| 1. |
- Gephart, Jessica A., et al.
(författare)
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Scenarios for Global Aquaculture and Its Role in Human Nutrition
- 2021
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 29:1, s. 122-138
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global demand for freshwater and marine foods (i.e., seafood) is rising and an increasing proportion is farmed. Aquaculture encompasses a range of species and cultivation methods, resulting in diverse social, economic, nutritional, and environmental outcomes. As a result, how aquaculture develops will influence human wellbeing and environmental health outcomes. Recognition of this has spurred a push for nutrition-sensitive aquaculture, which aims to benefit public health through the production of diverse, nutrient-rich seafood and enabling equitable access. This article explores plausible aquaculture futures and their role in nutrition security using a qualitative scenario approach. Two dimensions of economic development - the degree of globalization and the predominant economic development philosophy - bound four scenarios representing systems that are either localized or globalized, and orientated toward maximizing sectoral economic growth or to meeting environmental and equity dimensions of sustainability. The potential contribution of aquaculture in improving nutrition security is then evaluated within each scenario. While aquaculture could be nutrition-sensitive under any of the scenarios, its contribution to addressing health inequities is more likely in the economic and political context of a more globally harmonized trade environment and where economic policies are oriented toward social equity and environmental sustainability.
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| 2. |
- Limburg, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Making the Otolith Magnesium Chemical Calendar-Clock Tick: Plausible Mechanism and Empirical Evidence
- 2018
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 26, s. 479-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The incorporation of a number of readily measured trace elements into otoliths is considered to be under some sort of physiological control, but rarely are explicit mechanisms proposed. Studies of the incorporation of the trace element magnesium reveal that in some taxa there exists strong seasonal patterning, taking on the characteristics of a ''chemical calendar-clock.'' However, Mg/Ca and the isotopic ratio Mg-26/24 are less ''clock-like'' in taxa that are not as metabolically active. Herein, it is hypothesized that Mg uptake and incorporation are related to metabolic activity. Further, a two-step process of Mg incorporation is proposed: (1) limited entry into the otolith-bearing chamber through ion channels and (2) association with water-soluble proteins within the chamber. Supporting data from a range of taxa and life histories are provided; the authors' aim is to stimulate discussion and encourage physiologists to test these and alternative mechanistic hypotheses.
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| 3. |
- Limburg, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Trace Element Patterns in Otoliths: The Role of Biomineralization
- 2021
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 29, s. 445-477
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Otolith chemistry has gained increasing attention as a tool for analyzing various aspects of fish biology, such as stock dynamics, migration patterns, hypoxia and pollution exposure, and connectivity between habitats. While these studies often assume otolith elemental concentrations reflect environmental conditions, physiological processes are increasingly recognized as a modulating and/or controlling factor. In particular, biomineralization-the complex, enzyme-regulated construction of CaCO3 crystals scaffolded by proteins-is believed to play a critical role in governing otolith chemical patterns. This review aims to summarize the knowledge on otolith composition and biophysical drivers of biomineralization, present hypotheses on how biomineralization should affect element incorporation, and test the validity thereof with selected case studies. Tracers of environmental history are assumed to be dominated by elements that substitute for Ca during crystal growth or that occur randomly trapped within the crystal lattice. Strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) largely comply with the biomineralization-based hypotheses that otolith element patterns reflect environmental concentrations, without additional effects of salinity, but can be influenced by physiological processes, typically exhibiting decreasing incorporation with increasing growth. Conversely, tracers of physiology are assumed to be elements under physiological control and primarily occur protein-bound in the otolith's organic matrix. Physiological tracers are hypothesized to reflect feeding rate and/or growth, decrease with fish age, and exhibit minimal influence of environmental concentration. The candidate elements phosphorus (P), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) confirm these hypotheses. Magnesium (Mg) is believed to be randomly trapped in the crystal structure and hence a candidate for environmental reconstruction, but the response to all examined drivers suggest Mg to be coupled to growth. Manganese (Mn) substitutes for Ca, but is also a co-factor in matrix proteins, and therefore exhibits otolith patterns reflecting both environmental (concentration and salinity) and physiological (ontogeny and growth) histories. A consistent temperature response was not evident across studies for either environmental or physiological tracers, presumably attributable to variable relationships between temperature and fish behavior and physiology (e.g., feeding rate, reproduction). Biomineralization thus has a controlling effect on otolith element concentrations for elements that are linked with somatic growth, but not for elements that substitute for Ca in the crystal lattice. Interpretation of the ecological significance of patterns from field samples therefore needs to consider the impact of the underlying biomineralization processes of the element in question as well as physiological processes regulating the availability of ions for inclusion in the growing crystal lattice. Such understanding will enhance the utility of this technique to address fisheries management questions.
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| 4. |
- Metian, Marc, et al.
(författare)
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Farming of Bluefin Tuna-Reconsidering Global Estimates and Sustainability Concerns
- 2014
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 22:3, s. 184-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased global demand for bluefin tuna has triggered unsustainable fishing and many wild stocks have seen dramatic declines. Improved fisheries governance is now slowly stabilizing many stocks and recently bluefin aquaculture has emerged as an economic alternative route for supplying the market. Most of captured bluefin tuna directly enters the global seafood market, but an increasing part of catches are destined to aquaculture (17-37%) as bluefin aquaculture almost exclusively depends on wild specimens for stocking. Farming is mainly being performed in the Mediterranean region, Mexico, Australia, and Japan. Few studies have focused on the global importance and future role of bluefin aquaculture and there are confounding uncertainties related to production volumes and trends. This study provides an overview of global bluefin tuna aquaculture and identifies its direct and indirect interactions with wild fish stocks, outlines some of the challenges for future expansion as well as pointing out significant mismatch of production statistics.
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| 5. |
- Näslund, Joacim
(författare)
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Pugheadedness in Fishes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 30, s. 306-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of pugheadedness in fish. Records in the scientific literature range from detailed descriptions to brief notes and mere remarks. In total, at least 164 species from 60 families were identified to exhibit pugheadedness, with records published over a span of 465 years (1555 - 2020). The main osteological feature behind pugheadedness appears to be shortening or deformation of the parasphenoid bone, which leads to additional deformations of the ethmovomer- and frontal region. Several other deformations and abnormalities of other cranial bones, eyes, and tongue are occasionally observed, depending on the severity of the pugheadedness. Possible cases in elasmobranchs are also encountered, although the developmental causation may differ from actinopterygians, since their crania have a different organization. Natural cases of pugheadedness are found world-wide, covering a wide range of environments and lifestyles (freshwater-, brackish- and marine environments; benthic, neritic and pelagic species). Cases are found in all life-stages, from embryo to mature adults, suggesting that it does not necessarily lead to early-life mortality. There is some evidence for natural selection acting against pugheaded individuals, likely because of e.g. inappropriately functioning mouth parts, sense organs, and possibly brain deformation. High numbers of pugheads are mainly found in aquaculture, but moderate numbers have been found at some localities also in the wild. Abnormally high occurrence in the wild is commonly attributed to pollution, non-normal water chemistry parameters, or temperature. The causation, however, it typically speculated upon. Based on the reviewed literature, there is support for several causative factors, including genetic mutation and embryonic environmental conditions (toxic and non-toxic) affecting development. Pugheadedness, as the term has been used in the literature, is not a single well-defined pathology, but rather a suite of pathological conditions with similar phenotypic expression.
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| 6. |
- Sampels, Sabine
(författare)
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Nutritional Value of Fish: Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, and Minerals
- 2018
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 26, s. 243-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present review aims to give a concise review about important nutrients from fish and their impact on human health. In addition, possible effects of rearing system and feeding on the most vulnerable group of nutrients, the lipids, are summarized.Fish are considered as nutritionally valuable part of the human diet and consumption two times a week is recommended, mostly due to the content of long chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids are essential in human nutrition and have proven to be involved in many metabolic functions. Among others, they have anti-inflammatory effects, decrease platelet aggregation and are essential parts in the cell membranes, cardiovascular system, brain, and nervous tissue.In addition the proteins, peptides and amino acids from fish became more recently known for having positive health effects. Furthermore fish is also a rich source of certain vitamins and minerals as Vitamin D, selenium, phosphorus, and calcium.It should be highlighted that, when considering nutrition and related health aspects, it is impossible to focus one group of nutrients separately. Most probably the discussed effects of fish on human health are due to the consumption of the fish as a whole and hence the combination of all present nutrients.
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| 7. |
- Sarà, G., et al.
(författare)
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The Synergistic Impacts of Anthropogenic Stressors and COVID-19 on Aquaculture : A Current Global Perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 30:1, s. 123-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.
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| 8. |
- Simmons, Olivia Meredith, et al.
(författare)
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An Overview of Kelt Migration in Regulated Rivers : Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions Toward Safe Downstream Passage at Hydropower Facilities
- 2024
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; , s. 1-17
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kelts have important conservation value for population resilience. Nonetheless, relative to other salmonid life-stages, knowledge on their behavior and survival is poor. This is especially true for kelt downstream migration in rivers fragmented by hydropower plants (HPP), even though the physiological and survival consequences are severe when functional connectivity is not provided. Here, the existing information about kelt downstream migration past HPP was summarized, beginning with an overview of iteroparous salmonid lifecycles. Then, the importance of kelts for conservation and the threats they encounter while migrating was discussed. Finally, the current corpus of peer-reviewed literature and reports focused on kelt migration in these systems was presented. Kelt studies have focused on five main themes: (1) postspawning survival, (2) migration delays before dam passage, (3) passage selection and guidance efficiency, (4) passage mortality, and (5) the swimming behaviors of kelts during migration. Overall, there was a paucity of information about kelts and several information gaps and needs for future research. This work should inform scientists and river managers on the conservation of salmonids in regulated rivers, including the development of passage solutions for safe downstream migration.
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| 9. |
- Troell, Max, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Farming the Ocean – Seaweeds as a Quick Fix for the Climate?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 31:3, s. 285-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Finding ways to keep global warming under 1.5 degrees Celsius is urgent and will need a portfolio of solutions. Seaweeds are marine photosynthetic organisms that humans harvest either from the wild or farm, to be used in many applications and providing various ecosystem services. Large scale farming of seaweeds for absorbing carbon has lately been promoted as a climate “fix”. The major shortcomings of this argument relate to the idea that a carbon sink function should exist through carbon accumulation in seaweed biomass simultaneously as seaweeds are consumed as food by humans, fed to animals, or used in many alternative applications. This carbon instead enters the fast carbon cycle and does not provide any “carbon sink” function. Radical suggestions of intentionally transfer of farmed seaweeds to the deep-sea to accomplish a longer removal are highly questionable from feasibility, economic, ecosystem effects and ethical resource use perspectives. Development of “ocean forests” for carbon capturing through farming should not be compared to forests on land as these provide carbon removal from the atmosphere at sufficiently long time scales to be qualified as carbon sequestration - thus making a difference related to reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Seaweeds can, however, play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the overall food system through carbon offset - i.e. if replacing food, feed, and/or materials that have larger carbon footprints. The fate/cycling of carbon as particulate and dissolved matter from both farmed and wild seaweeds, are however not fully understood, especially with respect to pathways and time scales relevant for carbon removal/storage. Another potential pathway for their role in decarbonization may be through reducing enteric methane emissions from ruminants and also through bioenergy production. More research is, however, needed for understanding the contributions from such interventions. Presenting seaweed farming as a quick fix for the climate risks facilitating misdirected investments (for carbon abatement solutions) and reducing demand for specific research and technological development that will be needed for increasing our understanding about seaweeds’ contribution to food/feed systems and additional sustainability services and benefits.
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