| 1. |
- Haeger-Eugensson, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Air Quality Modeling in Dense Urban Areas at Ground Level—CFD, OSM or Gauss?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Springer Proceedings in Complexity. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 2213-8684 .- 2213-8692. ; , s. 265-270
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an ongoing intensive urban densification in many cities. The need for advanced modeling methods that realistically simulate dispersion at ground level in complex urban areas have increased. As more modeling is done outside usual model communities, guidelines supporting the selection of suitable models is needed. Dispersion of air pollutants in street canyons is affected by width, height, length and building structure. Studies show that concentration of NO2 in street canyons can become 5-times higher, compared to open conditions. Since Gaussian models cannot simulate dispersion at ground level in dense urban settlements models that include 3D information (buildings) is therefore required, such as CFD or OSM models to obtain realistic results. The purpose of the project is to investigate the effect from building on air quality and giving recommendations to authorities and consultants helping with model choices. This is based on calculations with three different model types, CFD, OSM and Gaussian for four urban environments, from dense to open suburban areas using the same input. Validation was done with continuous measurements of NO2 at each site. The CFD modeling gave best results at all sites, the OSM modeling quality varied between the sites, with slight to about 50% underestimation. The Gaussian modeling generally underestimated the concentration with 50%. The aspect ratio H/W ≥ 0.7 favors development of vortices and lateral dispersion of pollutants in street canyons. It was shown that with at least this aspect ratio locally emitted NO2 frequently becomes at least 2–3 times higher compared an open road case. A methodology has been developed visualized in a flow chart, for help choosing an appropriate model for each environment. Most important factors are; street canyon structure; local concentration level; proximity to high emissions/risk of leakage into calculation area.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, L., et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of Leisure Craft Emissions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Springer Proceedings in Complexity. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2213-8684 .- 2213-8692. ; , s. 205-210
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Commercial shipping fleet and its emissions can be modeled in detail, but the emission from leisure craft are often invisible for activity based, bottom-up emission inventories. A new model (FMI-BEAM) describes the emissions from the leisure craft fleet in the Baltic Sea area, complementing the existing STEAM emission modeling suite. BEAM combines information from over 3000 boat marina locations, national small boat registries, Automatic Identification System data and boat survey results to derive leisure boat emissions for over 250,000 boats around the Baltic Sea coastline. The location of marinas and boat counts were determined from satellite images and other available data. With the BEAM leisure craft simulation model the spatial and temporal distribution of air emissions can be estimated. The presented results describe our first attempt to generate fuel consumption and emission inventory for small boats which have been underrepresented in current emission inventories. Small boat activity often occurs near the coastline in vicinity of populated areas and leisure craft emissions contribute to local air quality. The emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are high compared to the emissions of commercial shipping, because very high emission levels are allowed for old small boat engines according to current legislation. The approach described in this paper can be applied in larger scale, for example to cover European coastlines in the future.
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| 3. |
- Kukkonen, J., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Shipping Emissions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Springer Proceedings in Complexity. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2213-8684 .- 2213-8692. ; , s. 329-336
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a new concept for marine research, applied in the EU-funded project EMERGE, “Evaluation, control and Mitigation of the EnviRonmental impacts of shippinG Emissions” (2020–2024; https://emerge-h2020.eu/ ). For the first time, both the various marine and atmospheric impacts of the shipping sector have been and will be comprehensively analyzed, using a concerted modelling and measurements framework. The experimental part of the project focuses on five European geographical case studies in different ecologically vulnerable regions, and a mobile onboard case study. The EMERGE consortium has also developed a harmonised and integrated modelling framework to assess the combined impacts of shipping emissions, both (i) on the marine ecosystems and (ii) the atmospheric environment. The first results include substantial refinements of a range of models to be applied, especially those for the STEAM and OpenDrift models. In particular, the STEAM (Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model) model has been extended to allow for the effects of atmospheric and oceanographic factors on the fuel consumption and emissions of the ships. The OpenDrift model has been improved to take into account the partitioning, degradation, and volatilization of pollutants in water. The predicted emission and discharge values have been used as input for both regional scale atmospheric dispersion models, such as WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting—Community Multiscale Air Quality Model) and SILAM (System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric composition), and water quality and circulation models, such as OpenDrift (Open source model for the drifting of substances in the ocean) and Delft3D (oceanographic model). The case study regions are Eastern Mediterranean, Northern Adriatic Sea, the Lagoon of Aveiro, the Solent Strait and the Öresund Strait. We have also conducted a substantial part of the experimental campaigns scheduled in the project. The final assessment will include the benefits and costs of control and mitigation options affecting water quality, air pollution exposure, health impacts, climate forcing, and ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of pollutants in marine biota.
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| 4. |
- Ale Ebrahim Dehkordi, Molood, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Wealth Inequality on Collective Action for Management of Common Pool Resource
- 2021
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Ingår i: Advances in Social Simulation : Proceedings of the 15th Social Simulation Conference: 23–27 September 2019 - Proceedings of the 15th Social Simulation Conference: 23–27 September 2019. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2213-8684. - 9783030615031 - 9783030615024 ; , s. 375-379
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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