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1.	Axholt, Magnus, et al. (författare) Visual Alignment Accuracy in Head Mounted Optical See-Through AR Displays: Distribution of Head Orientation Noise 2009 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. - San Antonio (TX), USA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. - 9781615676231 ; , s. 2024-2028 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The mitigation of registration errors is a central challenge for improving the usability of AugmentedReality systems. While the technical achievements within tracking and display technology continue toimprove the conditions for good registration, little research is directed towards understanding theuser’s visual alignment performance during the calibration process. This paper reports 12 standingsubjects’ visual alignment performance using an optical see-through head mounted display for viewingdirections varied in azimuth (0°, ±30°, ±60°) and elevation (0°, ±10°). Although viewing direction hasa statistically significant effect on the shape of the distribution, the effect is small and negligible forpractical purposes and can be approximated to a circular distribution with a standard deviation of 0.2°for all viewing directions studied in this paper. In addition to quantifying head aiming accuracy with ahead fixed cursor and illustrating the deteriorating accuracy of boresight calibration with increasingviewing direction extremity, the results are applicable for filter design determining the onset and end ofhead rotation.
2.	Barbe, MF, et al. (författare) Sickness behaviors (reduced social interaction and pain behaviors) are linked to inflammatory mechanisms in a rat model of work-related musculoskeletal disorders 2016 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : Sage Publications. - 1541-9312 .- 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; 60:1, s. 975-979 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We sought to determine if sickness behaviors (decreased social interaction and pain) are induced in a rat model of work-related overuse and effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatments. Rats first trained to learn a high force reaching task (15 min/week day for 6 wks), with subsets treated prophylactically with ibuprofen or anti-TNFalpha. Others performed a high repetition high force (HRHF) task for 6 or 12 weeks (2 hrs/day, 3 days/wk) untreated, or with ibuprofen, anti-TNFalpha or rest treatments beginning task week 5. Untreated HRHF rats had increased IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha in serum and brain, increased Substance P in spinal cord, decreased social interaction and increased forepaw allodynia. Secondary antiinflammatory treatments attenuated social interaction and brain changes, but not allodynia or spinal cord changes; rest provided partial attenuation. Prophylactic treatments prevented all changes. Thus, inflammatory mechanisms mediate the development of sickness behaviors induced by work-related overuse, but not maintenance of allodynia.
3.	Benderius, Ola, 1985, et al. (författare) Evidence for a fundamental property of steering 2014 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. - 9780945289456 ; 58:1, s. 884-888 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, a general and fundamental property of steering is demonstrated: It is shown that steering corrections generally follow bell-shaped proﬁles of steering rate. The ﬁnding is strongly related to what is already known about reaching movements. Also, a strong linear relationship was found between the maximum steering wheel rate and the steering wheel deﬂection, something that indicates a constant movement time for the correction. Furthermore, by closer examination of those corrections that cannot be described by a single bell-shaped rate proﬁle, it was found that they typically can be described using two or, in some cases three or four, overlapping proﬁles, something which relates to superposition of motor primitives.
4.	Chen, Fang, 1963, et al. (författare) Effect of noise on automatic speech recognition system error rate 2000 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting July 2000. - : SAGE Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; 44:37, s. 606-609 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Many studies have indicted that stress and workload can effect the recognition accuracy of the speech recognition system. This can include noise, vibration, G-force, information overload, vocal quality in noise, vocal quality and psychological stress, concurrent task performance and vocal fatigue. The commercially available speech recognition system has not yet reached the perfect design to recognize natural human speech. The military application of automatic speech recognition systems has been studied in a wide arrangement. Verbex’ Voice Master was recommended in its instruction book as especially suited well for use in a noisy environment. This system was selected as a candidate system for use in cockpits. Before implementing it in the cockpit, its strengths and weaknesses for special utterances need to be tested in a laboratory environment. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of noise on recognition accuracy in dual-task performance. The experiment was carried out in a noise-insulated room. The Verbex’ Voice Master speech recognition system was installed into the computer. Eleven male Swedish students were the subjects. Two noise levels were set up with a combination of mental workload and physical workload. The results showed that without noise and mental workload, the recognition accuracy could be as good as 99.4%. With noise and mental workload, the recognition accuracy could be reduced to 95%. The results indicated that noise had significant effects on the computer error while mental workload had significant effects on both subject error and computer error.
5.	Eriksson, Lars, et al. (författare) On Visual, Vibrotactile, and 3D Audio Directional Cues for Dismounted Soldier Waypoint Navigation 2008 Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 52nd ANNUAL MEETING—2008. - Los Angeles : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 1282-1286 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We compared a visual GPS, a tactile torso belt, and a 3D audio display in a waypoint navigation task for dismounted soldiers. Using these displays one at a time, the soldier’s main tasks were to walk as fast and straight as possible towards the waypoints while visually scanning the terrain for detection of target flags. The results showed that all three types of displays gave similar navigation precision and target detection performance. The visual display entailed a somewhat higher navigation speed than the tactile and 3D audio displays. Both the visual and 3D audio displays, however, were rated as directing attention away from the terrain more than the tactile display. Compared to the tactile display, a higher mental workload was reported for the 3D audio, which was also rated least suitable for operational use in navigation tasks. Yet, the soldiers’ ability to localize directions to waypoints with the 3D audio display may point to its potential use for radio communication and cueing of directions to threats. In an overall evaluation, eight soldiers preferred the tactile display and four the visual, while none preferred the 3D audio. We discuss the results mainly regarding shortcomings of the study and the possibility of developing and combining the three display types for the dismounted soldier.
6.	Forsyth, Katherine, et al. (författare) Improving Instructions to Stop the Bleed 2017 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2017 Annual Meting. - Santa Monica : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, HFES. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 588-592 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The Stop The Bleed initiative was developed by the Department of Homeland Security to educate lay providers in bleeding reduction strategies. The current study evaluated: (1)three tourniquet instructions using a simulated tourniquet task and (2)participant confidence levels in tourniquet use and lay provider training. Thirty participants with limited clinical experience applied a tourniquet to a simulated limb using one of three instruction sets. Twelve of these participants (40%) participated in a tourniquet training session and focus group to discuss each instruction set. Participants preferred the most simple and pictoral instruction set, and identified opportunities for improvement in each set. Participant confidence in tourniquet use increased significantly following the task and the focus group. After the focus group, participant confidence in instructing lay providers on proper tourniquet use significantly increased. Adding key steps, contextual pictures, and indicators of success to instructions could support lay providers stop the bleed in life-threatening situations
7.	Gold, Judith, et al. (författare) Serum and MRI biomarkers in mobile device texting : a pilot study 2012 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : SAGE Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 1150-1154 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Text messaging has become widespread, particularly among college-aged young adults.There is concern that high rates of texting may result in musculoskeletal disorders, including tendinopathies. We examined serum biomarkers, conventional MRI findings, and MRI mean intratendinous signal-to-noise ratio (MISI) of thumb tendons to determine if high volume texters (≥ 230 texts sent/day; n = 5) would be more likely than low volume texters (≤ 25 texts sent/day; n = 5) to have early onset tendinopathy and inflammation. Three of the high volume texters had MRI findings of tendinopathy as did one low volume texter. Increased serum TNF-R1 was found in high volume texters compared to low volume texters of college age, as were non-significant increases in MISI in 2 thumb tendons. Serum TNF-R1 and TNF-α correlated with the MISI in these tendons, as did IL1-R1. These results suggest that early onset tendinopathy with concurrent inflammation may be occurring in prolific texters. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.
8.	Kelson, Denean, et al. (författare) Differences in trapezius muscle activation patterns in office workers with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain, as quantified through exposure variation analysis 2018 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 962-966 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of this study was to quantify upper-trapezius muscle activation patterns using exposure variation analysis (EVA) in healthy computer workers and those with chronic neck-shoulder pain. Eight healthy and five chronic pain participants were asked to complete three computer-based tasks (TYPE, CLICK, and FORM) in two pacing conditions (self-paced and control-paced). EVA was used to quantify variation using five amplitude classes and five duration classes. Performance in each task was also quantified. Healthy workers and those with chronic pain did not differ in performance, and they both exhibited similarly low levels of muscle activation amplitude. Pain participants, however, were found to spend less time in lower duration classes across tasks and conditions. These results indicate that individuals with chronic neck-shoulder pain utilize movement strategies involving sustained durations of continuous muscle activation. This may be suggestive of decreased temporal variation in muscle activation patterns in those with chronic pain.
9.	Lowndes, Bethany, et al. (författare) A Preliminary Comparison of Three Tourniquet Instructions for Just-in-Time Guidance of a Simulated Tourniquet Application 2017 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2017 Annual Meeting. - Santa Monica : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, HFES. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 1076-1080 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The American College of Surgeons (ACS) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) encourage the use of tourniquets as part of the “Stop the Bleed” campaign. Both have provided instructions for layperson tourniquet application in order to save the life of a hemorrhaging trauma victim. This study sought to compare the impact of using ACS and DHS instructions with manufacturer-provided instructions for the completion of simulated tourniquet application steps. Thirty surgical trainees completed a simulated tourniquet application with one of the three instruction sets. Their completion time and success for each step were measured. Participants that received ACS instructions failed the fewest number of steps (p < 0.01) and completed the task faster (Mean (SD) = 70 (33) seconds) compared to those with the manufacturer-provided instructions (p < 0.01). Tourniquet instruction sets need to be refined in order to optimize the success rate of just-in-time guidance for tourniquet application.
10.	Löscher, Ida, et al. (författare) Visualizing Purpose and Functionality Overlaps of Health IT Systems using an Abstraction Hierarchy 2019 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - Newbury Park, California : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 317-321 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The development of health IT fuels a digitalization process that affects the work of hospital staff negatively in the case of poor integration of IT systems. A challenge lies in keeping track of the existing IT systems and possible overlapping functions. The Abstraction Hierarchy model from the Cognitive Work Analysis framework describes how parts of a complex system relate to the over-arching goals of the system, which could work as an overview of the IT systems. In this study, we explore how an Abstraction Hierarchy can be used to visualize how IT systems’ functions overlap, interfere with, or depend on each other. The Abstraction Hierarchy was developed based on documentation, interviews, and a study visit at a hospital ward. The overlaps in functionality visualized in the Abstraction Hierarchy could serve as indicators for the need for further investigation of effects on the hospital staff’s work.
11.	Mallam, Steven, 1987, et al. (författare) Ship engine control room design: Analysis of current human factors & ergonomics regulations & future directions 2013 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. ; , s. 521-525 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A ships' engine control room (ECR) is of central importance to the engine department and overall vessel operation. Modern day ships are becoming increasingly technologically sophisticated and computerization has a growing presence in the engine department. A large portion of marine engineering duties are now dedicated to remotely managing equipment from the ECR. In order to optimize control room design and layout from a user-centered perspective numerous safety-critical industries have implemented mandatory regulations which utilize human factors and ergonomics (HF&E) knowledge. However, shipping's highest governing body, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) currently lacks regulatory support in this area. This paper examines international mandatory regulations and non-mandatory guidelines regarding the human element which influence ECR design. Analysis reveals that a disconnect exists between the regulations which specify ship design criteria and those which specify seafarer training competencies and safe operational procedures. From a regulatory perspective ECR design does not support ECR operation. Assessment of current regulatory gaps establishes a base for developing engine department-specific HF&E applications. Safer shipping practices can be fostered by facilitating operational demands through work environment design. However, due to the complexity of international shipping laws mandatory regulations are the only way to ensure effective implementation.
12.	Mallam, Steven, 1987, et al. (författare) Supporting participatory practices in ship design and construction - Challenges and opportunities 2016 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. ; , s. 1003-1007 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The maritime shipping industry is a safety-critical domain where onboard work organization continues to evolve with advancing technologies. Recent research has revealed that altering operational conditions and task demands are not supported or optimized by typical onboard working environments. The application of ergonomics and participatory design practices in ship design and construction is generally not well supported by regulation or implemented by designers. The purpose of this paper is to systematically analyse the potential of practical application of ergonomics and participatory design practices in ship design and construction. SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) and PEST (political, economic, social and technological) analyses were used to investigate the internal, and of particular interest, the external macro-environmental factors of the shipping industry which influence the success of ergonomics applications in ship development processes.
13.	Markkula, Gustav M, 1978 (författare) Modeling driver control behavior in both routine and near-accident driving 2014 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. - 9780945289456 ; 58, s. 879-883 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Building on ideas from contemporary neuroscience, a framework is proposed in which drivers’ steering and pedal behavior is modeled as a series of individual control adjustments, triggered after accumulation of sensory evidence for the need of an adjustment, or evidence that a previous or ongoing adjustment is not achieving the intended results. Example simulations are provided. Speciﬁcally, it is shown that evidence accumulation can account for previously unexplained variance in looming detection thresholds and brake onset timing. It is argued that the proposed framework resolves a discrepancy in the current driver modeling literature, by explaining not only the short-latency, well-tuned, closed-loop type of control of routine driving, but also the degradation into long-latency, ill-tuned open-loop control in more rare, unexpected, and urgent situations such as near-accidents.
14.	Martin, Liberg, et al. (författare) Remote command and control compromises soldiers' trust in their leaders 2006 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th annual meeting, vol. 50 no. 11. - Santa Monica, CA, USA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. - 9780945289296 ; , s. 1208-1211 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We report an experiment on the effect of remote command and control on soldier performance and trust. The experiment was conducted with active duty soldiers and officers as participants at the military training camp at Kvarn, Sweden. Soldiers ran our paintball assault-lane twice, once with the officer present in the lane and once with the officer out of harm's way. Two sets of data were recorded, response times to the command to “Move!” and questionnaires on the soldier's trust in the leader. Trust was significantly greater and response times were significantly faster in the leader-present condition. The best-fit linear regression function reveals a significant negative association between the two data sets. We conclude from this result that (1) remote command and control is associated with a decrement in soldiers' trust in their leader and that (2) this decrement in trust is associated with compromised soldier performance.
15.	Ohlander, Ulrika, 1965-, et al. (författare) The Effects of Varying Degrees of Information on Teamwork : a Study on Fighter Pilots 2023 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : Sage Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. ; 67:1, s. 1965-1970 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A team of fighter pilots in a distributed environment with limited access to information rely on technology to pursue teamwork. In order to design systems that support distributed teamwork, it is, therefore, necessary to understand how access to information affects the team members. Certain factors, such as mutual performance monitoring, shared mental models, adaptability, and backup behavior are considered essential for effective teamwork. We investigate these factors in this work, focusing on how visually communicated information affects fighter pilots’ perception of these factors. For that, a questionnaire including the teamwork factors in relation to certain defined scenarios that contain various levels of information was distributed to fighter pilots. We show that the studied factors are affected by the level of information available to the pilots. Especially, mutual performance monitoring increases with the degree of available information. © 2023 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
16.	Oskarsson, Per-Anders, et al. (författare) Indication of Direction with Digital Map–Effects of Display Size and Time Constraints 2014 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 360-364 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Dismounted soldiers today use digital support for navigation and presentation of direction, and most likely such support will become standard equipment. Therefore, it is important to investigate how factors such as display size and performance time influence the ability to transform information on the map to positions in the terrain. An experiment was performed with two display sizes (3.5-inch and 9.7-inch). The participants’ task was to indicate direction to positions in the terrain represented by target symbols on a digital map with four different time limits (5s, 10s, 15s, and 20s). Participants with low spatial ability (measured by PTSOT) had lower precision with the small display, whereas participants with medium and high spatial ability performed equally well with both displays. When the time limit was shortened, task load increased, but performance was not affected. The results also confirm that important aspects of spatial ability can be discriminated by PTSOT.
17.	Placido da Conceicao, Victor Fernando, 1970, et al. (författare) What is maritime navigation? Unfolding the complexity of a Sociotechnical System 2017 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. ; 61:1, s. 267-271 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Maritime navigation is a complex task, involving an ever-increasing number of stakeholders and technologies. As complexity is growing, attention turns to the human element as the major cause of accidents and incidents. However, it is also the human element that might bring coherence and reasoning to the complex sociotechnical system that comprises maritime navigation. Thus, it is essential to develop an interpretative framework that could make sense of this complex system. This research project aims to enhance safety in maritime navigation, by developing a conceptual framework. This enables the design of Joint Cognitive System (JCS) in support of maritime navigation, including unmanned vessels, by focusing on the interactions. Results suggest that common ground is created in two dimensions: control system and shared domain. It is also found that planning helps to create a common cognitive map that supports the distributed control of the JCS.
18.	Prytz, Erik, et al. (författare) The effects of a workload transition on stress over time 2014 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : Human Factors an Ergonomics Society Inc.. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. - 9780945289456 ; , s. 1766-1770 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The present study explored the effects of a workload transition on three dimensions of stress: task engagement, distress, and worry. Previous research on the effects of workload transitions has generated conflicting results. It was suggested that the concept of a continuous stress appraisal process could potentially resolve these prior conflicting results. A digit-processing task with high and low task demands was used to test this suggested explanation. Subjective reports of stress were measured both one minute and six minutes posttransition to show changes over time. The results showed that a workload transition affects each of the three stress dimensions differently such that task engagement declined over time, distress decreased following a high-to-low transition six minutes posttransition, and worry increased following a transition. These results suggest that distress and worry are more sensitive to workload transitions than task engagement. Further, the appraisal process may partially explain the prior conflicting findings by accounting for changes in stress over time.
19.	Rebecca, Kennedy, et al. (författare) The Influence of Visual Aids on Detecting Early and Late Decelerations in Maternal-Fetal Heart Rate Patterns 2012 Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS and ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 56th ANNUAL MEETING. - : SAGE Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 1317-1321 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The present study examined how well individuals could differentiate between two different types of signals (early and late decels) in maternal-fetal heart rate tracings with and without the use of a visual aid. Twenty-one undergraduates twice viewed 80 simulated images under four different signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Further, the late decels were delayed in 4-sec increments. In one block of trials, the images were presented without a visual aid, and in the other block a visual aid consisting of a large turquoise crosshair was overlaid on the images. The results indicated that lower S/N ratios and shorter onset delays made signals more difficult to distinguish. However, overall levels of accuracy were significantly higher when the visual aid was present. These results provide initial evidence that utilizing visual aids can enhance the ability to detect critical signals in maternal-fetal heart rate patterns.
20.	Schüler, Martin (författare) Firearm Safety Dimensions, an Extension of the Military Safety Climate Questionnaire 2024 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of this pilot study is to identify specific safety climate dimensions pertaining to firearm safety and accidental discharge of firearms. New items capture the seriousness in firearms training pertaining to safety, handling and learning. The new items were developed in cooperation with the Swedish Armed Forces. The new items together with the Nordic safety climate questionnaire and the military safety climate questionnaire were distributed to one regiment within the Swedish Armed Forces. Data was collected and analyzed through statistical methods. An exploratory factor analysis initially indicated two new factors. The confirmatory factor analysis rejected one new factor keeping Serious firearms training. A two-level factor model was created influenced by accidents and incidents relating to firearms. Two latent variables were identified Safety Voice and Safety engagement both affected by accidents and incidents relating to firearms. The employee category squad leaders, soldiers or sailors at the lowest level of the organization, display significant differences compared to others in creating a climate were incidents and accidents might not be discussed or learnt from preventing unsafe behavior. The results from this study have one dominant limitation, this being that the sample size is only from one regiment. The new factor Serious firearms training need additional testing and validation before being adopted into an instrument. Future research should focus on verifying the two-level factor model with additional data from other military installations and to incorporate other types of variables into the model.
21.	Schüler, Martin, et al. (författare) Safety Climate in Military Organizations : A Pilot Study of an Adjusted Multi-Domain Instrument 2019 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : sage journals. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; 63:1, s. 1373-1377 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this pilot study is to adjust the NOSACQ-50 to the work environment of military organizations.NOSACQ-50 is a validated tool successfully used in several organizational domains to measure occupationalsafety climate (OSC). In general, few studies have been published investigating OSC in militaryorganizations. NOSACQ-50 consists of 50 items across 7 OSC dimensions, i.e. group members' sharedperceptions of: 1) management safety priority, commitment and competence; 2) management safetyempowerment; 3) management safety justice; 4) workers' safety commitment; 5) workers' safety priority andrisk non-acceptance; 6) safety communication, learning, and trust in co-workers' safety competence; 7)workers' trust in the efficacy of safety systems. To assess the relevance of the NOSACQ-50 items, a revisedversion of the instrument was sent to 11 military safety experts. In addition, 19 items pertaining to areas notcovered by NOSACQ-50 were validated by the same experts. After contents validation, data from 517participants from 4 garrisons were collected. The results showed that NOSACQ-50 had acceptable reliabilityscores (.70-.89.), and the factor structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Principalcomponent analyses (PCA) of the supplementary 19 items showed that 12 items grouped into threedimensions (alpha .74-.91): Management enabling safety performance, personnel's knowledge of andcompetence in national laws regulating safety and Unit ethics. In conclusion, preliminary results showed theadjusted NOSACQ-50 instrument could be used to measure OSC in military organizations. However,additional studies must be performed to improve and develop military specific dimensions not covered byNOSACQ-50.
22.	Svärd, Malin, 1985, et al. (författare) A quantitative driver model of pre-crash brake onset and control 2017 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. ; 61:1, s. 339 - 343 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract An existing modelling framework is leveraged to create a driver braking model for use in simulations of critical longitudinal scenarios with a slower or braking lead vehicle. The model applies intermittent brake adjustments to minimize accumulated looming prediction error. It is here applied to the simulation of a set of lead vehicle scenarios. The simulation results in terms of brake initiation timing and brake jerk are demonstrated to capture well the specific types of kinematics-dependencies that have been recently reported from naturalistic near-crashes and crashes.
23.	Valero-Mora, Pedro, et al. (författare) Why women do not use the helmet when riding a bicycle 2018 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. ; 62:1, s. 1594-1598 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Women seem to use the helmet when riding a bicycle less frequently than men. Two possible explanations for this behavior are that 1) it is less appalling to them because of lack of comfort or other reasons, or 2) they use bicycles in a more cautious way than men so they feel that they do not need the helmet as much. The present paper explores these two explanations in 5, 691 cyclists that responded to an online survey conducted in 17 countries as part of an EU COST project. Answers to questions related to the two aforementioned explanations were analyzed graphically and three questions that showed the most conspicuous differences between males and females were identified. These were: 'Helmets are a problem because they disturb your hair', 'I am a fast rider', and 'I am a skilled rider'. The responses to these three questions plus their interactions with the gender of the respondent were used as predictors of the proportion of helmet wear. The results showed that: 1) the three questions predicted the use of the helmet, 2) the interaction between gender and hair disturbance was not significant, and 3) the interactions between gender and being a fast cyclist and being a skilled rider were both statistically significant showing that women that regard themselves as slow riders or skillful riders use relatively less the helmet than men in similar conditions.
24.	Weibull, Kajsa, et al. (författare) Alternative Emergency Vehicle Lighting Affects Traffic Behaviors 2024 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : Sage Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Emergency vehicle lightings (EVL) mitigate the risk of collision and make drivers move over. The present paper explored how new alternative EVL designs can improve driver behavior in different emergency vehicle interaction scenarios. From workshops with 14 emergency responders, three scenarios (Emergency driving, Police pull-over, Emergency vehicle alongside the road) and 19 EVL blink patterns were chosen. These alternative EVLs were presented in an online survey with 2627 Swedish respondents. Alternative EVL affected reported driving behavior. Drivers reported being most certain of what is expected from them in the emergency-driving scenario. It is important to ensure that the EVL is easy to interpret in more unfamiliar emergency-vehicle interactions such as police pull-over. Only a third of drivers had seen the pull-over EVL currently used in Sweden. The current pull-over EVL in combination with a stop sign increased the chance of drivers reporting that they would pull over.
25.	Berggren, Peter, 1971-, et al. (författare) Statistical modelling of team training in a microworld study 2014 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067. ; , s. 894-898 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A command and control environment is a dynamic and complex setting with complicated technical systems where teams of operators interact to reach shared goals. This study presents an experiment in which we, by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), explain the relations between basic concepts of command and control environments: mental workload, frustration, situational awareness, and performance. This paper reports a LISREL analysis of the Baroutsi, Berggren, Nählinder, & Johansson (2013) data. From that data, a new latent variable “Frustration” emerges, which now can be included in the model.
26.	Eklund, Rikard, 1966, et al. (författare) To sea, or not to sea, that is the question: Evaluating eye-tracking as didactical support and facilitator of tacit knowledge transfer in simulator-based maritime pilot training 2024 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 1071-1813. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Maritime pilots provide navigational guidance along specific waterways, relying on knowledge that can be challenging to articulate and transfer. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of eye-tracking as a didactic tool and to determine its potential for evaluating the transfer of tacit knowledge in simulator-based maritime pilot training. Utilising an exploratory mixed-method design, maritime pilots, instructors, and train-ees (n=57) participated in four sub-studies conducted in simulator environments. The results indicate that the incorporation of eye-tracking improved the didactic quality of briefings and facilitated a shared and objective perception of events. Additionally, it revealed strategies that could be used as a foundation for reflective learning. The pilot training primarily focused on controlled navigation, ship handling, and hydrodynamics. However, these topics mainly encompass general nautical skills rather than specific skills required for piloting. While certain aspects of specific pilot skill training, such as interactions with the crew of piloted ships, tugboats, or Vessel Traffic Service (VTS), are included in the maritime pilot training program, it remains unclear whether these skills are acquired through tacit knowledge transfer or through the development of muscle memory combined with pattern recognition. This ambiguity could not be resolved using eye-tracking alone. Furthermore, further investigation is necessary to understand the relationships between eye movements, cognitive processes, tacit knowledge transfer, and learning outcomes.
27.	Jander, Hans, et al. (författare) Towards a Methodological Framework for HMI Readiness Evaluation 2012 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human facotrs and Ergonomics Society. - : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067. - 9780945289418 ; , s. 2349-2353 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study is to define and evaluate a methodological framework for human-machine interaction (HMI) readiness evaluation in system development for complex, high risk, and task-critical environments. The long-term objective is to establish a HMI readiness evaluation framework for environments with these characteristics, in this specific case HMI development for fighter aircrafts. Based on literature studies a series of interviews were conducted to identify shortcomings of current practices and methods, and define requirements for an enhanced methodology. The results were further explored during facilitated workshops with HMI subject matter experts. The overall result is a methodological framework based on triangulation of many already established evaluation methods and techniques, combined with a set of measurable HMI criteria. Inspired by risk management practices, the result of the proposed methodology is presented in a HMI assessment matrix. This matrix is proposed to form the basis of the HMI evaluation and assessment.
28.	Murphy, Lauren L., et al. (författare) An Hedonomic Evaluation of the Effect of Repeated System-Exposure on Pleasurable Human-System Experience 2008 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting September 2008 vol. 52 no. 6. - Santa Monica, CA, USA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 2169-5067. - 9781605606859 ; , s. 518-522 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We report on two studies of the mere exposure effect on the occurrence of flow. Findings reveal that: (a) pleasurable human-system experience increased linearly with repeated exposure to the technology of interest; (b) an habituation effect of flow was mediated by day; (c) performance was positively correlated to flow. Suggestions for future research directions for Hedonomics include mitigating the habituation of flow effect by incorporating an adaptive hedonomic design to reduce the effect of boredom that comes with familiar stimuli an approach that enables the user to create a balance between typicality and novelty in order to allow for changing cultural norms and personal change over time.
29.	Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al. (författare) "Safety is everywhere" : The Constituents of Maritime Safety 2011 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 55th Annual Meeting 2011. - : Sage Publications. ; , s. 1798-1802, s. 1798-1802 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Although maritime safety is one of the key terms in regulation, guidelines and recommendations, such as SOLAS (International Convention for the safety of life at sea (IMO, 1974), in the shipping domain, there is, to the best of our knowledge, neither an explanation of this specific type of safety nor any explicit understanding on how it is promoted by those who work on board of merchant vessel. This qualitative study approaches maritime safety from a crew perspective and discusses what constituents should be considered to be part of maritime safety.
30.	Prytz, Erik, et al. (författare) Using Fitts’ Law for a 3D Pointing Task on a 2D Display: Effects of Depth and Vantage Point 2012 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. - : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067. ; , s. 1391-1395 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Laparoscopic surgery requires surgeons to make judgments about three-dimensional movements using a two-dimensional display. This arrangement reduces the available visual feedback information, such as certain depth cues. The current study used Fitts’ (1954) law to examine the relationship between psychomotor movement time, target size and target distance for a psychomotor pointing task using a laparoscopic instrument in three-dimensional space projected on a two-dimensional display from different vantage points. Analyses demonstrate an effect for depth of target on accuracy, internal consistency and movement time. The results demonstrate that Fitts’ law can be utilized to detect differences in conditions when a three-dimensional task must be completed with the visual feedback presented on a two-dimensional display. No reliable results of vantage point were found. Thus, the location of a two-dimensional display may not be critical for the type of laparoscopic pointing tasks examined in the present study.
31.	Sandberg, Samuel, et al. (författare) Using 3D Audio Guidance to Locate Indoor Static Objects 2006 Ingår i: 50th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, HFES 2006; San Francisco, CA; United States; 16 October 2006 through 20 October 2006. - 1071-1813. - 9780945289296 ; , s. 1581-1584 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Is 3D audio an interesting technology for displaying navigational information in an indoor environment? This study found no significant differences between map- and 3D audio navigation. The user tasks tested involved finding objects in a real office environment. In order to conduct the study, a custom-made 3D audio system was built based on a public-domain HRTF-library to playback 3D sound beacons through a pair of earphones. Our results indicate that 3D audio is indeed a qualified candidate for navigation systems, and may be especially suitable for environments or individuals where vision is obstructed, insufficient, or unavailable. The study also suggests that special cues should be added to the pure spatial information to emphasize important information.
32.	Wiese, Eva, et al. (författare) Making eyes with robots : Readiness to engage in human-robot-interaction depends on the attribution of intentionality 2013 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting. - : SAGE Publications. - 2169-5067. - 9780945289432 ; , s. 1174-1178 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract One of the most important aims of social robotics is to improve Human-Robot Interaction by providing robots with means to understand observed behavior and to predict upcoming actions of their in-teraction partners. The most reliable source for inferring the action goals of interaction partners is their gaze direction. Hence, to anticipate upcoming actions, it is necessary to identify where others are currently look-ing at and to shift the attentional focus to the same location. Interestingly, it has been shown that observing robot gaze direction also induces attentional shifts to the location that is gazed-at by the robot. Given this, gaze direction can be actively used by the robot to direct the attentional focus of interaction partners to im-portant events in the world. In this paper, we review findings from two studies indicating that the readiness to engage attentional resources in interactions with robots is modulated by the degree to which intentionality can be attributed to the robot: Robots believed to behave similar to humans cause stronger gaze-cueing effects than robots perceived as machines, independently of their physical appearance. Based on these find-ings, and on results from a pilot study with a sample of patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we derive guidelines for improving human-robot interaction by emulating social gaze behavior.

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