometrial and cervical cells and even bovine endometrial cells. In Ex- periment I, we showed that release of PGF2α by endometrial epithelial, endometrial stromal and cervical stromal cells to the medium was inhi- bited (p < 0.05) to 9.0% - 60.6% after 24 h incu- bation with 125 μg of heparin-binding proteins. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) stimulated re- lease of IL-6 by endometrial and cervical stromal cells after 24 h incubation, but in the presence of heparin-binding proteins, this stimulation was attenuated. Release of PGF2α by cryopreserved (Experiment II) and primary (Experiment III) cer- vical stromal cells was significantly inhibited after 3 h incubation with 66 - 95.4 μg of heparin- binding proteins. A significant inhibition of PGE2 release by cryopreserved and primary cervical stromal cells was already achieved after incuba-tion with 16.5 - 23.9 μg of heparin-binding pro-teins. The release of IL-6 by cryopreserved cells was stimulated after 3 h incubation with heparin- binding proteins in a dose dependent manner in contrast to the release of IL-6 by freshly isolated cervical stromal cells. We also found (Experi-ment IV) that porcine heparin-binding seminal plasma proteins inhibited release of PGF2α and stimulated release of IL-6 by bovine endometrial epithelial cells. In conclusion, a group of hepa- rin-binding proteins separated by fast protein liquid chromatography from boar seminal plas- ma inhibit PGF2α, PGE2 and stimulate IL-6 re-lease by porcine endometrial and cervical cells, and even by bovine endometrial cells. Thus, these proteins have a similar effect as the entire seminal plasma.
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| 9. |
- Pusch, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Can sealing of rock hosting a repository for highly radioactive waste be relied on?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 4:11A, s. 895-905
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multibarrier systems are commonly proposed for effective isolation of highly radioactive waste (HLW). Presently considered concepts take the host rock as a barrier claiming it to retard migration of possibly released radionuclides from HLW containers to the biosphere. This capacity is small unless water-bearing fracture zones intersecting the blasted waste-containing tunnels and excavation-disturbance zones around them can be sealed by grouting and construction of bulkheads, but this is effective only for a very limited period of time as explained in the paper. The disturbed zones thence make the entire repository serve as a continuous hydraulic conductor causing quick transport of released radionuclides up to the biosphere. The dilemma can be solved by accepting the short-circuiting function of the disturbed zones along the tunnels on the condition that totally tight waste containers be used. Deep holes bored in the site selection phase through the forthcoming repository can be effective pathways for radionuclides unless they are properly sealed. They are small-scale equivalents of tunnels but do not have any ex-cavation damage and can be effectively sealed by using clay and concrete of new types. Applying this principle to very deep boreholes with a diameter of a few decimeters would make it possible to safely store slim, tight HLW canisters for any period of time.
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| 10. |
- Pusch, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal ways of disposal of highly radioactive waste
- 2012
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 4:11A, s. 906-918
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multibarrier concepts are commonly proposed for effective isolation of highly radioactive waste (HLW). Present concepts consider the host rock as a barrier by retarding migration of possibly released radionuclides to the biosphere, containers for preventing release of radionuclides, and “buffer clay” embedding the canisters for providing ductility and minimizing the risk of container breakage and for delaying migration of possibly escaping radionuclides. Closer analysis of the isolating functions shows that rock will only serve as a mechanical protection of the “nearfield”, the containers of proposed types can be short-lived, and the surrounding clay will be increasingly permeable and stiffen hence becoming less ductile with time. A different approach, representing an alternative to the common concepts, can be safer and cheaper. It takes the HIPOW copper canister as the only major barrier and a cheap but sufficiently efficient buffer as embedment. The repository can consist of an abandoned copper mine, an option being to place HLW in emptied drifts while mining is still going in not yet exploited parts of the ore body.
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| 11. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al.
(författare)
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Origin of some Transversal Linear Features of NE- SW Trend in Iraq, and their Geological Characters
- 2014
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 6:12, s. 996-1011
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq is located at the extreme northeastern part of the Arabian Plate, which is in collision with the Eurasian Plate. This collision is still onward; and has caused alignment of the evolved structures in NW – SE trend; mainly, especially in the northern, northeastern and eastern sides of Iraq. However, many transversal linear features of NE – SW trend, represented by rivers, streams, valleys, playas, anticlines and offsets are developed; in parallel trend to the main compressional forces created by the aforementioned collision. Many examples from different parts of Iraq confirm the mechanism of their formation through the geological, geomorphological, tectonics and structural aspects. Although the existing linear features are tens of kilometers in length, but almost no surface displacements were reported, except very few, in some parts of Iraq. The given examples are selected to be the most obvious, when geophysical data are available, the surface and subsurface geology of the involved area is correlated to deduce whether the surface expression coincides with the subsurface or otherwise. A brief tectonic history is also given.
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| 12. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan, et al.
(författare)
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Sand and dust storm events in Iraq
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 5:10, s. 1084-1094
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq is one of the most affected countries in the Middle East concerning the occurrences of sand and dust storms. The frequency of the occurrence has increased drastically in the last decade and it is increasing continuously. The events of sand and dust storms are either regional or local. The former, however, is more frequent than the latter. The regional events, generally extends outside the Iraqi territory, into different directions, but usually covers part of Syria, crossing the Iraqi territory towards Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and/ or towards the Arabian Gulf, and less frequently extends to Iran. The main causes in the development of sand and dust storms, in Iraq are discussed. The causes are also either regional or local. The former, however, cause more economic losses and harsh effect on the human's health, as compared with the latter. One of the main reasons behind the development of sand and dust storms is the climatic changes within the region, especially the drastic decrease in the annual rate of rain fall, besides environmental changes, like drying of the marshes, land degradation, and desertification. From the local causes, the most effective reason is the haphazard driving and military operations, especially in the Iraqi Southern Desert.Prudent management of water resources by using non-conventional resources and adapting suitable irrigation methods can greatly help to overcome this phenomenon and minimize the number of dust storm.
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| 13. |
- Tarvainen, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Seismic analysis of aircraft accidents
- 2013
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 5:7, s. 811-817
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seismic records from Finnish and Swedish sta- tions were analyzed for a study of two aircraft accidents in Finland and Sweden. A Hornet F-18 fighter crashed in central Finland, and analysis of recorded impact signals from 7 nearby seis- mic stations yielded in a crash location only 4 km in error. An estimated magnitude (ML) of 0.5 units gave an impact velocity of 335 m/sec (1200 km/h), which was in excellent agreement with that reported by the Finnish Air Force. A Norwegian Hercules transport plane crashed in foul weather near the summit of Mt. Kebnekaise, NW Sweden. Both seismic and infrasound signals were weak, and in our interpretation, this implied that the Hercules aircraft had a less steep impact angle against the mountain. We also examined seismic analyses of other spectacular air accidents like that of Lockerbie, UK in 1988, and terrorist air- craft attacks on September 11th, 2001 in the USA. Likewise, accidents at sea, such as the sinking of the Russian submarine Kursk in the Barents sea in 2000, and the freighter M/S Rocknes near Bergen in 2004, were recorded and analyzed seismically. In this study, we demonstrated that it was feasible to use seismic registrations to locate impact sites, and to define the exact time of such accidents. Also, negative evidence, i.e., lack of seismic recordings, may provide some information of such accidents and their conse-quences.
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| 14. |
- Zakaria, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Estimation of annual harvested runoff at Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan region of Iraq
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 0075-4307. ; 5:12, s. 1272-1283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kurdistan Region (KR) of Iraq has suffered from the drought period during the seasons 2007- 2008 and 2008-2009 that affected the human and economic activities of the region. Macro rain- water harvesting (Macro RWH) is one of the te- chniques that can ensure water availability for a region having limited water resources. This te- chnique is based on Soil Conservation Service- Curve Number (SCS-CN) method and the Water- shed Modeling System (WMS) was used to esti- mate the runoff. Rainfall records of Sulaymani- yah area for the period 2002-2012 were studied and an average season was selected (2010-2011). The results of the application of the WMS model showed that about 10.76 million cubic meters could be harvested. The results also showed that the quantity of the harvested runoff was highly affected by rainfall depth, curve number values, antecedent moisture conditions (AMC) and the area of the basins.
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| 15. |
- Zakaria, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Wheat yield scenarios for rainwater harvesting at northern Sinjar mountain, Iraq
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 0075-4307. ; 5:10, s. 1057-1068
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq is part of West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. The area is known as dry land, famous with gap of crop yield as a result of the water shortage problem.Six basins with total catchment area of 614.19 km2 at rain-fed of Northern Sinjar District-Iraq had been chosen to investigate both of the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) and three supplemental irrigation (SI) scenarios S1, S2, and S3 (100%, 75%, and 50% of full irrigation requirement) to support the wheat yield (bread and durum) under various rainfall conditions for the study period 1990-2009.The results indicated that, the total volume of harvested runoff can be considered for irriga- tion practices, that reached up to 42.4 , 25.1, 0.6, 10.9 (*106 m3) during 1995-1996, 1996-1997, 1998-1999, and 2001-2002, respectively.The total irrigated area ranged between 10.9-5163.7 and 8.8-3595.7 (ha) for bread and durum wheat crop for the four selected seasons respectively. The yield scenarios for supplemental irrigation condition Y1, Y2, and Y3 give 68–9712, 94–12999, and 105–22806 Ton for bread wheat, and for durum wheat give 56–8035, 87–10906, and 103–17396 Ton.
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| 16. |
- Åkerstedt, Hans O.
(författare)
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Deposition of charged nano-particles in the human airways including effects from cartilaginous rings
- 2011
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 3:10, s. 885-888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a numerical study of the deposition of spherical charged nano-particles caused by convection, Brownian diffusion and electrostatics in a pipe with a cartilaginous ring structure. The model describes the deposition of charged particles in the different generations of the tracheobronchial tree of the human lung. The upper airways are characterized by a certain wall structure called cartilaginous rings which modify the particle deposition when compared to an airway with a smooth wall. The problem is defined by solving Naver-Stokes equations in combination with a convective-diffusion equation and Gauss law for electrostatics. Three non- dimensional parameters describe the problem, the Peclet number Pe = 2ūa/D , the Reynolds number Re = ūa/v and an electrostatic parameter α=α2c0q2/(4ε0κT) . Here U is the mean velocity, a the pipe radius and D the diffusion coefficient due to Brownian motion given by D=κTCu/3πμd , where Cu is the Cunningham-factor Cu=1+λ/d(2.34+1.05exp(-0.39d/λ)) Here d is the particle diameter and λ the mean free path of the air molecules. Results are provided for generations G4-G16 of the human airways. The electrostatic parameter is varied to model different concentrations and charge numbers
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| 17. |
- Åkerstedt, Hans O., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of cartilaginous rings on particle deposition by convection and Brownian diffusion
- 2010
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Ingår i: Natural Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2150-4091 .- 2150-4105. ; 2:7, s. 769-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A finite volume method for the numerical solution of viscoelastic flows is given. The flow of a differential upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid through a contraction channel has been chosen as a prototype example. The conservation and constitutive equations are solved using the finite volume method (FVM) in a staggered grid with an upwind scheme for the viscoelastic stresses and a hybrid scheme for the velocities. An enhanced-in-speed pressure-correction algorithm is used and a method for handling the source term in the momentum equations is employed. Improved accuracy is achieved by a special discretization of the boundary conditions. Stable solutions are obtained for higher Weissenberg number (We), further extending the range of simulations with the FVM. Numerical results show the viscoelasticity of polymer solutions is the main factor influencing the sweep efficiency.
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