| 1. |
- Abu Hatab, Assem, et al.
(författare)
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In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic : Perceived risks, management strategies and emerging opportunities for small and medium agri-food enterprises in a developing country
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - 2212-4209.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Covid-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to small and medium agri-food enterprises (SMAEs) in developing countries. However, research investigating what risks Covid-19 posed to these firms, how they responded, and what business opportunities emerged to SMAEs from the pandemic remains scanty. Drawing on a sample of 166 specialist SMAEs in Egypt, this study addressed these entwined questions by using multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) and mediation analysis. Our results point out that the Covid-19 pandemic exposed Egyptian SMAEs to complex and multidimensional risks, and caused profound effects on both upstream and downstream stages of their supply chains. In general, Egyptian SMAEs adopted a ‘wait-and-see’ approach to cope with such Covid-19 risks and impacts, which was attributed to their lack of sufficient financial resources to develop risk management strategies and formalize structures to deal with unexpected events. Interestingly, the results showed that several business opportunities emerged from pandemic; but SMAEs' resource disadvantages constrained their capacity to seize and exploit these opportunities. Moreover, we found that mitigation strategies adopted by SMAEs present a mediating factor between perceived Covid-19 risks and perceived business opportunities. Overall, our findings call for a paradigm shift in relation to enterprise risk management in developing countries' SMAEs toward more holistic frameworks to enhance their preparedness to future shocks, make mature operational and strategic management decisions, and exploit strategic opportunities.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Landslide risk management : A brief overview and example from Sweden of current situation and climate change
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 3:March, s. 44-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landslide risk is a function of the probability of the event and its consequences. Previous research has shown that preventive measures to reduce the risk are preferred over reactive measures but, especially in developing countries, rarely undertaken. A contributing factor is the lack of evidence that preventive measures pay. This study includes a brief overview of landslide risk management in general and an investigation of the present risk management situation in Sweden based on interviews in 11 municipalities complemented with interviews in Norway. The result shows that climate change has become part of the general awareness and started to be taken into account in the municipal spatial planning. Landslide susceptibility maps and databases are useful tools in the complex spatial planning. The results indicate that the application of landslide susceptibility and risk maps as previously applied for preventive measures and spatial planning in the landslide prone area Gota alv river valley have been cost effective. Improved documentation and more active communication among different stakeholders would, however, contribute to more effective landslide management.
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| 4. |
- Arroyo, Ivette, et al.
(författare)
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User involvement in housing recovery after typhoon Haiyan from a capability perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines on 8th November 2013 destroying more than 1 million houses and affecting mostly the poor. This paper discusses user involvement in housing recovery from a capability perspective. The paper also analyses possibilities for extension of the housing solutions. Based on the Sphere handbook and the theoretical framework, a Model for user involvement in evolutionary housing recovery has been developed and applied to analyse empirical data from two qualitative case studies in the cities of Tanauan and Ormoc. Prospective users that have attained different opportunities and choices through the projects whilst being actively involved in some stages of the process seem to have enhanced capacities such as self-construction skills, self-esteem, leadership and community organizing. Users were not involved or only consulted during the planning and design stage, which derived in generic housing lacking qualities for extension. The findings from both case studies support the theoretical construct underlying the model. The implications of the model is that it can be applied to design, carry out or assess housing recovery processes in other developing contexts.
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| 5. |
- Becker, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Constructing a common holistic description of what is valuable and important to protect: A possible requisite for disaster risk management
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 6, s. 18-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective disaster risk management is a requisite for sustainable development and it is paramount to include a wide range of stakeholders to manage risk in this context. Recent research indicates the significance of making ideas of what is valuable and important to protect explicit in any disaster risk management initiative that involves several stake- holders. The purpose of this article is thus to investigate if it is possible for a wide range of stakeholders to construct a common holistic description of what is valuable and important to protect. Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality in South Africa is used as the context for this study and its findings indicate that such common holistic description is possible there. The findings also indicate that although each stakeholder has intricate knowledge about the context, it is not until they come together and share their individual knowledge as the richer picture emerges. A picture that may not in any way be a perfect full picture, but nonetheless their common picture to build mutual understanding, commitment and effective disaster risk management initiatives on.
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| 6. |
- Becker, Per
(författare)
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Dependence, trust, and influence of external actors on municipal urban flood risk mitigation : The case of Lomma Municipality, Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 31, s. 1004-1012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Floods constitute a major problem that cross geopolitical, administrative, and sectoral boundaries, and must as such be jointly governed by a web of actors. The patterns of social relations among these actors are fundamental for society's capacity to mitigate flood risk. The purpose of this study is to contribute to our understanding of flood risk governance by investigating the social organization of formal actors that contribute to mitigating urban flood risk in Swedish municipalities. It applies Social Network Analysis to examine what patterns of dependence, trust, and influence of external actors emerge in the accounts of politicians and civil servants in Lomma Municipality, Sweden. The results indicate interesting patterns in type of input, as well as the role of personal relationships and different forms of authority for trust and influence. There is also a horizontal decoupling between municipalities along the river, as well as a vertical decoupling between the municipal and the national level, where withdrawing national authorities leave a void increasingly filled by private companies. These patterns of social relationships between municipal and external actors contributing to mitigate urban flood risk are important for understanding flood risk governance in society.
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| 7. |
- Beerens, Ralf, et al.
(författare)
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Scoping the field of disaster exercise evaluation - A literature overview and analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 19, s. 413-446
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evaluation of emergency, disaster and crisis management exercises supports both individual and organisational learning, facilitates the development of response capabilities, and helps to determine whether the current level of preparedness is good enough. Nevertheless, despite its importance in the field of disaster risk management, there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of research in the area. The aim of the paper is to provide such an overview. A scoping study identified the key contributions on the topic of disaster exercise evaluation, provides an overview of research in the area, and analyses opportunities for future work. The purpose, function and form of the evaluation provided the framework for the analysis, which was applied to the scoping study results. The results indicate a lack of academic interest. Although exercises take place on a regular basis and are often used for research purposes, their evaluations are seldom the focus of attention per se. Moreover, contributions that do focus on evaluations are spread over several disciplines. Nevertheless, the results indicate that recent contributions are becoming more coherent as they build on each other (or at least refer to each other), even if they are produced within different disciplines. Despite encouraging signs of a more cohesive scientific corpus on the evaluation of disaster exercises, there is still room for improvement. The scientific discourse would benefit from greater clarity regarding: (1) the purpose and context in which a specific evaluation method is designed to be used; (2) what the method needs to do (or produce) in order for it to fulfil the purpose; and (3) how the method achieves its goal and thereby fulfils its purpose. Moreover, in order to help researchers to build on each other's work and suggest improvements to evaluation methods, it is urgent that the supporting evidence (for example, empirical data or logical reasoning) for claims regarding the usefulness of a specific method is clearly presented. This is likely to lead to a more vigorous scientific discourse, which will result in increasingly relevant and robust arguments related to how to approach the problem of evaluating disaster exercises in practice.
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| 8. |
- Borell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Learning effectiveness of discussion-based crisis management exercises
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 5, s. 28-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crisis management exercises sometimes produce weak or vague learning results with very limited applicability. This paper addresses these problems by developing a theoretical framework on learning from crisis management exercises. The framework focuses on necessary requirements and beneficial factors for the conceptual learning of individuals from discussion-based exercises. The variation theory of learning was identified in the literature. According to this theory, a learner’s capability stems from his or her ability to discern relevant situational aspects and the resulting potential for simultaneous awareness of and acting upon them. The central assumption of the framework is that learners are required to experience variation to achieve conceptual learning. The framework connects learning aspects of scenarios and discussions to the potential for improvement of the individual’s capabilities. Based on the framework we suggest that exercise scenarios should be represented as a set of parameters, and that variation of the parameter set and the parameter values becomes the central theme of the exercise activity. Thinking in terms of parameters emphasises variation and invariance before, during and after an exercise session, thus supporting learning. The proposed framework can be used to understand and manage discussion-based crisis exercises from a conceptual learning perspective.
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| 9. |
- Bray, Ariane C.Y., et al.
(författare)
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Using photovoice for disaster and hazard preparedness : A methodological review
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Designing effective policy for public hazard risk communication and preparedness education requires the development of qualitative, participatory, and place-based research methodologies. Traditional research approaches alone cannot fully reveal the situated contexts of different communities that inform understandings of and responses to a range of natural hazard risks. In this paper, we present a review of a novel research methodology, Photovoice, and its potential to engage communities as researchers and co-producers of knowledge. Through auto-photography, researcher-participants document issues affecting their lives and through critical reflexive group dialogue they unveil the underlying causes of issues and develop pathways to enact change. This review outlines the method's theoretical origins, practical application, and prior contributions across disciplines and in hazard research. We then present an Aotearoa New Zealand based pilot study that applies the methodology in a natural hazard context. Research participants took photographs to represent how they perceived the risk of earthquakes and how they prepared for such hazards in their local environments. Participants then engaged in critical reflexive dialogue to reveal the meanings embedded within their photographs, the barriers to preparedness, and opportunities to enact change. The paper reflects on the results of the pilot study, providing insights into the use of the Photovoice methodology in future earthquake and wider hazard research. We argue that Photovoice is an effective methodology for research informing public hazard risk communication and preparedness education due to its ability to reveal place-based insights including risk perceptions, barriers to preparedness, and opportunities to build community capacity and resilience.
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| 10. |
- Cedergren, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Building organizational adaptive capacity in the face of crisis : Lessons from a public sector case study
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - 2212-4209. ; 100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While organizations providing critical services to society must have the ability to anticipate and prepare for foreseeable threats, they also need to develop a capacity to adapt in the face of unforeseen challenges and crises. While adaptive capacity becomes manifested in a specific situation through the concrete adaptations carried out by an organization, the preconditions to adapt exist already before a crisis occurs. However, previous research indicates significant knowledge gaps regarding how these preconditions are established and maintained within an organization. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to enhance our understanding of the preconditions necessary to adapt to an unfolding crisis. This is achieved by exploring how adaptations were manifested during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Swedish public sector organization and the factors that contributed to this adaptive capacity. A range of enabling factors for such adaptive capacity are identified, including a high level of trust between roles and organizational levels, a polycentric organizational structure where departments work autonomously while still allowing some degree of central coordination, clear overall objectives, capitalization on previous experience from both minor and major crises, and asset literacy among employees. The paper concludes by discussing some idiosyncrasies of the COVID-19 pandemic that facilitated adaptations. This includes the fact that virtually everyone was both impacted by and actively contributing to responding to the crisis. Finally, the discussion elaborates on the parallels and distinctions when compared to a creeping crisis.
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| 11. |
- Cedergren, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Tracking the implementation of a risk management process in a public sector organisation – A longitudinal study
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results from a longitudinal study of the process of developing and implementing a method for risk assessment in a public sector organisation over a period of 3.5 years. The study explores how people involved in this process viewed factors influencing the implementation and what effects the risk management process gave rise to. While a large share of previous research on this topic has been confined to analysing the final product in terms of the documented risk assessment report, this study explores factors affecting the process leading to such outcome. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire used on five occasions during the study period. The results from this questionnaire were complemented with an interview study to gain deeper insights and understanding of factors shaping the risk management process. The findings show a maturing process over time where the most clearly visible impact from the risk management process includes an increased risk awareness among persons involved. However, the results also indicate that the outcomes from the risk management process were only to a limited extent spread to the rest of the organisation and persons at the management level showed a declining commitment to the risk management process over the 3.5-year period. Methodologically, the paper underlines the value of adopting a longitudinal research design in the area of risk management to allow for an exploration of trends and patterns arising over time, which contributes to a deeper and more contextualised understanding of a risk management process compared to studies that only rely on capturing snapshots of an organisation's current work practices.
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| 12. |
- Covey, Judith, et al.
(författare)
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Community perceptions of protective practices to prevent ash exposures around Sakurajima volcano, Japan
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whilst, globally, volcanic eruptions are unusual and cause anxiety in affected communities, people living near Sakurajima volcano, Japan are exposed to frequent ashfall with little-to-no official intervention. As part of a wider project, this study assessed how this apparently normalised experience affects residents’ perceptions of health impacts, and whether it is important to protect themselves from ash inhalation. A survey of 749 residents found little evidence of normalisation. Respondents identified a range of symptoms (including eye irritation, low mood, sore throat, cough) perceived to be associated with ash exposure, with 67% experiencing at least one symptom. Only 6% of respondents thought it was not important to protect themselves, and path analysis showed that protection was particularly important to older people and those with existing respiratory disease, who were more likely to rate ash as harmful or associate symptoms with exposures. Therefore, some of the most vulnerable sectors of this community are adversely impacted by ash. However, despite the local government recommending protective measures, most respondents said they had not received advice, but would like to. They took actions that they thought were effective (keeping windows/doors closed) or were easily available (wearing surgical masks). Other research has shown that industry-certified (e.g., N95) masks are more effective than surgical masks. Here, respondents recognised this, but high-efficiency masks were rarely used, probably due to unavailability. The results demonstrate a need to provide ash-affected communities with targeted, evidence-based information on options for effective protection, coupled with ensuring that communities have access to suggested interventions.
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| 13. |
- Davidsson, Åsa
(författare)
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Disasters as an opportunity for improved environmental conditions
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 48, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents case studies where disasters provided a window of opportunity for change that included social action with (potentially) positive effects on the environment. The research literature was screened for empirical cases in support of societal changes with a focus on environmental issues, and a more in-depth case study of the extensive tree felling after the storm Gudrun in Sweden 2005 was also conducted. The case study is explored through available research as well as “grey” literature to identify societal actions taken after the storm that had – or not – an effect on environmental conditions. With the help of the framework presented by Birkmann et al. (2010), the study aims to characterise the nature of these anthropic changes. The framework was modified to focus specifically on societal actions implemented because of an “open window”, and the environmental effects of the actions. This enabled identifying changes with a positive/negative and intended/unintended effect on the environment, as well as determining if a change was based on formal or informal decisions. Several cases identified in the literature provide empirical support for the theory that disasters can generate a window of opportunity for positive environmental change. However, open windows are not always exploited, as is apparent in the case of the storm Gudrun.
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| 14. |
- de Goër de Herve, Mathilde
(författare)
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Fair strategies to tackle unfair risks? : Justice considerations within flood risk management
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk management, justice (i.e. equity, fairness), and sustainability are tightly interconnected. This literature review investigates how and why justice is considered in flood risk management. 20 scientific documents published between 2015 and 2020 are analyzed in depth. The results show a distinction between distributive and procedural justice and a complicated judgment of fairness based on different philosophies that vary depending on the country, the type of flood, and the type of strategy studied. Equity is found to be an under-discussed topic compared to its importance. Justice in flood risk management matters because (i) the impacts of floods affect different people unevenly, (ii) the interest in equity evinced by public authorities influences societal transformation, and (iii) the perception of fairness matters at both individual and collective levels. This paper analyzes the link between justice considerations and sustainability in relation to four dimensions: social, ecological, spatial, and temporal. Social and spatial issues are the most commonly studied in the literature, while ecological and temporal ones have generally been overlooked, creating a research gap. The results are discussed in terms of their diversities of justice concepts, places of investigation, and types of strategies. Various justice frameworks are used, but since none of them focus specifically on the contribution of flood risk management to sustainability through justice considerations, a flood risk justice framework is developed, which translates into theoretical and practical tools. It is based on the considerations of both humans and non-humans into different spatio-temporal scales.
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| 15. |
- De Majo, Veronica, 1974-
(författare)
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Institutional conditions for building proactive flood management : Lessons from santa Fe in Argentina
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although national disaster risk reduction policies in Argentina are still incipient and fragmented, the city of Santa Fe managed to adopt flood-risk management strategies after a major flooding in 2007. This involved a shift from reactive measures to a proactive policy approach to manage one of the city's main problems. Employing insights from institutional theory, this paper explores and elaborates on the institutional conditions that enabled policy change in Santa Fe. A qualitative case-study design is used, and the analysis builds on previous empirical studies of Santa Fe, policy documents and in-depth interviews. Three institutional conditions were identified as fundamental contributors to policy change: place identity, policy publics, and practical authority. These conditions were used and developed by the new administration elected after the flooding. This paper argues that the new administration took advantage of the 'legitimacy vacuum' of the old administration, following from its passivity and reactive handling of the flooding. The new administration mobilized and strengthened pre-existing institutional conditions, and reconfigured power relations through its practical authority. Instead of a partisan strategy, the new adminis-tration expanded agency in terms of a community-based approach (collective action), expert knowledge, and problem-solving skills, which underscores the importance of informal institutions to complement and reinforce formal ones. This article provides lessons for local communities with similar conditions as the city of Santa Fe, showing that local actors can develop proactive disaster risk reduction also in unfavourable national contexts.
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| 16. |
- Deverell, Edward, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Crisis and performance : A contingency approach to performance indicators
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - 2212-4209. ; 105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses a gap in crisis research regarding scientifically produced knowledge on performance measurement during crisis for practitioners, by developing eleven crisis performance indicators from a content analysis of 40 interviews with Swedish crisis professionals. Using these as a point of departure, the article offers a critical take on the current mode of crisis inquiry by suggesting the term contingency as an alternative lens to benefit crisis theory and practice. Our empirical analysis shows that crisis performance evaluation leans toward rationalized control rather than contingent thinking. In the discussion, we critically assess the performance indicators from a contingency perspective, highlighting their inherent ambiguities and emphasizing the need to advance ways of thinking about crisis management beyond rules and standard procedures. The study underlines the importance of recognizing limits of human agency and integrating contingency in the mindset of crisis professionals. This would enable crisis professionals to act beyond anticipated and perceived practices and regulations when adapting to unexpected events and provide them with more purposeful indicators to be evaluated against.
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| 17. |
- Dodman, D., et al.
(författare)
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African Urbanisation and Urbanism : Implications for risk accumulation and reduction
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 26, s. 7-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an increasing recognition of the need to understand and address risks of various kinds in African cities. However, there have been very few explicit examinations of the way in which the specific characteristics of African urbanisation and urbanism drive risk, or the way in which responses to risk should take these characteristics into account. This paper presents a critical review of the key features of African urban experiences, and analyses the implications for the creation and reduction of diverse risks, from the everyday to the extensive. It argues that the physical forms, social structures, economic pathways, and governance systems of cities on the continent shape their risk profiles. Of particular importance are the nature of spatial expansion, the demographic profiles of cities, and the prevalence of informal economies and settlements; while the reform of governance systems will be critical to enable risk reduction. The paper concludes that urban development actors need to consider the consequences of their actions for risk, while risk reduction practitioners will need to engage with all elements of urban development, including informality, urban poverty, infrastructure and service provision, land management, and local governance capacity.
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| 18. |
- Emerton, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Emergency flood bulletins for Cyclones Idai and Kenneth : A critical evaluation of the use of global flood forecasts for international humanitarian preparedness and response
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : ELSEVIER. - 2212-4209. ; 50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humanitarian disasters such as Typhoon Haiyan (SE Asia, 2013) and the Horn of Africa drought (2011-2012) are examples of natural hazards that were predicted, but where forecasts were not sufficiently acted upon, leading to considerable loss of life. These events, alongside international adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, have motivated efforts to enable early action from early warnings. Through initiatives such as Forecast-based Financing (FbF) and the Science for Humanitarian Emergencies and Resilience (SHEAR) programme, progress is being made towards the use of science and forecasts to support international humanitarian organisations and governments in taking early action and improving disaster resilience. However, many challenges remain in using forecasts systematically for preparedness and response. The research community in place through SHEAR enabled the UK government's Department for International Development to task a collaborative group of scientists to produce probabilistic real-time flood forecast and risk bulletins, aimed at humanitarian decision-makers, for Cyclones Idai and Kenneth, which impacted Mozambique in 2019. The process of bulletin creation during Idai and Kenneth is reviewed and critically evaluated, including evaluation of the forecast information alongside evidence for how useful the bulletins were. In this context, this work seeks to navigate the "murky landscape" of national and international mandates, capacities, and collaborations for forecasting, early warning and anticipatory action, with the ultimate aim of finding out what can be done better in the future. Lessons learnt and future recommendations are discussed to enable better collaboration between producers and users of forecast information.
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| 19. |
- Eriksson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Framing volunteers identifying and integrating volunteers in crises response operations
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study takes the perspective of civil society and aims to examine how different volunteers are framed both by others and themselves, and how terms such as ‘mixed blessing’ (used to describe volunteers as both a blessing and a curse) affect how volunteers are perceived during a crisis. Our objective is to further understand the consequences this may entail regarding how voluntary resources are integrated and requisitioned. Interviews were conducted with volunteers involved in the response to a large forest fire in Västmanland, Sweden in 2014. The results show four different types of volunteers, which we have classified as: the caring neighbourhood volunteers, pre-organised emergency volunteers, non-emergency professionals, and unneeded volunteers. Their contribution in a crisis is related to three areas: when they arrive at the scene (time), what resources they bring (resources), and whether or not pre-established arrangements to integrate them into the operation exist (structure). The study results indicate the need to develop and apply various strategies for efficient use of different volunteers' resources to ensure crisis preparedness.
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| 20. |
- Frennesson, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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“International humanitarian organizations’ perspectives on localization efforts”
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The humanitarian sector has formulated a collective strategic intent to localize. This involves delegating responsibilities and transferring capacities and resources to national and local actors. However, progress is slower than expected. Strategy execution is hard, and translating a general strategic intent to the actual way humanitarian organizations operate is not obvious. To suggest remedies for the slow progress, this paper investigates drivers and barriers for international humanitarian organizations (IHOs) to localize their logistics preparedness capacities. It is essential to understand IHOs' perspectives as they are global and powerful actors in the humanitarian sector and by far represent the largest recipients of donor funds. We focus on logistics since it constitutes key activities of strong local contextual character, such as procurement, warehousing, and transport. By interviewing practitioners from a representative set of large IHOs, and connecting the empirical insights with relevant theory, we unravel reasons that hinder localization. These include IHOs' strategic choices due to context-sensitive benefits of localization, mandated expectations on IHOs, the lack of internal drivers for IHOs to localize, and resistance to localize due to IHOs’ desire and motives for continued engagement in humanitarian aid. Based on these insights, actionable propositions are developed to help accelerate progress toward localization.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Grahn, Tonje, et al.
(författare)
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Damage assessment of lake floods : Insured damage to private property during two lake floods in Sweden 2000/2001
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 10, s. 305-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyses empirical data on the direct damage impact of lake floods using insurance claims for 195 private buildings. A relationship between lake water levels and insurance payments is established, but the estimated economic effects are small. Building damage also occurs in fringe areas that are not reached by surface water, which indicates a complex interplay between several factors influencing the degree of damage. Large lake floods occur over an extended time span (months). Their duration, as well as possible wind effects, should be taken into account in flood risk assessment. The slow onset of lake floods facilitates implementation of private damage-reducing measures in addition to public mitigation efforts. Private damage-reducing measures decrease the risk of structural damage to buildings, easing recovery for homeowners and society as a whole. Insurance companies can gain from investing in public flood awareness programmes and by providing information to their insurance holders on how to reduce property vulnerability in emergency situations.
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| 25. |
- Hacker, Miriam E., et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory exemptions illustrate the humanitarian-development nexus in highly developed cities
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, forcible displacement has increased around the globe, with significant numbers of people seeking shelter in urban areas. However, increased densification has added pressure to housing in these urban host communities, creating a situation where temporary accommodation is not always readily available. The integration of humanitarian response and pre-existing sustainable development activities is necessary to avoid disruptions to the provision of infrastructure services. This humanitarian-development nexus (HD-nexus) has proven to be difficult to operationalize. Using the experience of Sweden in 2015, this study looks at the provision of temporary accommodation for asylum-seekers within the existing regulatory framework as a place to explore the HD-nexus. Results show that humanitarian actors justify circumventing government institutions to achieve short-term response while development activities operate within these same institutions. Regulatory exemptions are one pathway by which we can observe this fundamental difference between the two approaches. Interviews with 19 individuals from government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and private companies were qualitatively analyzed to relate legitimacy with humanitarian response and development logics in the context of providing temporary accommodation. Results show that although formal regulatory definitions of temporary for temporary accommodations exist, this is not always adopted by stakeholders, leading to regulatory exemptions and non-compliance. Findings support decision-makers in improving response time and coordination for future events, and development goals of sustainable urban development.
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| 26. |
- Hagelsteen, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Caught between principles and politics : Challenges and opportunities for capacity development from governmental donors’ perspectives
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capacity development —an integral part of development cooperation in general and for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in particular—has had limited success so far. This article investigates capacity development challenges and opportunities from the viewpoint of the staff of progressive governmental donor agencies. Data were obtained from 26 semi-structured interviews with informants from seven donor agencies. The results show that donor staff are highly committed to the application of established principles for effective capacity development. However, despite capacity development being recognized as a cornerstone of development cooperation and crucial for DRR, it is described as a complex, broad or empty concept. The results reveal tensions between the principles for capacity development and current political priorities, power relations, and structural constraints of the aid system. Capacity development is undermined by the widespread aversion of donors and external partners to engage in the perceived risks associated with applying the principles in practice since they are accountable to other actors along the aid chain. Capacity development requires donors and external partners to let go of control and allow flexibility, adaptability and innovative approaches over longer time frames. This requires explicit risk-sharing agreements along the aid chain. Efforts are necessary at all levels of the system to realize the principles and conditions that enable effective capacity development for DRR.
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| 27. |
- Hagelsteen, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Challenging disparities in capacity development for disaster risk reduction
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 3, s. 4-13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although capacity development has been identified as the means to substantially reduce global disaster losses, it is a challenge for external partners to facilitate the development of sustainable capacities for disaster risk reduction in disaster-prone countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate potential gaps between how leading professionals approach such capacity development and guidelines found in available theory. The analysis of data from thirty-five qualitative semi-structured interviews reveals that there are gaps between theory and practise, as well as between the practitioners, in all seven elements identified in available theory. There is ambiguity regarding terminology, different views about the meaning of local context, ownership and capacity assessment, as well as contradicting opinions of the role and responsibilities of external partners. Focus is on training individuals, while other requisites are often ignored, and there is a general lack of understanding of what results to assess and how to monitor and evaluate projects.
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| 28. |
- Hagelsteen, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Practical aspects of capacity development in the context of disaster risk reduction
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 16, s. 43-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capacity development for disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been identified as one of the main ways of substantially reducing disaster losses. In previous research, several elements have been identified that are important in capacity development for DRR. For this study, documentation from nine international capacity development projects for DRR has been analysed. The projects were undertaken by a Swedish civil governmental agency, during the period 2007-2013. The documentation analysis was complemented with seven interviews with the organisation's project managers. The purpose was to understand to what extent the previously identified elements are reflected and dealt with in DRR projects conducted by the organisation. The analysis further sought to understand whether any developments can be observed during the period studied, and if additional challenges or opportunities were identified by the professionals running these projects.The findings show a complex and progressive picture regarding the organisation's familiarity with and use of the elements from 2010 and onwards. The elements are noted to be useful in guiding the design and implementation of capacity development projects for DRR. Positive developments can also be noted on the part of the organisation e.g. a more structured way of working with capacity development and conducting capacity assessments. The organisation, however, faced challenges translating its capacity development guidance into a practical tool. Other noted challenges included staff turnover, project management limitations and funding restrictions.
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| 29. |
- Hagelsteen, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Systemic problems of capacity development for disaster risk reduction in a complex, uncertain, dynamic, and ambiguous world
- 2019
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 36
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The international community has been engaged in capacity development for decades, sometimes under different names or with a slightly different focus. So far, these efforts have failed to bring significant and sustainable change. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 specifies capacity development as the means to reduce disaster losses substantially. The purpose of this paper is to offer a better understanding of the reasons behind the poor results with capacity development for disaster risk reduction (DRR). Twenty qualitative semi-structured interviews with high-level decision makers in the international community indicate systemic failure that requires a complete overhaul of the aid system. When analysing the discrepancies between principles for capacity development (ownership, partnership, contextualization, flexibility, learning, accountability, long-term, and sustainability) and the actual performance of actors operating in a complex, dynamic, uncertain, and ambiguous world, five interrelated problems emerge: (1) Clashing principles; (2) Quixotic control; (3) Mindset lag; (4) Lack of motivation for change; and (5) Power imbalances. Understanding and addressing these systemic problems is fundamental to the success of capacity development. It is not enough to blame the actors who implement capacity development activities for DRR, nor to merely rename it, yet again, after another few years of continuous frustration.
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| 30. |
- Hagelsteen, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Troubling partnerships: Perspectives from the receiving end of capacity development
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 59
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to complement the overwhelming focus on external partners in existing studies of capacity development for disaster risk reduction (DRR) or climate change adaptation (CCA), by exploring the perspectives of internal partners on challenges and possible solutions. 27 qualitative semi-structured interviews with experts, program officers and managers in five countries in the Southern African Development Community region were conducted. Three requisite and interdependent types of capacities—technical, processual, and contextual—in order to develop sustainability are suggested from the result. A typology of seven failures for partners to avoid when designing and implementing capacity development projects for DRR or CCA in the future are presented. The more of these failures occur, the less effective and sustainable capacity development becomes. For capacity development to be sustainable, more credit to internal partners, explicit opportunities for mutual learning and adaptive roles of external partners spanning from expert to coach need to be considered.
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| 31. |
- Hamza, Mo, et al.
(författare)
-
Locating potential sources of capacity and vulnerability in geographically remote areas : Reflections based on three case studies
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 63
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between geographical and social forms of remoteness and the concepts of vulnerability and capacity remains unclear. Recognising that capacities and vulnerabilities tend to co-exist in a population, the article assumes that the dynamics between these concepts are situational. In this article we draw on three cases to analyse the issue. An Arctic case study provides insight on remoteness in terms of latitude, followed by an Andean case study reflecting on the role of altitude, and lastly an Island community case study provides a perspective on external isolation (recognising that island communities are also typically connected). From these cases we glean a number of preliminary insights for further investigation. One is that remote communities tend to avoid dependence on external actors when possible. Second, power dynamics between remote communities and centralised actors can make disaster management difficult if local capacities are overrun but trust is not present. Third, remoteness mainly becomes a direct source of vulnerability if remoteness translates into neglect, rendering places ‘peripheral’. Generalisable insights suggest that relationships take time to build and cannot be easily established after the fact. The cases hence suggest that remote areas typically have a strained relationship with centralised authorities which fosters local coping strategies but also a fear of external dependence, which may ultimately prove problematic in times of adversity.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Hassel, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating risk assessment and business impact assessment in the public crisis management sector
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk and Vulnerability Assessments (RVAs) are often conducted by public sector organizations to prevent or prepare for hazards and threats. In Sweden, practitioners increasingly adopt approaches that are based on Business Continuity Management (BCM), where Business Impact Assessments (BIA) are used to gain organizational understanding, in favor of more traditional risk assessments. Both processes can be valuable to an organization and they have synergies that can be exploited. In the present paper, a method integrating risk assessment and BIA is suggested. The method was developed through a three-year collaboration with the municipality of Malmö, Southern Sweden, where a design science approach was used to ensure scientific rigor and practical relevance. The suggested method, adapted primarily to municipal departments, was implemented and evaluated longitudinally in a number of iterative phases and provides results perceived as useful by end users. Compared to previous suggestions on how to integrate BIA and risk assessment, our method intentionally limits the workload and complexity of the method in favor of practical applicability in a context where persons responsible for crisis management are not necessarily experts on risk and business impact assessment methods. In addition, the method includes features that have not been included in previous integrations of BIA and risk assessment, such as capability assessments related to critical functions in the occurrence of undesirable events using BIA-type of organizational mapping as an input. Finally, the method also includes steps to facilitate sharing information between municipal departments concerning dependencies and capabilities.
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| 34. |
- Herrgård, Moa M., et al.
(författare)
-
Building resilience by professionalization of healthcare workers through technological innovations
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 22, s. 246-248
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disaster medicine remains an underdeveloped specialty field requiring significant focus [6,12]. This paper recommends that professionalization of this specialty is a global health priority, benchmarking it according to emerging global health standards. This paper emphasis the importance of technological innovations and increased access to the internet, to ensure enhanced learning and a greater reach of essential information. Education and training initiatives in disaster medicine are emerging with greater frequency leading to a call for unified standards of practice and policy necessary to build the capacity of future health worker and other to be effective responders to humanitarian and disaster crises. These initiatives will contribute to increased resilience, and more robust and sustainable development at the community level contributing greatly to disaster risk reduction and management.
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| 35. |
- Hobbins, Jennifer, 1972-
(författare)
-
Collective memories and professional ideals : Teachers’ experiences of a disaster
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 64, s. 1-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experienced collectively, disasters are also remembered collectively. Constituting a social glue among affected communities, disaster memories are essential for recovery processes. Focusing on teachers, who became frontline disaster workers, this paper explores how disasters are experienced and managed by a professional group lacking emergency management training. The study draws on in-depth interviews with school teachers about their memories of a forest fire in Sweden in 2014. As residents in, or close by, a small, rural community close to the fire, the teachers experienced the fire both as professionals and as citizens in their roles as family members and neighbours. The paper explores the role of kinship and vicinity of community reflecting the concepts of Therapeutic community and Gemeinschaft to provide a more substantial understanding of the social structures of a small, rural community without previous experiences of a disaster. The second theoretical focus and consequential contribution of the study lies within the teacher's recollections of professionalism, and how such interlinked norms and values remained intact through the disaster. In addition to convergence concerning professional ideals in the teacher collective, there was divergence in the teachers' memories of their performance and how others valued them, outlining how the social context and organizational support structures have tangible impacts on individuals' memories. Findings enable further systematic exploration of post-disaster social structures, training and organizational support, as well as the role of professional ideals, in disaster recovery processes.
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| 36. |
- Intini, Paolo, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling the impact of wildfire smoke on driving speed
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traffic models can be used to study evacuation scenarios during wildland-urban interface fires and identify the ability of a community to reach a safe place. In those scenarios, wildfire smoke can reduce visibility conditions on the road. This can have serious implications on the evacuation effectiveness since drivers would reduce their speed in relation to the optical density on the road. To date, there is no traffic model which explicitly represents the impact of reduced visibility conditions on traffic evacuation flow. This paper makes use of an experimental dataset collected in a virtual reality environment to calibrate two widely used macroscopic traffic models (the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards and the Van Aerde models) in order to account for the impact of reduced visibility conditions on driving speed. An application of the calibrated traffic model considering the impact of smoke has been performed using the WUI-NITY platform, an open multi-physics platform which includes wildfire spread, pedestrian response and traffic modelling. A dedicated verification test has been developed and performed considering different values of optical densities of smoke and traffic densities to ensure the model has been implemented correctly in WUI-NITY. A case study that demonstrates the applicability of the model to real life scenarios was also implemented, based on data from an evacuation drill. This paper shows that the presence of smoke on the road can significantly decrease movement speed and increase evacuation times thus highlighting the need for inclusion of this factor in traffic evacuation models applied for wildland-urban interface fire scenarios.
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| 37. |
- Jackson, Guy
(författare)
-
Perceptions of disaster temporalities in two Indigenous societies from the Southwest Pacific
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 57
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disasters are typically conceptualised as extreme events that disrupt the “normal” functioning of a society. Dominant framings imply temporal boundedness and nature as primarily responsible for environmental disasters. Yet, many critical investigations into the root causes of disasters have taken aim at their eventfulness and naturalness through convincing analysis of the historical construction of vulnerability. Relatively underexplored, however, is the examination of the lived experiences and perceptions of disaster temporalities, which are mediated through culture and institutions. This paper explores the perceptions of disaster temporalities within two Indigenous societies in the Southwest Pacific: the Bedamuni of Western Province, Papua New Guinea and Emae Island, Vanuatu. Additionally, disaster management actors’ perceptions are explored within Vanuatu. Based on two separate research projects utilising ethnographic methods to understand disaster vulnerability, the findings suggest different perceptions of disaster temporalities. The Bedamuni have historically normalised periods of food insecurity, and even though hazards are of great concern they were, and to some extent still are, considered a cyclical feature of life caused by spirits and human conjuration. They also tied major recent disasters to their eschatological beliefs, which pre-date introduced Christian teachings. Emae islanders, with far longer sustained contact with Western societies (including aid and development activities), appear to now experience and perceive large-scale disasters (e.g., cyclone Pam) as abnormal, natural, and discrete events that are tied to climate change. Both cultures understand many aspects of their disaster vulnerability but are more likely to focus on response, similar to disaster management actors in Vanuatu.
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| 38. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
-
Strategies for building resilience to hazards in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems : the role of public private partnerships
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 10:part A, s. 102-115
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to enhance understanding of how the resilience of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems to hazards can be improved. In turn, this aims to inform different strategies for public and private partnerships (PPPs). In a new approach, to acknowledge the multi levelled nature of resilience; risk at the relevant levels are taken into account, (regional/river basin, urban area, and individual). For these levels, we first describe the different components of risk, vulnerability and resilience of the WASH system that influence people׳s exposure to hazards. We illustrate these components using examples from case studies in the literature. Using a social learning lens - a crucial ingredient of resilience - we examine opportunities for reducing risks through improving public–private engagement. These are presented as strategies which could guide investment decisions: As pressures from climate change and development add up, businesses must become aware of the risks involved in operating and investing without considering ecosystem health, both in terms of the services they provide for mitigating floods and droughts, as well as in terms of the development approaches that define how ecosystems are managed (e.g. “making space” for, rather than controlling water). There is a need to develop an institutional culture that strives towards greener and more resilient urban environments with the help of various quality assurance methods. Partnerships must reach the poorer customer base, encourage informal small entrepreneurs, and boost financial mechanisms (e.g. micro-insurance, micro-finance) to support the most vulnerable in society
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| 39. |
- Johansson, Björn J.E., et al.
(författare)
-
A maturity model to guide inter-organisational crisis management and response exercises
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : ELSEVIER. - 2212-4209. ; 106
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a six-step maturity ladder for inter-organizational collaborative capability in crisis management and response operations. The paper argues that collaborative crisis management and response can be seen as a case of complex adaptive systems, where awareness of the organizational context of crisis response, technical interoperability, and individual relations are drivers that enable rapid and successful mobilization of crisis response. The maturity ladder provides a link between the capabilities necessary for collaboration possessed by individual crisis response entities and the overall system maturity in terms of collaborative crisis management capability. It can inter alia be used as a basis for a discussion when inter-organizational exercises are appropriate and when focus must remain on the development of the capabilities of individual crisis response entities.
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| 40. |
- Johansson, Magnus, 1970-
(författare)
-
Data sources on small-scale disaster losses and response : A Swedish case study of extreme rainfalls 2000–2012
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 12, s. 93-101
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Societal interest to evaluate and learn from disasters is scale dependent. Low frequent hazards with small impacts are often invisible at national level from an evaluation point of view and limited possibilities exist to compile publicly available data on losses and management in the aftermath. This study presents an inventory of possible data sources for 14 extreme rainfall events in Sweden 2000-2012. The sources, such as official sectorial institutions and media, and their content are analyzed in relation to reliability and verification opportunities. The use of free-text fields in official reporting systems and questionnaires, primarily designed for basic data capture from daily occurring accidents, is highlighted as important to achieve enhanced data that can be used to verify information from other sources, especially media archives.
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| 41. |
- Johansson, Magnus, 1970-
(författare)
-
Experience of data collection in support of the assessment of global progress in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030-A Swedish pilot study
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 24, s. 144-150
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most countries collect loss and damage data after disasters for learning purposes and in support of future preventive work. The lack of international standards and sharing principles implies heterogeneous data sets, thus presenting a challenge to the development of indicators intended to assess progress within the UN agreement Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR). In this study, data on mortality, affected people and direct economic losses are extracted from two national databases in Sweden for the years 1996-2015. Pre-SFDRR terminology, definitions and different inclusion criteria are used to exemplify and identify challenges when global "proxy" data inquiry clashes with sub-national demands for data quality. Different test methods on how to estimate affected people are used and in comparison with the term 'directly affected people', as proposed in the SFDRR indicator establishment process, it is concluded that methods for more disaggregated data are needed. In a Swedish context, the SFDRR call for a reference period 2005-2015 is found to be a time too short for providing a fair picture of disaster risks within Sweden's borders. The nationally developed strategy in Sweden, as in many other countries, to learn in-depth after each new disaster and use the experience to remedy weaknesses in safety systems, generates solid data supporting the development of SFDRR indicators, but the national benefits and the relevance of statistics from disasters re-occurring on longer time scales are limited.
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| 42. |
- Johansson, Roine, 1955-
(författare)
-
The assembling process of outsider volunteers during disasters
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 106
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a disaster context, researchers have observed volunteerism since the 1950s, and since then thefield has been under continuous development. However, despite the long tradition and the number of studies carried out, theoretically informed research on emergent groups is largely lacking.The aim of the present study is to investigate, and interpret theoretically, the assembling process,i.e., the formation of emergent groups of outsider volunteers at a disaster site, by means of a casestudy. The assembling process in unofficial disaster response operations occurs as a largely unplanned result of social interaction. However, our results show that such emergence is not onlyspontaneous but preconditioned by the structures of social life as well. Local networks, access toresources and trust were all of significant importance in order to understand the assemblingprocess of disaster volunteers
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| 43. |
- Kammerbauer, Mark, et al.
(författare)
-
Social inequality and marginalization in post-disaster recovery : Challenging the consensus?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 24, s. 411-418
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disasters and subsequent recovery efforts often reinforce social inequality and marginalization, hampering sustainable development paths. This paper presents an analysis of inequality and marginalization effects of post-disaster reconstruction from a risk governance perspective. Using a mixed-methods approach, we examine the Fischerdorf and Natternberg districts of the German city of Deggendorf, severely affected by the 2013 floods in Europe. The findings show that social inequality and marginalization affected housing reconstruction (and vice versa) in unexpected ways. Uninsured groups (such as the elderly and migrant homeowners) received prompt, ad-hoc support from state and civil society actors, while insured homeowners (mostly higher-income groups) experienced ongoing disputes between state and market actors that hampered their recovery. Some marginalized groups could not access state support, as various aspects of cultural diversity were not adequately considered. This fostered, and created new, patterns of inequality and risk. The ad-hoc engagement of civil society was crucial, but insufficient, to fully buffer the effects of inequality and marginalization resulting from formal recovery processes. We conclude that it is critical to give more attention to the interplay, and power constellations, between state, market and civil society actors to facilitate sustainable recovery and development – by counteracting potential inequality and marginalization effects. Increased consideration of cultural diversity and the support of citizens who play dual roles (and can mediate between different actors) was identified to be vital in this context. We thus call for increased research into the issue of complementary city–citizen rights and responsibilities in risk reduction and adaptation planning.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Khodaverdizahraee, Niloofar, et al.
(författare)
-
Segment-by-segment comparison technique for earthquake-induced building damage map generation using satellite imagery
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Known as an unpredictable natural disaster, earthquake is one of the most devastating natural disasters that causes significant life losses and damages, every year. After an earthquake, quick and accurate buildings damage identification for rescuing can reduce the number of fatalities. In this regard, Remote Sensing (RS) technology is an efficient tool for rapid monitoring of damaged buildings. This paper proposes a novel method, titled segment-by-segment comparison (SBSC), to generate buildings damage map using multi-temporal satellite images. The proposed method begins by extracting image-objects from pre- and post-earthquake images and equalizing them through segmentation intersection. After the extraction of various textural and spectral descriptors on pre- and post-event images, their differences are used as an input feature vector in a classification algorithm. Also, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimum descriptors in the classification process. The accuracy of the proposed method was tested on two different datasets from different sensors. Comparing the damage maps obtained from the proposed method with the manually extracted damage map, above 92% of the buildings were correctly labelled in both datasets.
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| 46. |
- Knös, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Cloudburst-disaster modelling : A new open-source catastrophe model
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4209. ; 67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cloudburst flash floods cause big casualties and economic losses. This study primarily investigated if a cloudburst catastrophe (cat) model could be constructed to meaningfully assess such a hazard, exposure and vulnerability in Swedish urban context. Rainfall intensity was used directly as hazard measure, bypassing hydraulic water-level modelling, to predict vulnerability. The Splash (Swedish pluvial modelling analysis and safety handling) cloudburst-disaster model was constructed using the Oasis Loss Modelling Framework, and was based on individual property values and building locations, property-level insurance-loss data, high-resolution geographical data, and rainfall data from a dense municipal gauge network in the city of Jönköping. One major cloudburst event was used to derive a vulnerability curve. The following two events were used for validation and supported the hypothesis that the vulnerability curve changed with time because of municipal flood-risk-reduction measures after the first event. A faulty rain gauge during the first event, replaced by a trustworthy private gauge, clarified the very high sensitivity to cloudburst input. Given the limited amount of loss data, our results were uncertain but they pointed towards possible ways to further this study with other loss data at other locations, possibly using more easily available aggregated loss data. We concluded that a cat model based only on rainfall intensity provided acceptable results, thus providing an opening for future, simplified cloudburst cat models applicable in most geographical contexts where reliable cloudburst data are available, especially in cities with limited topographic data and hydraulic-modelling capacity.
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| 47. |
- Kolmodin, Sophie, et al.
(författare)
-
Preparing for climate change and hazards : Individual houseowners trust in local authorities and private entrepreneurs
- 2019
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A changing climate that entails a growing number of hazards poses a challenge to communities across the world. Particularly exploited areas in mountain and maritime zones have become increasingly vulnerable. Homeowners in such areas has been identified as key actors in the pursuit of robust communities, though large groups of people tend to trust mainly in the risk management of local authorities. In order to achieve a better understanding in how individual homeowners address risks related to their properties and the ways in which they put their trust in the risk management in different actors, not only public authorities, we conducted interviews with homeowners in Sweden's largest ski resort, Åre, in recent years affected by an increasing number of landslides. The empirical findings show that households have different targets of trust during different stages of a crisis, which also aligns with previous research. While the respondents worried about the overall development in the area, their main concerns were related to their properties and how a harsher climate would affect their economic value. The homeowners furthermore expressed that their trust in the municipality and the local entrepreneur that runs the ski resort is low when it comes to crisis management. Yet rural populations in general are used to handle crises on their own, as assistance from authorities usually takes longer time. It is thus important that the municipality and local entrepreneurs assume responsibility not to jeopardize sustainability in future exploitations in the area in order to establish trust in relation to local homeowners.
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| 48. |
- Kvarnlöf, Linda, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Filling the void : Rural disaster volunteerism during the Swedish wildfires of 2018
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 105
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the summer of 2018, both fire and rescue services and volunteers fought against the extensive wildfires that spread over the northern parts of Sweden. The challenges were many and one of the most obvious was the lack of resources provided by the state, both material and human. This lack of official resources, together with the long distances that characterize the rural northern parts of Sweden, have been highlighted in subsequent evaluations as one of the main reasons for the widely spread fires. The lack of official resources in itself can be understood as a consequence of several years of dismantling and centralization of the Swedish fire and rescue service. However, the responses from the local community were enormous. Local volunteers, spontaneous as well as organized, assisted in firefighting; in providing food and services; in offering shelter for evacuated, and many other things. In disaster research, volunteer activities have often been described as something that “fills the void” when official resources are scarce. This seems to be particularly true in rural contexts. This paper applies a critical perspective on rural disaster volunteerism by framing it as an expression of rural vulnerability and peripheralization: as something that is performed as a compensatory act in rural communities affected by social dismantling. In other words, both place and politics are central in understanding rural voluntary activity. Inspired by the theoretical concept geographies of voluntarism, this paper argues that people make sense of volunteer initiatives in relation to both the place where these activities take place and in relation to the power relations associated with this place. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore how rural disaster volunteerism intersects with structural conditions of rurality.
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| 49. |
- Lin, Lexin
(författare)
-
Integrating a national risk assessment into a disaster risk management system : Process and practice
- 2018
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 27, s. 625-631
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The national risk assessment (NRA) has recently become a very important component in a country's disaster risk management (DRM) system. The NRA aims to identify threats and hazards that could affect the entire country, and assess their potential likelihood and impacts from a national perspective. Compared to other DRM activities, NRA work is comparatively new, and is often a response to an external demand. For instance, in the European Union (EU), most member states initiated their NRA process in response to a EU directive. This article investigates how the requirement to conduct a NRA has influenced an existing DRM system, taking the case of Sweden as a study case. Specifically, it examines how the NRA process has been integrated into the multi-stakeholder, multi-level, bottom-up Swedish DRM system. Empirical data were collected through 21 semi-structured interviews with representatives from 13 national authorities, supplemented by Swedish and EU documentation. The results were analyzed following the ISO 31000 risk assessment process. The findings provide an indication of how NRA work has been integrated into ongoing DRM activities, and the level of integration. The results also indicate the extent of stakeholder involvement in the NRA process, the quality of DRM information communication among stakeholders, how the NRA has been implemented in the Swedish context, and the potential to expand the NRA worldwide.
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| 50. |
- Lindbom, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Capability assessments - How to make them useful for decision-making
- 2018
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 31, s. 251-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capability assessments are becoming increasingly common as part of risk management activities worldwide. Despite this, there is no consensus concerning how these assessments are best conducted and presented. Recent studies suggest that two factors may influence the usefulness of capability assessments for decision-making: namely, whether the assessment includes descriptions of the resources available to an actor, and how well this actor can accomplish specific tasks. The present study was carried out to investigate the importance of including information on these factors in capability assessments. The experimental study conducted involved four fictive versions of capability assessments, differing in whether they included information about resources and tasks. Over 200 risk management professionals rated how useful they perceived each version to be as the basis for decision-making. The results show that it is important to include specific information on resources and tasks in capability assessments, and that the assessments including both were most useful, from a decision-making perspective.
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