| 1. |
- Alamia, Alberto, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency Comparison of Large-Scale Standalone, Centralized, and Distributed Thermochemical Biorefineries
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 5:8, s. 1435-1448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.We present a comparison of three strategies for the introduction of new biorefineries: standalone and centralized drop-in, which are placed within a cluster of chemical industries, and distributed drop-in, which is connected to other plants by a pipeline. The aim was to quantify the efficiencies and the production ranges to support local transition to a circular economy based on biomass usage. The products considered are biomethane (standalone) and hydrogen/biomethane and sustainable town gas (centralized drop-in and distributed drop-in). The analysis is based on a flow-sheet simulation of different process designs at the 100MWbiomass scale and includes the following aspects: advanced drying systems, the coproduction of ethanol, and power-to-gas conversion by direct heating or water electrolysis. For the standalone plant, the chemical efficiency was in the range of 78-82.8% LHVa.r.50% (lower heating value of the as-received biomass with 50% wet basis moisture), with a maximum production of 72MWCH4 , and for the centralized drop-in and distributed drop-in plants, the chemical efficiency was in the range of 82.8-98.5% LHVa.r.50% with maximum production levels of 85.6MWSTG and 22.5MWH2 /51MWCH4 , respectively. It is concluded that standalone plants offer no substantial advantages over distributed drop-in or centralized drop-in plants unless methane is the desired product.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Rassmus, et al.
(författare)
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Micro versus Nano : Impact of Particle Size on the Flow Characteristics of Silicon Anode Slurries
- 2020
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Ingår i: ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 8:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silicon is interesting for use as a negative electrode material in Li-ion batteries due to its extremely high gravimetric capacity compared with today's state-of-the-art material, graphite. However, during cycling the Si particles suffer from large volume changes, leading to particle cracking, electrolyte decompositions, and electrode disintegration. Although utilizing nm-sized particles can mitigate some of these issues, it would instead be more cost-effective to incorporate mu m-sized silicon particles in the anode. Herein, it is shown that the size of the Si particles not only influences the electrode cycling properties but also has a decisive impact on the processing characteristics during electrode preparation. In water-based slurries and suspensions containing mu m-Si and nm-Si particles, the smaller particles consistently give higher viscosities and more pronounced viscoelastic properties, particularly at low shear rates. This difference is observed even when the Si particles are present as a minor component in blends with graphite. It is found that the viscosity follows the particle volume fraction divided by the particle radius, suggesting that it is dependent on the surface area concentration of the Si particles.
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| 3. |
- Asfaw, Habtom Desta, Dr. 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Tailoring the Microstructure and Electrochemical Performance of 3D Microbattery Electrodes Based on Carbon Foams
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three-dimensional (3D) carbon electrodes with suitable microstructural features and stable electrochemical performance are required for practical applications in 3D lithium (Li)-ion batteries. Herein, the optimization of the microstructures and electrochemical performances of carbon electrodes derived from emulsion-templated polymer foams are dealt with. Exploiting the rheological properties of the emulsion precursors, carbon foams with variable void sizes and specific surface areas are obtained. Carbon foams with an average void size of around 3.8 mu m are produced, and improvements are observed both in the coulombic efficiency and the cyclability of the carbon foam electrodes synthesized at 2200 degrees C. A stable areal capacity of up to 1.22 mAh cm(-2) (108 mAh g(-1)) is achieved at a current density of 50 mu A cm(-2). In addition, the areal capacity remains almost unaltered, i.e., 1.03 mAh cm(-2) (91 mAh g(-1)), although the cycling current density increases to 500 mu A cm(-2) indicating that the materials are promising for power demanding applications.
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| 4. |
- Aung, Soe Ko Ko, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced Thermal Stability of Low-Temperature Processed Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells by a Combined Antisolvent/Polymer Deposition Method
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 10:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low-temperature processed carbon-based perovskite solar cells have received great attention due to low-cost, high stability, and simple preparation processes that can be employed in large-scale manufacturing. Carbon paste is deposited by techniques such as doctor blading or screen printing. However, solvents from this paste can damage the perovskite or underlying layers resulting in poor performance of solar cells. Furthermore, carbon is not an ideal hole-selective contact. To overcome these issues, the antisolvent treatment is combined with the deposition of a polymeric hole conductor. Specifically, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), added into the chlorobenzene antisolvent, improves perovskite morphology and reduces interfacial carrier recombination. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells with the device structure SnO2/MAPbI3/P3HT/carbon increases to 12.16% from 10.6% of pristine devices without P3HT, using pure antisolvent. For poly(triarylamine) hole conductor in the same method, PCE improves only slightly to 11.1%. After 260 h of thermal stress at 82 °C, the P3HT-additive devices improve PCE up to 13.2% in air and maintain 91% of their initial efficiency over 800 h.
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| 5. |
- Azad, Abdul-Majeed, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Examining the Cu-Mn-O Spinel System as an Oxygen Carrier in Chemical Looping Combustion
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 1:1, s. 59-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and chemical-looping combustion with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) are attractive alternatives to conventional combustion that provide efficient and direct separation of CO2. Both processes use metaloxides as oxygen carriers to transfer oxygen between two reactor vessels: the air and fuel reactors. Although monometallic oxides (such as Mn3O4, Fe2O3, NiO, and CuO) have been successfully employed as oxygen carriers, double oxides of the general formula CuxMn3_xO4 in the CuO–Mn2O3 system are examined in this work. The carrier was produced by mixing, extruding, and calcining a 1:1 molar (30.8:69.2 mass ratio) mixture of CuO and Mn2O3 at 950 8C for 6 or 12 h in static air. XRD analysis revealed that spinels of the general formula CuxMn3_xO4 were formed with 0.1_x_2.5 in which x=3Cu/(Cu+Mn). The chemical-looping performance was evaluated in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor from 800–850 8C over several alternating redox cycles using CH4 as the fuel. The oxygen carrier exhibited reproducible and stable reactivity behavior for both reducing and oxidizing periods in this temperature range. This characteristic makes the system an ideal oxygen-carrier material for CLOU. Moreover, the spinels in the CuxMn3_xO4 series are endowed with favorable physicochemical attributes (such as fast redox processes, high crushing strength, and demonstrated CLOU behavior) and may be viable alternatives to CuO–Cu2O and Mn2O3–Mn3O4 as potential CLOU materials.
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| 6. |
- Björklund, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature dependence of electrochemical degradation in LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2/Li4Ti5O12 cells
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 7:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aging mechanisms in lithium‐ion batteries are dependent on the operational temperature, but the detailed mechanisms on what processes take place at what temperatures are still lacking. The electrochemical performance and capacity fading of the common cell chemistry LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC)/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) pouch cells are studied at temperatures 10, 30, and 55 °C. The full cells are cycled with a moderate upper cutoff potential of 4.3 V versus Li+/Li. The electrode interfaces are characterized postmortem using photoelectron spectroscopy techniques (soft X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy [SOXPES], hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy [HAXPES], and X‐ray absorption near edge structure [XANES]). Stable cycling at 30 °C is explained by electrolyte reduction forming a stabilizing interphase, thereby preventing further degradation. This initial reaction, between LTO and the electrolyte, seems to be beneficial for the NMC–LTO full cell. At 55 °C, continuous electrolyte reduction and capacity fading are observed. It leads to the formation of a thicker surface layer of organic species on the LTO surface than at 30 °C, contributing to an increased voltage hysteresis. At 10 °C, large cell‐resistances are observed, caused by poor electrolyte conductivity in combination with a relatively thicker and LixPFy‐rich surface layer on LTO, which limit the capacity.
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| 7. |
- Etman, Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
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On the Capacities of Freestanding Vanadium Pentoxide-Carbon Nanotube-Nanocellulose Paper Electrodes for Charge Storage Applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 8:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, a one-step protocol for synthesizing freestanding 20 mu m thick cellulose paper electrodes composed of V2O5 . H2O nanosheets (VOx), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and Cladophora cellulose (CC) is reported. In 1.0 m Na2SO4, the VOx-CNT-CC electrodes deliver capacities of about 200 and 50 C g(-1) at scan rates of 20 and 500 mV s(-1), respectively. The obtained capacities are compared with the theoretical capacities and are discussed based on the electrochemical reactions and the mass loadings of the electrodes. It is shown that the capacities are diffusion rate limited and, consequently, depend on the distribution and thickness of the V2O5 . H2O nanosheets, whereas the long-term cycling stabilities depend on vanadium species dissolving in the electrolyte. The electrodes feature high mass loadings (2 mg cm(-2)), good rate performances (25% capacity retention at 500 mV s(-1)), and capacity retentions of 85% after 8000 cycles. A symmetric VOx-CNT-CC energy storage device with a potential window of about 1 V exhibits a capacity of 40 C g(-1) at a scan rate of 2 mV s(-1).
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| 8. |
- Etman, Ahmed S., et al.
(författare)
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Acetonitrile-Based Electrolytes for Rechargeable Zinc Batteries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 8:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, Zn plating-stripping onto metallic Zn using a couple of acetonitrile (AN)-based electrolytes (0.5 mZn(TFSI)(2)/AN and 0.5 mZn(CF3SO3)(2)/AN) is studied. Both electrolytes show a reversible Zn plating/stripping over 1000 cycles at different applied current densities varying from 1.25 to 10 mA cm(-2). The overpotentials of Zn plating-stripping over 500 cycles at constant current of 1.25 and 10 mA cm(-2)are +/- 0.05 and +/- 0.2 V, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that no decomposition product is formed on the Zn surface. The anodic stability of four different current collectors of aluminum foil (Al), carbon-coated aluminum foil (C/Al), TiN-coated titanium foil (TiN/Ti), and multiwalled carbon nanotube paper (MWCNT-paper) is tested in both electrolytes. As a general trend, the current collectors have a higher anodic stability in Zn(TFSI)(2)/AN compared with Zn(CF3SO3)(2)/AN. The Al foil displays the highest anodic stability of approximate to 2.25 V versus Zn2+/Zn in Zn(TFSI)(2)/AN electrolyte. The TiN/Ti shows a comparable anodic stability with that of Al foil, but its anodic current density is higher than Al. The promising reversibility of the Zn plating/stripping combined with the anodic stability of Al and TiN/Ti current collectors paves the way for establishing highly reversible Zn-ion batteries.
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| 9. |
- Fenske, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Improved Electrical Performance of Perovskite Photovoltaic Mini-Modules through Controlled PbI2 Formation Using Nanosecond Laser Pulses for P3 Patterning
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 9:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The upscaling of perovskite solar cells to modules requires the patterning of the layer stack in individual cells that are monolithically interconnected in series. This interconnection scheme is composed of three lines, P1–P3, which are scribed using a pulsed laser beam. The P3 scribe is intended to isolate the back contact layer of neighboring cells, but is often affected by undesired effects such as back contact delamination, flaking, and poor electrical isolation. Herein, the influence of the laser pulse duration on the electrical and compositional properties of P3 scribe lines is investigated. The results show that both nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses are suitable for P3 patterning, with the nanosecond pulses leading to a higher open circuit voltage, a higher fill factor, and a higher power conversion efficiency. It is found that the longer pulse duration resultes in a larger amount of PbI2 formed within the P3 line and a thin Br-rich interfacial layer which both effectively passivate defects at the scribe line edges and block charge carrier in its vicinity. Thus, nanosecond laser pulses are preferable for P3 patterning as they promote the formation of beneficial chemical phases, resulting in an improved photovoltaic performance.
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| 10. |
- Jeschull, Fabian, et al.
(författare)
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Water-Soluble Binders for Lithium-Ion Battery Graphite Electrodes : Slurry Rheology, Coating Adhesion and Electrochemical Performance
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Energy technology: generation, conversion, storage, distribution. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296. ; 5:11, s. 2108-2118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water-processable composite electrodes are attractive both ecologically and economically. The binders sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) and poly(sodium acrylate) (PAA-Na) were shown to have improved electrochemical performance over conventional binders. In many studies, a binder content of approximately 10 wt % has been applied, which is not suitable for large-scale electrode production due to viscosity and energy-density considerations. Therefore, we examined herein three electrode formulations with binder contents of 4 wt %, namely, CMC-Na:SBR (SBR=styrene butadiene rubber), PAA-Na, and CMC-Na:PAA-Na, on both laboratory and pilot scales. The formulations were evaluated on the basis of slurry rheology, coating adhesion, and electrochemical behavior in half- and full-cells. CMC-Na:SBR composites provided the best coating adhesion, independent of the mass loading and scale, and also showed the best capacity retention after 100 cycles. Previously reported merits of better cycling efficiencies and solid–electrolyte interphase formation for graphite–PAA composites appeared to vanish upon reducing the binder content to realistic levels.
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| 11. |
- Johansson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Combining Quantum Dot and Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells for Efficient Photon to Electricity Conversion in Energy Storage Devices
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 10:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, are increasingly important today to reduce emissions from fossil-based energy sources. However, the electricity from wind and solar power varies over time and depends on weather conditions and the time of the day. Therefore, to include a large fraction of electricity from these energy sources in the electricity grid, large-scale and low-cost energy storage is needed. Herein, it is investigated how a combination of quantum dot based photovoltaic cells and perovskite-based photovoltaic cells can be used to increase the energy conversion efficiency and increase the working range of energy storage devices based on conversion between heat, light, and electricity. The results show that these new types of photovoltaic materials have very promising properties for efficient utilization in energy storage devices, which have the potential for large-scale and low-cost energy storage.
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| 12. |
- Kajnäs, Carl, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Iron- and Manganese-Based Oxygen Carriers as Bed Materials in Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 7:7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combustion of organic materials in fluidized bed combustion is generally performed using an over-stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio. Despite excess air in the system, sub-stoichiometric combustion regions are present in the fluidized bed because of nonperfect mixing of reactants in the system. These regions with oxygen-deficient combustion contribute to increased levels of nonoxidized or partially oxidized carbon species. To enhance heat transfer and uniform heat distribution in the incineration chamber, an inert fluidized bed material such as silica sand is generally used. Substitution of silica sand in favor of an oxygen carrier could potentially be used to promote oxygen distribution in the incineration chamber. This is referred to as oxygen carrier-aided combustion. In this work, three alternative bed materials, previously investigated in chemical looping combustion, are investigated and compared with silica sand in over- and sub-stoichiometric combustion. The materials investigated as bed materials are a manganese ore, the mineral ilmenite, and a synthetic material mixture of Fe2O3 on a ZrO2 support. Results show that during combustion using sub-stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratios, the amount of CO in the effluent gases can be reduced using an active bed material compared to inert silica sand.
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| 13. |
- Keller, Martin, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms of Solid Fuel Conversion by Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) using Manganese Ore: Catalytic Gasification by Potassium Compounds
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 1:4, s. 273-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is an emerging technology that can be used to meet the growing demands for electrical energy production without CO2 emissions. In CLC with solid fuels, the gasification of the carbonaceous fuel by steam is envisaged to be performed directly in the fuel reactor. This requires high steam-gasification rates for the effective use of the solid fuel. Recently, it has been observed that the choice of oxygen carrier can have a profound effect on the char-conversion rates in the fuel reactor. More specifically, the charconversion rate with a Brazilian manganese ore was a factor of five higher than that with ilmenite. In this work, the reaction mechanism of the char gasification was investigated in the presence of this manganese ore with the aim to explain the high rates observed. Steam-gasification experiments with petroleum coke were performed by using a batch fluidized-bed reactor with manganese ore as the bed material. In addition, partial gasification experiments of petroleum coke were conducted, and detailed energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were performed on the surface and interior of the fuel and manganese-ore particles. The effect of the possible gas-phase release of oxygen from the manganese ore was also investigated. It was found that the release of gas-phase oxygen by the oxygen carrier does not explain the high gasification rates observed. Instead, the transfer of a catalytically active material, potassium, from the bed material to the solid fuel was observed, which in turn catalysed the steam-carbon-gasification reaction. As the catalytically active compound is included in this naturally occurring bed material, it may offer cost-efficient, catalytic gasification in a CLC process.
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| 14. |
- Khossossi, Nabil, et al.
(författare)
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Strong Optical Excitation and High Thermoelectric Performance in 2D Holey-Phosphorene Monolayer
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 10:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Through density functional theory (DFT)-based computations, a systematic exploration of the newly predicted 2D phosphorene allotrope, namely holey-phosphorene (HP), is carried out. It is revealed that HP shows a semiconducting nature with an indirect bandgap of 0.83 eV upon Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional. Then, to survey the optical features, a (G(0)W(0))-based approach is employed to solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation to derive the intra-layer excitonic effects. It is derived via the absorption spectrum, that HP presents an excitonic binding strength of 1.47/1.96 eV along the x/y-direction with the first peak of the absorption at 0.92/0.43 eV for the x/y-direction. The thermoelectric properties are also explored in detail and reveal a very high thermal power value along with an enhanced figure of merit (ZT) of about 3.6. The 2D HP monolayer for thermoelectric performance has high thermoelectric conversion efficiency (TCE) and is estimated to be about 22%. All these outstanding findings may be attributed to the quantum confinement effect of the porous geometry of the 2D HP nanosheet, thereby confirming its relevance as a prospect for high-performance optoelectronic and thermoelectric engineering systems.
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| 15. |
- Kirtania, Kawnish, et al.
(författare)
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Cogasification of Crude Glycerol and Black Liquor Blends: Char Morphology and Gasification Kinetics
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 5:8, s. 1272-1281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assesses the feasibility of black liquor/glycerol blends as potential gasification feedstock. The char gasification reactivity and kinetics were studied at T = 750 °C, 800 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C for 20% and 40% blends of glycerol with black liquor. Three qualities of glycerol were used including two industrial grade crude glycerols. Gasification rates were similar for all blends, indicating sufficient alkali metal catalysis also for the char blends (Alkali/C atomic ratio between 0.45 and 0.55). The blends with the most impure glycerol (containing K) were found to have the lowest activation energies (~120 kJ/mol) and reaction times for char gasification indicating fuel properties suitable for gasification. Char particles from different blends showed similar surface morphology as black liquor chars with even surface distribution of alkali elements. A loss of alkali (mainly, K) from the fuel blends during pyrolysis indicated the necessity to perform gas-phase studies of alkali release. Overall, these results encourage the use of glycerol as a potential gasification feedstock for catalytic gasification based bio-refineries.
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| 16. |
- Leion, Henrik, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Determining CLOU Reaction Kinetics for Combined Oxygen Carriers - Discussing the Experimental Methods
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 4:10, s. 1247-1253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combined oxides, primarily manganese based, have shown great potential as oxygen carriers, as they often have oxygen uncoupling properties at relevant temperatures. These oxygen carriers could be a good alternative to copper-based materials. But in order to scale up or model the chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) process reliable oxygen carrier kinetics is needed. The general approach to determine oxygen carrier kinetics is to use thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). However, due to the nature of combined oxygen carriers the conventional approach might not be possible. The objective of this work is to explain and point out the limitations of the conventional way of using TGA for CLOU kinetics. Experiments from three different oxygen carriers, a perovskite, a manganese ore, and a manganese-silica oxide, are used in order to illustrate the difficulties and spur new thinking in the field.
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| 17. |
- Li, Hailong, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Using the solid digestate from a wet anaerobic digestion process as an energy resource
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 1:1, s. 94-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The wet anaerobic digestion process is a widely used method to produce biogas from biomass. To avoid the risks involved with using the digestion waste as a fertilizer, this work investigates the possibilities to use the solid digestate as an energy resource to produce heat and electricity, which could save some energy currently consumed by the plant and, therefore, may increase the overall efficiency of a biogas plant. Simulations were conducted based on real data from the Växtkraft biogas plant in Västerås, Sweden as a case study. Results show that it is necessary to dry the solid digestate before combustion and include flue-gas condensation to recover enough heat for the drying process. When a steam turbine cycle is integrated, the generated electricity could cover 13–18 % of the total electricity consumption of the plant, depending on the degree of dryness. In addition, reducing the digestion period can increase the carbon content (ultimate analysis), the heating value, and the mass flow of the solid digestate. As a result, the production of electricity and heat is augmented in the steam turbine cycle. However, the production of biogas is reduced. Therefore, a comprehensive economic evaluation is suggested to optimize a biogas plant that uses the solid digestate from a wet anaerobic digestion process as an energy resource.
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| 18. |
- Lim, Du Hyun, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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An Electrospun Nanofiber Membrane as Gel-Based Electrolyte for Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 6:7, s. 1214-1219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the synthesis and characterization of an electrospun gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) membrane based on polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (PAN) swollen in a polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether/Na-salt electrolyte solution, for application in room temperature sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries. The membranes show a high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical stability window, and good thermal stability. We demonstrate the performance of the membrane in an Na–S cell using a sulfur–carbon nanotubes composite cathode and Na metal as anode. Our results show that the GPE membrane stabilizes the Na metal anode resulting in stable cycling behavior. The capacity of the Na–S cell, using the GPE membrane and operating at room temperature, is approximately 500 mAh g−1over 40 cycles. The selected electrolyte configuration also provides improved safety by replacing the highly reactive sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) salt previously used in literature. All these benefits make the gel-polymer electrolyte membrane a very promising system for application in room-temperature sodium and sodium–sulfur batteries.
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| 19. |
- Liu, Lianlian, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Black Charcoal for Green and Scalable Wooden Electrodes for Supercapabatteries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag GMBH. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 10:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A green, though black, sustainable and low-cost carbon material-charcoal produced from wood-is developed for electricity storage. Charcoal electrodes are fabricated by ball-milling charcoal and adding protein nanofibril binders. The charcoal electrode presents a capacitance of 360 F g(-1) and a conductivity of 0.2 S m(-1). A pair of redox peaks is observed in the cyclic voltammetry and assigned to originate from quinone groups. Compared with other wooden electrodes, these charcoal electrodes display better cycling stability with 88% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Their discharge capacity is 2.5 times that of lignosulfonate/graphite hybrid electrodes.
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| 20. |
- Ma, Shengyu, et al.
(författare)
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Metal–Molybdenum Sulfide Nanosheet Arrays Prepared by Anion Exchange as Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 8:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal–molybdenum sulfide (MMoSx)-based catalysts exhibit good performance over a wide pH range toward hydrogen evolution with relatively low overvoltage requirements. Therefore, they are considered as suitable alternatives to Pt as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, self-supported amorphous CuMoSx and NiMoSx nanosheet arrays are prepared on copper foam (CF) and nickel foam (NF), respectively, through an anion-exchange strategy. CF and NF are first converted into CuTCNQ and NiTCNQ nanowire arrays (TCNQ = tetracyanoquinodimethane), which are then in situ reacted with (NH4)2MoS4 solution to generate amorphous CuMoSx/CF and NiMoSx/NF nanosheets, respectively, as efficient electrocatalysts for H2 generation. NiMoSx/NF exhibits a superior catalytic activity to CuMoSx/CF in 0.5 m H2SO4 solution, as CuMoSx/CF requires overpotentials (η) of 213 and 275 mV to obtain current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm−2, respectively, whereas NiMoSx/NF only requires η of 174 and 248 mV to receive the same current densities, respectively. Furthermore, these electrodes exhibit considerable long-term electrochemical durability. Herein, an effective and easy-to-operate strategy for the construction of self-supported metal–molybdenum sulfide nanosheet arrays films toward a highly efficient electrochemical hydrogen generation reaction is provided.
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| 21. |
- Mathies, Florian, et al.
(författare)
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Advances in Inkjet-Printed Metal Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 8:4
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inkjet printing (IJP) has evolved over the past 30 years into a reliable, versatile, and cost-effective industrial production technology in many areas from graphics to printed electronic applications. Intensive research efforts have led to the successful development of functional electronic inks to realize printed circuit boards, sensors, lighting, actuators, energy storage, and power generation devices. Recently, a promising solution-processable material class has entered the stage: metal halide perovskites (MHPs). Within just 10 years of research, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on a laboratory scale increased to over 25%. Despite the complex nature of MHPs, significant progress has also been made in controlling film formation in terms of ink development, substrate wetting behavior, and crystallization processes of inkjet-printed MHPs. This results in highly efficient inkjet-printed PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of almost 21%, paving the way for cost-effective and highly efficient thin-film solar cell technology. In addition, the excellent optoelectronic properties of inkjet-printed MHPs achieve remarkable results in photodetectors, X-ray detectors, and illumination applications. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art and recent advances in the production of inkjet-printed MHPs for highly efficient and innovative optoelectronic devices is provided.
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| 22. |
- Mohammad Pour, Nasim, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of manganese-iron oxide materials based on manganese ores as oxygen carrier in chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU)
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 2:5, s. 469-479
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxygen carrier materials were synthesized using five different types of manganese ores with addition of iron oxide (Fe2O3), and they were investigated for their reactivity and properties in chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU). Two different Mn/Fe molar ratios (1:2 and 2:1) were examined. The samples were manufactured by using a lab-scale extrusion method followed by sintering at 950 degrees C for 4 h. To measure their reactivity, the materials were exposed to gaseous CH4 and syngas (50:50 CO/H-2) as well as solid fuel (petroleum coke), in a batch fluidized-bed reactor. With CH4, the materials based on ores from Brazil and Gabon with a Mn/Fe molar ratio 2:1 showed the best reactivity. For reduction using syngas, samples based on Eastern European and South African ores provided higher amounts of oxygen equivalent, up to 3-5% of their mass. To investigate the ability of the samples to release gas-phase oxygen, solid fuel experiments using 0.1 g of petroleum coke in a bed of 10 g oxygen carrier were performed at 950 degrees C with Brazilian, Gabon, and Eastern European ores. In these solid fuel tests samples with a Mn/Fe molar ratio of 1:2 showed higher uncoupling rates. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the primary phase detected in all fresh particles was the oxidized form of MnyFe1-yOx, that is, bixbyite [(Mn,Fe)(2)O-3]. All of the particles showed sufficiently high crushing strength (> 2N) and a reasonable attrition resistance (attrition index
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| 23. |
- Moldenhauer, Patrick, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen-Carrier Development of Calcium Manganite–Based Materials with Perovskite Structure for Chemical-Looping Combustion of Methane
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 8:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work is related to the upscaling of calcium manganite–based oxygen-carrier materials, which have a perovskite structure, both with respect to the use of inexpensive raw materials, i.e., instead of pure chemicals, and the upscaling of production to multitonne batches. Results are presented from the two different stages of material development, i.e., raw material selection and upscaling. The evaluation involves both operation in chemical-looping combustor units of 300 W and 10 kW, and material characterization. In the latter unit, the gas velocities in the riser and in the grid-jet zone of the gas distributor come close to gas velocities of industrial-scale units and, therefore, this unit is also used to assess particle lifetime. Results from the various chemical-looping combustion units and oxygen-carrier materials produced from various raw materials of both high and low purity show that very high degrees of fuel conversion can be reached while achieving very high oxygen-carrier lifetimes. The composition of the oxygen-carrier materials seems robust and flexible with respect to the precursors used in its manufacturing.
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| 24. |
- Preisner, N. C., et al.
(författare)
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Stabilizing Particles of Manganese-Iron Oxide with Additives for Thermochemical Energy Storage
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 6:11, s. 2154-2165
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manganese-iron oxide particles are a promising candidate for both chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and thermochemical energy storage. In CLC, the ability of metal oxides to oxidize fuels in an oxygen-free atmosphere and re-oxidize in air is addressed. Whereas, reaction enthalpy is the main focus of thermochemical energy storage for, e. g. concentrated solar power or an industrial process that requires high temperature levels. Sufficient mechanical strength of the particles while they endure chemical, thermal, or mechanical stress is a crucial factor for both concepts. Particle stability is investigated here by adding 20 wt.% of TiO2, ZrO2, or CeO2 as a supportive material to (Mn0.7Fe0.3)2O3. Thermal cyclization and temperature shock tests are conducted in a packed bed reactor to identify chemical stability as well as the effect of chemical and thermal stress. A subsequent particle size distribution analysis is performed to determine the relevant breakage mechanism. Attrition resistance is tested with a customized attrition jet cup to estimate the mechanical strength of particles. It is found that the high tendency of unsupported manganese-iron oxide particles towards agglomeration can be improved with any of the chosen additives. The particles with CeO2, and especially with ZrO2, as an additive indicate an increase in resistance towards attrition. However, adding TiO2 has a severe negative impact on the chemical reactivity of the manganese-iron oxide.
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| 25. |
- Sundqvist, Sebastian, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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CaMn0.875Ti0.125O3-δ as oxygen carrier in Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) - solid fuel testing and sulphur interaction
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 1:5-6, s. 338-344
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Particles of the perovskite material CaMn0.875Ti0.125O3-δ have been examined as oxygen-carrier material for chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU). The aim of the work has been to determine the effect of the fuel to bed mass ratio when oxidizing solid fuels, and to determine the influence of SO2 on the reactivity with fuel. Two solid fuels have been used, a Mexican petroleum coke and a Colombian coal. The oxygen carrier material used in this study was CaMn0.875Ti0.125O3-δ and was developed and manufactured by the Norwegian research institute SINTEF. The experiments were conducted in a discontinuous quartz glass batch fluidized-bed reactor with an inner diameter of 10 mm. The particle bed rests on a porous plate and thermocouples 5 mm under and 10 above the plate was used for measuring the temperature. In the oxidation phase a flow of 1000 ml/min with 5% oxygen in nitrogen was used. During the solid fuel experiments the bed was fluidized with 600 ml/min nitrogen while 0.1 g of solid fuel added to the reactor from the top. Two solid fuels were used; petroleum coke and Colombian coal. In the experiments with gaseous fuels the bed was fluidized with 900 ml/min consisting of 450 ml/min CH4 and 450ml/min with 0.25-0.5% SO2 in nitrogen.It was found that the Colombian coal was oxidized considerably faster than the petroleum coke, which is unexpected since it could be expected that the kinetics for O2 release from the oxygen carrier should determine conversion rate rather than the reactivity of the fuels. The overall rate of conversion increased for experiments with larger bed mass though, which was expected. SO2 seems to have had a negative effect on the reactivity of the oxygen carrier, likely because of formation of CaSO4.
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| 26. |
- Surywanshi, Gajanan Dattarao, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Energy, Exergy, Economic and Exergoeconomic Analyses of Chemical Looping Combustion Plant Using Waste Bark for District Heat and Power Generation with Negative Emissions
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 12:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The greenhouse gas emissions from the boiler of pulp and paper industries can be minimized by adapting chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology. This work aims to analyze the energy, exergy, economic, and exergoeconomic performance of an industrial scale CLC plant for district heat and electricity generation using waste bark from the paper and pulp industry. The CLC plant with one natural ore and one industrial waste oxygen carrier (OC) is modeled using Aspen Plus. The performance of the CLC plant has been compared to Örtofta combined heat and power plant without CO2 capture and with post-combustion CO2 capture as the reference cases. Results showed that the CLC-based power plant is energetically, exegetically, and economically efficient compared to the reference cases. The circulating fluidized bed boiler unit contributes the highest exergy destruction (about 50–80%). Among the CO2 capture plants, the CLC plant with ilmenite has the lowest levelized cost of district heat (4.58 € GJ−1), and a payback period (9.69 years) followed by the CLC plant with LD slag (5.91 € GJ−1 and 11.84 years), and the plant with PCC (6.94 € GJ−1 and 13.58 years). The exergoeconomic analysis reveals that the CLC reactors have the highest cost reduction potential, followed by the steam turbine.
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| 27. |
- Wang, Xiaoxiao, et al.
(författare)
-
Copper Selenide-Derived Copper Oxide Nanoplates as a Durable and Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 8:7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earth-abundant transition metal-based nanomaterials play a signi?cant role in oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Among them, copper has attracted signi?cant attention due to its excellent electrocatalytic activity, low price, and abundance. Herein, a nanostructured copper oxide (CuO-A) is generated in situ from a cuprous selenide (Cu2Se) precursor under oxygen evolution reaction conditions. The as-prepared CuO-A/copper foam (CF) electrode delivers a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at an overpotential of 297 mV with good stability for over 50 h in 1 m KOH solution, which is superior to most recently reported copper-based water oxidation catalysts. The high catalytic performance of CuO-A is mainly attributed to the improved surface area offered by the morphology reconstruction during the in situ transformation process. As a result, it paves a way to synthesize effective and stable transition metal oxide catalysts via the in situ conversion of transition metal chalcogenides for energy conversion and storage applications.
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| 28. |
- Wang, Zhaohui, et al.
(författare)
-
Conducting Polymer Paper-Based Cathodes for High-Areal-Capacity Lithium–Organic Batteries
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 3:6, s. 563-569
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conducting polymers have been considered for use as cathode materials in rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) since 1981 but problems with poor cycling stability, rapid self‐discharge, and low energy and power densities have so far limited their applicability. Herein it is shown that nanostructured freestanding conducting polymer composites [e.g., polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI)] can be used to circumvent these shortcomings. Freestanding and binder‐free PPy and cellulose‐based composites can straightforwardly be used as versatile organic cathode materials for LIBs. The composite, reinforced with chopped carbon filaments (CCFs), exhibited a large active mass loading of approximately 10 mg cm−2, an areal capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2 (corresponding to 102 mAh g−1), and stable cycling. With an active mass loading of 4.4 mg cm−2, a capacity of 0.22 mAh cm−2 (corresponding to 58 mAh g−1) was found for current densities of 5 A g−1 yielding discharge times of approximately 40 seconds, and a capacity retention of 91 % over 100 cycles was obtained at 0.2 A g−1. The present method constitutes a straightforward approach for the manufacturing of high‐performance freestanding electroactive conducting‐polymer‐based paper‐like electrodes for use in inexpensive and sustainable, high‐performance organic LIBs.
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| 29. |
- Wiberg, Cedrik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochemical Evaluation of a Napthalene Diimide Derivative for Potential Application in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 7:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A quaternary amine-functionalized naphthalene diimide (NDI) moiety is synthesized and considered as a redox-active species for application in aqueous organic redox flow batteries. For the first time, this NDI is characterized electrochemically in aqueous solutions, using cyclic and rotating disk electrode voltammetry, bulk electrolysis, as well as H-1-nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1-NMR) spectroscopy. The molecule reaches a solubility of 0.68 m in water and reversibly delivers two electrons at attractive potentials for flow battery applications. Further exploration with H-1-NMR reveals a strong dimerization of the NDI species with an equilibrium constant of 146 m(-1). Using diffusion NMR coupled with rotating disk electrode voltammetry, it is shown that the dimer retains limited redox-activity, yielding two electrons per dimer unit. However, using galvanostatic bulk electrolysis, close to the theoretical capacity is obtained, indicating a fast dissociation reaction of the reduced dimer. Finally, the NDI species shows excellent stability; after constant cycling for 1 week, no degradation is detected. In conclusion, NDI is demonstrated to be a highly attractive candidate for aqueous redox flow batteries.
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| 30. |
- Wu, Xiujuan, et al.
(författare)
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Hollow Carbon@NiCo2O4 Core-Shell Microspheres for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
- 2019
-
Ingår i: ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 7:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earth-abundant transition metal oxides are considered one of the most promising oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. However, their intrinsically low electrical conductivity inhibits the fast kinetics for OER. To overcome this drawback, hollow carbon@NiCo2O4 core-shell microspheres (C@NiCo2O4 HSs) are synthesized with enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability toward OER. The prepared C@NiCo2O4/Ni foam delivers a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at a small overpotential of 268 mV and exhibits a low Tafel slope of 54 mV dec(-1). The enhanced OER performance is attributed to the enlarged specific surface area induced by the combination effect between the 1D nanosheet structure and the 3D hollow microsphere structure, and the improved electrical conductivity is ascribed to the carbon core support.
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| 31. |
- Wu, Zhixing, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Bifunctional Mesoporous MO x (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Ce) Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Platinum Group Metal-Free Oxygen Pumps
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley-V C H Verlag GMBH. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 10:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bifunctional electrocatalysts with both accelerated oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) enable high-power density electricity storage and decentralized extraction of pure oxygen from air for usage in health care. Herein, a hydrothermal synthesis employing the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate as structure-directing agent is developed to fabricate a family of crystalline mesoporous metal oxides (meso-MO X , M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Ce). The pore size and specific surface area depend on the metal used and they range from 3 to 6 nm and 60 to 200 m(2) g(-1), respectively. NiO and Co3O4 show a higher catalytic efficiency in alkaline media in comparison with the other oxides studied, and their activities are comparable with the values reported for platinum group metal (PGM)-based electrocatalysts. This stems from lower voltage losses and by the presence of specific hydroxide adsorbates on the surface. Both ORR and OER driven on Co3O4 show the unified rate-determining chemical step (|OO-|(center dot) (ads) + H2O <-> |OOH|(center dot) (ads) + OH-, where | X | ads are the species adsorbed on active sites). The bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalysis obtained on mesoporous NiO is utilized for the first symmetrical PGM-free oxygen pump fed by air and water only.
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| 32. |
- Xie, Yujiao, et al.
(författare)
-
A Thermodynamic Study of Aqueous 1-Allyl-3-Methylimidazolium Formate Ionic Liquid as a Tailored Sorbent for Carbon Dioxide Separation
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 5:8, s. 1464-1471
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, aqueous 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium formate ([Amim][HCOO]) was studied as a potential sorbent for CO2 separation. The density and viscosity of aqueous [Amim][HCOO] were measured at temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 333.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The solubility of CO2 and CH4 in dry [Amim][HCOO] as well as the CO2 solubility in aqueous [Amim][HCOO] were measured at pressures up to 1.8 MPa and temperatures of 298.2, 313.2, and 333.2 K. The results showed that the density and viscosity of aqueous [Amim][HCOO] as well as the CO2 solubility in aqueous [Amim][HCOO] decreased upon increasing the water concentration and temperature. The viscosity was very sensitive to the water concentration. The experimental density and viscosity of aqueous [Amim][HCOO] were fitted to semiempirical equations, and the excess molar volume and viscosity deviations were calculated to investigate the interaction between the [Amim][HCOO] ionic liquid and water. The experimental vapor–liquid equilibrium was represented with the nonrandom two-liquid and Redlich–Kwong model. The model parameters can be further implemented into Aspen Plus software to conduct process simulations.
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| 33. |
- Xue, Xiaoyin, et al.
(författare)
-
Enhanced Storage and Interface Structure Stability of NCM811 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries by Hydrophobic Fluoroalkylsilanes Modification
- 2022
-
Ingår i: ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 10:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nickel-rich ternary-layered oxide LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)O2 (NCM) cathode exhibits high reversible capacity and low cost; however, severe capacity fade and aggravated air degradation prohibit its widespread commercialization. Herein, the hydrophobic fluoroalkylsilane-modified NCM811 cathode materials are reported. To better understand the effects of electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries, a variety of characterization techniques and electrochemical methods are utilized to study the surface chemistry at the cathode/electrolyte interphase. The hydrophobic fluoroalkylsilanes-grafted NCM811 cathode materials suppress the formation of residual lithium even after 30 days in humid air. The fluoroalkylsilanes layer can also provide chemical stabilization to the NCM811 cathode materials by anchoring transition metals (TM) and suppressing TM dissolution during long immersion times in electrolytes. Moreover, the degree of improvement depends on the structure of the fluoroalkylsilanes, such as the number of F groups and the length of carbon chains. As a result, FAS17-modified NCM811 cathode materials after 30-day humid air exposure (humidity 70%) exhibit the greatest overall capacity retention of 74.2% after 200 charge/discharge cycles.
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| 34. |
- Xue, Xiaoyin, et al.
(författare)
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PEDOT:PSS @Molecular Sieve as Dual-Functional Additive to Enhance Electrochemical Performance and Stability of Ni-Rich NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 8:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecular sieves (MSs) coated with conductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS) are used as water scavengers to modify the nickel‐rich LiNi1–x–yCoxMnyO2 (NMC)‐layered cathode. This strategy proactively captures residual water in the battery system without affecting the transport performance of electrons and Li+ ions. The moisture content and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests show that MSs after coating still maintain good water absorption characteristics and inhibit the decomposition of the electrolyte. The conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS@MS‐NMC electrode is 1.08 × 10−4 S cm−1, which is improved by 63.9%, compared with the MS‐NMC electrode. Through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy measurements, it is also shown that the surface structure stability and particle integrity for PEDOT:PSS@MS‐NMC electrode is well retained. After 500 cycles, the capacity retention of the composite cathode is 71.3%, which is higher than that of the NMC (38.3%) and MS‐NMC cathode (62.4%). This is a novel and effective strategy to suppress side reactions at the electrode interface and improve electrode stability, capacity retention, and cycle performance of the Ni‐rich NMC cathode.
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| 35. |
- Yin, Litao, et al.
(författare)
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An Integrated Flow–Electric–Thermal Model for a Cylindrical Li-Ion Battery Module with a Direct Liquid Cooling Strategy
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 10:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An integrated model is constructed for a Li-ion battery module composed of cylindrical cells by coupling individual first-order equivalent circuit models (ECMs) with a 3D heat transfer model, also considering the fluid flow dynamics of the applied cooling liquid, and bench-marked against experimental data. This model simulates a representative unit of the battery module with direct liquid cooling in a parallel configuration. Instead of assigning specific values to the featured parameters involved in the ECMs, they are here defined as 4D arrays. This makes it possible to simultaneously consider the effect of the state of charge, current rate, and temperature on the battery dynamics, making the model more adaptive, versatile, and connectable to the battery cell electrochemistry. According to the simulation results, the model employing state-dependent battery properties fits better with the experimental cooling results. Additionally, the temperature uniformity of the module with a parallel cooling configuration is improved compared to a serial configuration. However, the increase of the absolute core temperature cannot be directly controlled by the surface cooling due to the slow heat transport rate across the battery material. The simulations also provide directions for the modification of module design, to the potential benefit of battery pack developers.
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| 36. |
- Zhang, Wenjing, et al.
(författare)
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Highly Structured Nanofiber Zeolite Materials for Biogas Upgrading
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 8:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hierarchical zeolite composite nanofibers are designed using an electrospinning technique with post‐carbonization processing to form mechanically strong pellets for biogas upgrading. A ZSM‐5 nanopowder (zeolite) and a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer are electrospun to form ZSM/PVP composite nanofibers, which are transformed into a ZSM and carbon composite nanofiber (ZSM/C) by a two‐step heat treatment. The ZSM/C nanofibers show a 30.4% increase in Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area compared with the non‐structured ZSM‐5 nanopowder. Using ideal adsorbed solution theory, CO2‐over‐CH4 selectivity of 20 and CO2 uptake of 2.15 mmolg−1 at 293 K at 1 bar for ZSM/C nanofibers are obtained. For the efficient use of adsorbents in pressure swing adsorption operation, the nanofibers are structured into ZSM/C pellets that offer a maximum tensile strength of 6.46 MPa to withstand pressure swings. In the breakthrough tests, the CO2 uptake of the pellets reach 3.18 mmolg−1 at 293 K at 4 bar after 5 breakthrough adsorption–desorption cycles, with a much higher mass transfer coefficient of 1.24 ms−1 and CO2 uptake rate of 2.4 mg of CO2 g−1s−1, as compared with other structured zeolite adsorbents.
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| 37. |
- Zhao, Yi, et al.
(författare)
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Improved Proton Adsorption and Charge Separation on Cadmium Sulfides for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296. ; 10:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cadmium sulfide has attracted wide attention in photocatalytic hydrogen production, due to its appropriate bandgap and band positions. However, high-rate photogenerated electron-hole recombination and few active sites on CdS lead to its low photocatalytic activity. Herein, a PANI/NCPP/CdS (PANI/NiCoP/NiCoPi/CdS) hybrid as a noble metal-free visible light-driven photocatalyst is reported, with metal phosphides, metal phosphates, and polyaniline (PANI) as reduction and oxidation cocatalysts, respectively. This hybrid not only facilitates the charge separation and transfer owing to the formation of heterojunction, but also improves the local concentration of H+ on the surface of catalysts due to the formation of the protonated amine groups on PANI, bene?cial to hydrogen evolution reaction. As a result, the as-prepared photocatalyst could show a high hydrogen evolution rate of 170.3 mmol g(-1) h(-1) and an apparent quantum efficiency of 41.37% at 420 nm, representing one of the best performances of all-CdS-based photocatalysts.
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| 38. |
- Andersson, Jim, et al.
(författare)
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Multiscale Reactor Network Simulation of an Entrained Flow Biomass Gasifier : Model Description and Validation
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288. ; 5, s. 1-12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the development of a multiscale equivalent reactor network model for pressurized entrained flow biomass gasification to quantify the effect of operational parameters on the gasification process, including carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency, and syngas methane content. The model, implemented in the commercial software Aspen Plus, includes chemical kinetics as well as heat and mass transfer. Characteristic aspects of the model are the multiscale effect caused by the combination of transport phenomena at particle scale during heating, pyrolysis, and char burnout, as well as the effect of macroscopic gas flow, including gas recirculation. A validation using experimental data from a pilot-scale process shows that the model can provide accurate estimations of carbon conversion, concentrations of main syngas components, and cold gas efficiency over a wide range of oxygen-to-biomass ratios and reactor loads. The syngas methane content was most difficult to estimate accurately owing to the unavailability of accurate kinetic parameters for steam methane reforming.
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| 39. |
- Andersson, L. Mattias
(författare)
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Fully Slot-Die-Coated All-Organic Solar Cells
- 2015
-
Ingår i: ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 2194-4288. ; 3:4, s. 437-442
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar cells are perhaps the most environmentally friendly way to generate electricity available. The main drawback is the relatively large investments required by conventional technologies. Organic photovoltaics could be much cheaper. Here, we produce and characterize fully slot-die-coated, all-organic devices in a roll-to-roll process using only cheap components, benign solvents, and materials with a low environmental impact. One of the main problems with this type of device is a predisposition for short circuits. The reason for this is here identified to be mechanical failures in the active layer due to swelling of the bottom electrode material during processing. A solution to the swelling problem is provided and fully functional devices are demonstrated. On an industrial scale, this process requires only very simple slot-die coating equipment and can offer very cheap solar cells that have a very low environmental impact over their life cycle.
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| 40. |
- Feng, Chu, et al.
(författare)
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Thin-Film Fuel Cells using a Sodium Silicate Binder with La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-delta (LSCF) and LaCePr Oxides (LCP) Membranes
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2194-4288. ; 6:2, s. 312-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sodium silicate was used as a binder to prepare LaCePr oxides (LCP) and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-delta (LSCF) thin films on a Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05Li oxide ceramic substrate for the first time. The microstructure, morphology, and electrical properties of the LSCF-LCP thin films were characterized and investigated by using XRD, SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The film sintered at 600 degrees C presents promising density and has been successfully applied as the electrolyte membrane for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Such a device achieved a respectable electrochemical performance with an open-circuit voltage of 1.04V and a maximum power output of 545mWcm(-2) at 575 degrees C. These findings suggest that sodium silicate is a suitable binder for the preparation of dense thin-film membranes for SOFCs. Moreover, the preparation technology based on sodium silicate eliminated degumming and high-temperature sintering, which resulted in greatly simplifying the preparation process of the thin-film fuel cell towards potential fuel cell commercialization.
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| 41. |
- Ramos, Alessandro da S., et al.
(författare)
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Geochemical Characterization of Irati And Palermo Formations (Parana Basin-Southern Brazil) for Shale Oil/Gas Exploration
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2194-4288. ; 3:5, s. 481-487
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shale gas/oil currently are two of the most important unconventional energy resources. Their exploitation has caused an energy revolution in USA, and many countries are investing in it. Brazil has large areas covered with sedimentary basins, but little attention has been devoted to the study of shale containing oil and gas. The parameters analyzed and studied for geochemical data evaluation are: clay mineral identification, mineral matter analysis, elemental analysis (including total organic carbon, total carbon, H, N, and S), and the methane adsorption capacity of shale. Adsorption in Palermo Formation samples (depth 238.5m) was 13.72cm(3)g(-1) and for samples from Irati Formation (depth 218.45, 95.3, and 107.5m) 11.73, 6.17, and 4.61cm(3)g(-1).
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| 42. |
- Sandström, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Towards High-Throughput Coating and Printing of Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells : A Review and Cost Analysis of Current and Future Methods
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288. ; 3:4, s. 329-339
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A revolution is ongoing in the field of artificial light emission, with two prime examples being the quickly growing application of the energy-efficient light-emitting diode (LED) in illumination and the introduction of the high-contrast organic LED (OLED) display in various handheld appliances. It is anticipated that the next big breakthrough will constitute the emergence of a true low-cost technology, which features novel and attractive form factors such as flexibility, light-weight, and large-area emission. To realize this challenging vision, it is mandatory to identify an emissive technology that can be fabricated in a low-energy and material-conservative manner. In this context, recent demonstrations of a roll-to-roll (R2R) compatible coating and printing of thin-film light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) on flexible substrates are highly interesting. Here, we review these achievements, and perform a first analysis of the merits of different LEC fabrication methods with regard to material consumption, capital investment, running cost, and throughput. Among our findings we mention a fault-tolerant, small-volume batch fabrication of LEC devices using spray sintering, which can be executed at a low installment cost of 100000Euro, but where the large-area devices currently carry a fabrication cost tag of 14000Eurom(-2). The true appeal of the technology is, therefore, better visualized in the high-volume R2R-coating scenario, for which the installment cost is 20times higher, but where the projected price tag is much more attractive (11Euro per m(2)). If such flexible and light-weight (and potentially metal-free) sheets are driven at a luminance of 1000cdm(-2), the cost per lumen is a mere 0.0036Eurolm(-1), which is one order of magnitude lower than the projected future costs for LEDs and OLEDs.
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| 43. |
- Wang, Haoxin, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient and Stable Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Employing CuI as Hole-Transporting Layer Prepared by Solid-Gas Transformation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2194-4288. ; 5:10, s. 1836-1843
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The inorganic p-type semiconductor CuI possesses several unique characteristics such as high transparency, low-production cost, high hole mobility, and good chemical stability and is a promising hole-transporting material candidate that can be explored in solar-cell devices. Herein, we adopt a simple solid-gas reaction method to fabricate a uniform CuI film by exposing a thermally evaporated copper film to iodine vapor and apply it as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optimized devices display a promising power conversion (PCE) efficiency of 14.7%, with an open-circuit voltage of 1.04 V, a short-circuit current density of 20.9 mWcm(-2), and a fill factor of 0.68. This is one of the highest PCE values reported so far for CuI-based HTL in PSCs. Moreover, the devices studied also exhibit good long-term stability at ambient atmosphere, arising from the hydrophobicity of CuI HTL. The results highlight that CuI fabricated using the simple and low-temperature processing method presented here holds great promise as low-cost alternative HTL material for the development of efficient and stable inverted planar PSCs in the future.
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| 44. |
- Wang, Weihan, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing the Energy-Conversion Efficiency of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with a Charge-Transfer Complex based on 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone
- 2018
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Ingår i: ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2194-4288. ; 6:4, s. 752-758
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a champion hole-transporting material (HTM), 2,27,7-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) has been widely used in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSCs). Owing to the low conductivity of Spiro-OMeTAD, a chemical doping strategy is commonly used to enhance its hole-transporting properties. In this study, we report a strong electron acceptor, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) as an additive for Spiro-OMeTAD along with its application in ssDSCs. We show that the conductivity of Spiro-OMeTAD increases from 5.31 x 10(-5) to 2.22 x 10(-4) Scm upon the addition of 0.04% DDQ, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the ssDSCs also increases. By utilizing a donor-pi-acceptor sensitizer with a high coefficient and an HTM with an optimized doping ratio, we were able to achieve a high PCE of 6.37% for the ssDSCs under 10 0mWcm(-2) AM1.5G simulated illumination, in comparison to the PCE of the pristine device, which was only 3.50%. An increase in the application of benzoquinone-based materials for organic electronics is expected, especially for solar-cell applications.
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| 45. |
- Zheng, Yifeng, et al.
(författare)
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Scaling up and characterization of engineering single-layer fuel cells
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288. ; 4:8, s. 967-972
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single-layer fuel cells (SLFCs) are the product of recent advances in low-temperature solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) research and development. Conventional three-layer materials comprising an anode, an electrolyte, and a cathode have been replaced by one-layer materials that can integrate all of the functions of fuel cell anodes, electrolytes, and cathodes into one function. Excellent performance, simple technology, and ultra-low cost have increased the potential of SLFCs for commercialization. Therefore, methods should be developed to scale up this innovative and advanced SOFC technology for engineering use and further commercial applications. This work reports the scaling up of an SLFC through powder material preparation, pulp preparation and tape casting, cold-press shaping, hot pressing, and final surface reduction to fabricate 6cmx6cm engineering cells with an active area of 25cm(2). Each SLFC delivers approximately 10W of power at 525-550 degrees C. The performance of the device is comparable with or even better than that of conventional SOFCs. A maximum output power of 12.0W (0.48Wcm(-2)) is obtained from the 6cmx6cm SLFC at 550 degrees C. This study develops a scaling-up technology that uses tape casting and hot pressing to enhance the commercial uses of SLFC.
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