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1.
  • Arinaitwe, Evalyne, et al. (författare)
  • Is the fire performance of phase change materials a significant barrier to implementation in building applications?
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 94
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper examines the reaction-to-fire behaviour of building materials containing phase change materials by predicting their fire classification according to the European reaction-to-fire classification system (Euroclasses). While various building materials containing PCMs exist today, their application in buildings has been somewhat limited due to the fire behaviour of these building materials. Existing research has focused on small scale testing which does not allow determination of the Euroclass of the material. In this application, large scale performance is predicted based on previously published small scale data to provide some valuable insights into the expected fire performance of these materials. As a starting point, a systematic literature review on phase change materials (PCM) and fire behaviour was conducted, with the purpose of identifying all existing literature concerning experimental investigation of the fire behaviour of building materials containing PCMs. In total, 816 articles were selected from the literature search. After screening of these papers, 51 articles were fully reviewed and included in the next step of the study. In the next step, the reaction-to-fire behaviour of the building materials with PCMs that were identified from the literature was predicted using the ConeTools simulation program. The input data required for ConeTools was obtained from the identified literature. Initially, 27 of the 51 studies used cone calorimetry as a fire testing method and could therefore be considered for the Euroclass assessment. However, of the 27 studies, only 17 studies provided information on both the heat release rates (HRR) and time to ignition (TTI) and were selected for use in the ConeTools program. The ConeTools program predicted Euroclasses for all the building materials containing PCMs from the selected 17 studies. The predicted Euroclasses for most materials was low (i.e. fire classes ‘D' or ‘E or worse') which confirms that materials containing PCMs generally have a low react-to-fire behaviour even with addition of flame retardants (FR). Our findings indicate that the fire behaviour, typically Euroclass ‘D' or ‘E or worse', of the building materials containing PCMs is indeed a barrier to their implementation in the building applications where Euroclass C or higher is required, e.g. in evacuation pathways or certain public spaces. The predictions of the Euroclasses based on ConeTools need to be confirmed using Single Burning Item tests (EN 13823) and/or Room Corner tests (ISO 9705) in the future, to enable a better understanding of fire behaviour of these building materials.
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2.
  • Bamgbopa, Musbaudeen O., et al. (författare)
  • Towards eco-friendly redox flow batteries with all bio-sourced cell components
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : ELSEVIER. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 50
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent research and few pilot deployments have demonstrated promising aqueous organic redox flow battery (RFB) systems. However, the claim that these organic RFB systems are eco-friendlier energy storage than Lithium-ion batteries and aqueous inorganic metallic RFB counterparts needs reinforcement, primarily if cell components other than redox-active species are still based on unsustainable materials. This thesis of the present work presents the prospects of achieving future eco-friendly RFBs with higher consideration for sustainability by adopting significant amounts of abundant bio-sourced/based materials for all main cell components. As we highlight the promising sources of the energy materials from a review of previous studies, we infer that plant derived quinones and other organic polymers may continue to dominate the organic redox-active species space. Furthermore, a candidate methodology to accomplish porous electrodes and membranes/separators of the eco-friendly RFBs is to apply stand-alone bio-based/sourced fibrils derived from cellulose, lignin, chitin, among other materials. These materials can be combined with (un)carbonised biomass or food wastes & residues to impart conductivity, catalytic activity, and ion selectivity. We explore symmetric chemistry as an ideal system for the eco-friendly RFBs of the discourse, given interplay between the electrolyte, electrode material and membrane dictates energy efficiency and cycling stability. These strategies also need to be coupled with further improvements to achieve reliability.
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3.
  • Behi, Hamidreza, et al. (författare)
  • Thermal management analysis using heat pipe in the high current discharging of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 32
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Thermal management system (TMS) for commonly used lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is an essential requirement in electric vehicle operation due to the excessive heat generation of these batteries during fast charging/discharging. In the current study, a thermal model of lithium-titanate (LTO) cell and three cooling strategies comprising natural air cooling, forced fluid cooling, and a flat heat pipe-assisted method is proposed experimentally. A new thermal analysis of the single battery cell is conducted to identify the most critical zone of the cell in terms of heat generation. This analysis allowed us to maximize heat dissipation with only one heat pipe mounted on the vital region. For further evaluation of the proposed strategies, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is built in COMSOL Multiphysics® and validated with surface temperature profile along the heat pipe and cell. For real applications, a numerical optimization computation is also conducted in the module level to investigate the cooling capacity of the liquid cooling system and liquid cooling system embedded heat pipe (LCHP). The results show that the single heat pipe provided up to 29.1% of the required cooling load in the 8C discharging rate. Moreover, in the module level, the liquid cooling system and LCHP show better performance compared with natural air cooling while reducing the module temperature by 29.9% and 32.6%, respectively.
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4.
  • Behzadi, Amirmohammad, et al. (författare)
  • An efficient renewable hybridization based on hydrogen storage for peak demand reduction : A rule-based energy control and optimization using machine learning techniques
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 57
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present study proposes and thoroughly examines a novel approach for the effective hybridization of solar and wind sources based on hydrogen storage to increase grid stability and lower peak load. The parabolic trough collector, vanadium chloride thermochemical cycle, hydrogen storage tank, alkaline fuel cells, thermal energy storage, and absorption chiller make up the suggested smart system. Additionally, the proposed system includes a wind turbine to power the electrolyzer unit and minimize the size of the solar system. A rule-based control technique establishes an intelligent two-way connection with energy networks to compensate for the energy expenses throughout the year. The transient system simulation (TRNSYS) tool and the engineering equation solver program are used to conduct a comprehensive techno-economic-environmental assessment of a Swedish residential building. A four-objective optimization utilizing MATLAB based on the grey wolf algorithm coupled with an artificial neural network is used to determine the best trade-off between the indicators. According to the results, the primary energy saving, carbon dioxide reduction rate, overall cost, and purchased energy are 80.6 %, 219 %, 14.8 $/h, and 24.9 MWh at optimal conditions. From the scatter distribution, it can be concluded that fuel cell voltage and collector length should be maintained at their lowest domain and the electrode area is an ineffective parameter. The suggested renewable-driven smart system can provide for the building's needs for 70 % of the year and sell excess production to the local energy network, making it a feasible alternative. Solar energy is far less effective in storing hydrogen over the winter than wind energy, demonstrating the benefits of combining renewable energy sources to fulfill demand. By lowering CO2 emissions by 61,758 kg, it is predicted that the recommended smart renewable system might save 7719 $ in environmental costs, equivalent to 6.9 ha of new reforestation. 
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5.
  • Belaineh Yilma, Dagmawi, et al. (författare)
  • Printable carbon-based supercapacitors reinforced with cellulose and conductive polymers
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 50
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sustainable electrical energy storage is one of the most important scientific endeavors of this century. Battery and supercapacitor technologies are here crucial, but typically the current state of the art suffers from either lack of large-scale production possibilities, sustainability or insufficient performance and hence cannot match growing demands in society. Paper and cellulosic materials are mature scalable templates for industrial roll-to-roll production. Organic materials, such as conducting polymers, and carbon derivatives are materials that can be synthesized or derived from abundant sources. Here, we report the combination of cellulose, PEDOT:PSS and carbon derivatives for bulk supercapacitor electrodes adapted for printed electronics. Cellulose provides a mesoscopic mesh for the organization of the active ingredients. Furthermore, the PEDOT:PSS in combination with carbon provides superior device characteristics when comparing to the previously standard combination of activated carbon and carbon black. PEDOT:PSS acts as a mixed ion-electron conducting glue, which physically binds activated carbon particles together, while at the same time facilitating swift transport of both electrons and ions. A surprisingly small amount (10%) of PEDOT:PSS is needed to achieve an optimal performance. This work shows that cellulose added to PEDOT:PSS-carbon enables high-performing, mechanically stable, printed supercapacitor electrodes using a combination of printing methods.
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6.
  • Bessman, Alexander, et al. (författare)
  • Aging effects of AC harmonics on lithium-ion cells
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 21, s. 741-749
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With the vehicle industry poised to take the step into the era of electric vehicles, concerns have been raised that AC harmonics arising from switching of power electronics and harmonics in electric machinery may damage the battery. In light of this, we have studied the effect of several different frequencies on the aging of 28 Ah commercial NMC/graphite prismatic lithium-ion battery cells. The tested frequencies are 1 Hz, 100 Hz, and 1 kHz, all with a peak amplitude of 21 A. Both the effect on cycled cells and calendar aged cells is tested. The cycled cells are cycled at a rate of 1C:1C, i.e., 28 A during both charging and discharging, with the exception of a period of constant voltage at the end of every charge. After running for one year, the cycled cells have completed approximately 2000 cycles. The cells are characterized periodically to follow how their capacities and power capabilities evolve. After completion of the test about 80% of the initial capacity remained and no increase in resistance was observed. No negative effect on either capacity fade or power fade is observed in this study, and no difference in aging mechanism is detected when using non-invasive electrochemical methods of post mortem investigation.
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7.
  • Björklund, Erik, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of state-of-charge in commercial LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2/LiMn2O4-graphite cells analyzed by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 15, s. 172-180
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Degradation mechanisms in 26 Ah commercial Li-ion battery cells comprising graphite as the negative electrode and mixed metal oxide of LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) and LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (NMC) as the positive electrode are here investigated utilising extensive cycling at two different state-of-charge (SOC) ranges, 10–20% and 60–70%, as well as post-mortem analysis. To better analyze these mechanisms electrochemically, the cells were after long-term cycling reassembled into laboratory scale “half-cells” using lithium metal as the negative electrode, and thereafter cycled at different rates corresponding to 0.025 mA/cm 2 and 0.754 mA/cm 2 . The electrodes were also analyzed by synchrotron-based hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) using two different excitation energies to determine the chemical composition of the interfacial layers formed at different depth on the respective electrodes. It was found from the extensive cycling that the cycle life was shorter for the cell cycled in the higher SOC range, 60–70%, which is correlated to findings of an increased cell resistance and thickness of the SEI layer in the graphite electrode as well as manganese dissolution from the positive electrode.
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8.
  • Brooke, Robert, 1989-, et al. (författare)
  • Large-scale paper supercapacitors on demand
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 50
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Clean, sustainable electrical energy could be the next greatest challenge and opportunity of mankind. While the creation of clean energy has been proven, the storage of such energy requires much more research and development. Battery and energy storage technology today relies heavily on rare metals which cannot support large production needs of society. Therefore, the need for energy storage technology to be created sustainably is of great importance. Recently, conductive polymers, a class of organic materials, have shown impressive results in energy storage but requires further development if this technology is to be implemented in various energy storage applications. Here, we report a new ‘on demand’ design for supercapacitors that allows for individual devices in addition to devices in parallel and in series to increase the capacitance and voltage, respectively. The individual device showed impressive capacity up to 10 F while increasing the area with the large parallel device increased the capacitance to a record 127.8 F (332.8 mF/cm2). The ‘on demand’ design also allows paper supercapacitors to be in series to increase the operating voltage with an example device showing good charging behavior up to 5 V when 4 individual paper supercapacitors were arranged in series. Finally, the paper supercapacitors were incorporated into a prototype titled: ‘Norrkoping Starry Night’ which bridges the gap between art and science. An all-printed electrochromic display showing the city of Norrkoping, Sweden, complete with a touch sensor as an on/off switch and silicon solar cells to charge the paper supercapacitors is presented to bring several printed technologies together, highlighting the possibilities of the new paper supercapacitors within this report. © 2022
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9.
  • Börjesson Axén, Jenny, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of hysteresis expressions in a lumped voltage prediction model of a NiMH battery system in stationary storage applications
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 48, s. 103985-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As a part of battery system operation, battery models are often used to determine battery characteristics such as the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH). A phenomenon that has a large impact on battery model accuracy for NiMH batteries is open circuit voltage (OCV) hysteresis, which causes the OCV to differ not only with the SOC of the battery but also with the charge-discharge history. This characteristic is especially influential when running the system in applications with dynamic current patterns. A model including a way to emulate battery hysteresis behavior would improve the battery management system function. In this study a lumped battery model for cell voltage prediction was expanded to include an OCV hysteresis model. Different expressions to describe the hysteresis behavior were explored. The different models were then evaluated using both synthetic and real-life application experimental data. In all cases the error was reduced by adding a hysteresis component to the model. Using this type of model in the battery management system of stationary energy storage systems based on NiMH batteries could help make the state prediction more accurate. This, in turn, would allow for better optimization of the system operation, something that could help increase system efficiency and lifetime.
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10.
  • Dai, Huageng, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative experimental study on photothermal conversion and shape memory properties of MF-based flexible composite phase change materials loaded with carbon nanotubes and polydopamine
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 90
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Efficient use of solar energy can effectively alleviate the problem of energy shortages. Currently, extensive researches have been carried out on photothermal conversion materials. However, factors such as photothermal conversion and thermal conductivity limit the practical implementation of photothermal materials. In this research, a novel flexible composite phase change material (CPCM) with melamine foam (MF) as the supporting skeleton, carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polydopamine (PDA) as the light-absorbing coating and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the energy storage material was successfully prepared. The results show that the MF-based CPCMs have good shape stability with a leakage of only 0.9 %, and high phase change enthalpies, the melting enthalpy was above 172.0 J/g. In addition, the thermal conductivity was improved due to the introduction of light-absorbing coatings into the CPCMs. Compared with MF/PEG, MWCNT/MF/PEG, and PDA/MF/PEG, MWCNT/PDA/MF/PEG were improved by 35.21 %, 8.6 % and 29.46 %, respectively. Finally, the average charging efficiency of MWCNT/PDA/MF/PEG is 96.26 %, which is 62.33 % and 20.1 % higher than that of MWCNT/MF/PEG and PDA/MF/PEG respectively, indicating that MWCNT and PDA nanofillers played a synergistic role in enhancing the performance of CPCMs. This study provides new and innovative ways for the design of photothermal materials.
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11.
  • Das, Himadri Tanaya, et al. (författare)
  • Recent trend of CeO2-based nanocomposites electrode in supercapacitor: A review on energy storage applications
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 50
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Emergence of supercapacitor's utilization is been clearly observed in recent years due to the advancement in energy conversion technologies as well as in energy storage systems. The supercapacitors are seemed to be attractive mainly due to its high-energy density, stable cycle life and longer lifetime. Additionally, sustainable nanotechnology played a crucial role in pushing the ongoing progress of supercapacitor technology. Among various popular materials, cerium oxide (CeO2) is one of the ceramic materials that have depicted positive electrochemical activity. CeO2 and its nanostructured composite materials are broadly investigated as a promising active material for supercapacitor applications. The enhancement in electrochemical performance due to addition of different elements to CeO2 was also been explained. The morphologies of prepared binary or ternary composite using CeO2 were also briefly discussed in this article.
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12.
  • Elberry, Ahmed M., et al. (författare)
  • Seasonal hydrogen storage for sustainable renewable energy integration in the electricity sector : A case study of Finland
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 44
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wind power is rapidly growing in the Finnish grid, and Finland's electricity consumption is low in the summer compared to the winter. Hence, there is a need for storage that can absorb a large amount of energy during summer and discharge it during winter. This study examines one such storage technology, geological hydrogen storage, which has the potential to store energy on a GWh scale and also over longer periods of time. Finland's electricity generation system was modelled with and without hydrogen storage using the LEAP-NEMO modeling toolkit. The results showed about 69% decline in carbon dioxide emissions as well as a decline in the fossil fuel-based power accompanied with a higher capability to meet demand with less imports in both scenarios. Finally, a critical analysis of the Finnish electricity mix with and without hydrogen storage is presented.
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13.
  • Etman, Ahmed, 1986-, et al. (författare)
  • MXene-based Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors: Effects of anion carriers and MXene surface coatings on the capacities and life span
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 52, s. 104823-104823
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are of great importance for establishing clean energy sources. Accordingly, the production of these devices needs to rely on sustainable and environmentally friendly materials. This report provides an insight on the use of two-dimensional transition metal carbides (MXene) based electrodes, here shown for Mo1.33CTz-Ti3C2Tz mixed MXene, in Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSC) using aqueous and nonaqueous (acetonitrile-based) electrolytes. The effect of anion carriers on the accessible capacity, rate capability, and life span of the MXene//Zn hybrid supercapacitor is explored in-depth. Halide carriers such as chloride (Cl−) and iodide (I−) feature a superior performance, however, a fast passivation is observed in Cl− based electrolytes and a narrow potential window is achieved in I− based electrolytes. Importantly, a few micron layer of Ti3C2Tz MXene coated on the surface of the Zn anode is found to inhibit the side reactions and passivation observed in ZnCl2 solutions, which enables the use of such low-cost Zn salt in MXene//Ti3C2Tz-coated-Zn cells. The cells can be reversibly cycled over 10,000 cycles, delivering a capacity up to 200 mAh g−1 at low rate (0.5 mV s−1) and a capacity retention of about 36% at high rate (100 mV s−1). Furthermore, the Ti3C2Tz surface coating layer enhanced the coulombic efficiency in Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte without affecting the accessible capacity or the rate capability. This work sheds light on the use of MXenes in sustainable low-cost ZHSC with high energy density and power density as a positive electrode material as well as a surface coating material for the Zn negative electrode.
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14.
  • Gawusu, Sidique, et al. (författare)
  • Exploring distributed energy generation for sustainable development : A data mining approach
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 48
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study explores how data mining may be used to uncover patterns and trends in the area of distributed generation (DG). It employs the usage of the bibliometric approach. Bibliometric analysis is an increasingly common and rigorous approach for analysing huge datasets in the scientific community. It explains the evolution of a given discipline while highlighting new developments in the sector. To this purpose, this research examines the link between publishing patterns and the underlying technology trends and advances that influence these trends. Also included are key advances in the most recent findings in DG's research. The review finds that past research on system performance and optimization has built a solid conceptual framework for this research domain. The incorporation of new technologies, and the consideration of sustainability issues, are additional areas of concern. The overall strategy and methodologies utilized in this study may be applied to a wide range of research disciplines. Researchers will benefit from this study as a guide for future studies on DG integrating concerns.
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15.
  • Habib, Mustapha, PhD, et al. (författare)
  • Edge-based solution for battery energy management system : Investigating the integration capability into the building automation system
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 72
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recently, photovoltaic (PV) with energy storage systems (ESS) have been widely adopted in buildings to overcome growing power demands and earn financial benefits. The overall energy cost can be optimized by combining a well-sized hybrid PV/ESS system with an efficient energy management system (EMS). Generally, EMS is implemented within the overall functions of the Building Automation System (BAS). However, due to its limited computing resources, BAS cannot handle complex algorithms that aim to optimize energy use in real-time under different operating conditions. Furthermore, islanding the building's local network to maximize the PV energy share represents a challenging task due to the potential technical risks. In this context, this article addresses an improved approach based on upgrading the BAS data analytics capability by means of an edge computing technology. The edge communicates with the BAS low-level controller using a serial communication protocol. Taking advantage of the high computing ability of the edge device, an optimization-based EMS of the PV/ESS hybrid system is implemented. Different testing scenarios have been carried out on a real prototype with different weather conditions, and the results show the implementation feasibility and technical performance of such advanced EMS for the management of building energy resources. It has also been proven to be feasible and advantageous to operate the local energy network in island mode while ensuring system safety. Additionally, an estimated energy saving improvement of 6.23 % has been achieved using optimization-based EMS compared to the classical rule-based EMS, with better ESS constraints fulfillment.
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16.
  • Hakim, M. Waqas, et al. (författare)
  • Ni-intercalated Mo2TiC2Tx free-standing MXene for excellent gravimetric capacitance prepared via electrostatic self-assembly
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 61
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • MXenes and composite belonging to the family of 2D material offer promising applications in the field of energy storage owing to their unique structure, metallic conductivity, and surface tunability. Herein, we have reported a simple approach for the synthesis of pristine Mo2TIC2Tx and Ni-intercalated Mo2TiC2Tx free-standing film. The prepared films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the electrochemical measurements. A binder-free, flexible, and chemically stable structure of synthesized Ni-Mo2TiC2Tx films shows a high gravimetric capacitance of 682 F g-1, compared to the pristine Mo2TiC2Tx free-standing film which exhibited a gravimetric capacitance of 310 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1. Synthesized Ni-Mo2TiC2Tx electrode exhibited an energy density of 59.77 W h kg- 1 and power density of 0.4 kW kg- 1 along with long-term cyclic ability and stability of over 5000 cycles which makes it a good candidate material for energy storage devices.
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17.
  • He, J., et al. (författare)
  • Comparative study of curve determination methods for incremental capacity analysis and state of health estimation of lithium-ion battery
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 29
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) is a favorable candidate for state of health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion battery (LIB). Although abundant works have been carried out on the ICA-based methods, a comprehensive comparison of them to clarify the application boundary is still lacking. Moreover, more efficient method for extracting more informative features of interest (FOIs) for SOH estimation is less explored. Motivated by this, this paper performs a comparative study over the filtering-based and the voltage-capacity (VC) model-based ICA methods with respect to the IC fitting accuracy, robustness to aging and the computing cost. In this framework, a set of novel FOIs different from traditional ones are captured along with the parameterization of VC models. Comparative results reveal the optimality of revised Lorentzian VC model with three peaks (RL-VC-3) for both LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) battery. The mean relative errors of capacity modeling are 0.34% and 0.15%, respectively. The newly captured FOIs have been further validated with high linearities with the reference capacity, offering deep insights into more straightforward SOH estimation for LIB. Illustrative case studies suggest that particular FOIs can offer accurate SOH estimation with absolute error of 0.079% and 0.661% respectively for the LFP and NCM battery.
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18.
  • Herre, Lars, 1990-, et al. (författare)
  • Provision of multiple services with controllable loads as multi-area thermal energy storage
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 63, s. 107062-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Power systems are experiencing a decrease of synchronous generation along with increased penetration of inverter based renewable generation leading to reduced system inertia and a need for flexible resources. Non-generating resources such as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are flexible due to their thermal energy storage capacity. When aggregated, TCLs can arbitrage energy prices and provide reserves to the power system. We approach the operational flexibility of the TCLs by modeling a risk-averse aggregator that controls decentralized TCLs and aims to maximize its own profit. The high number and low power rating of residential TCLs makes it difficult to model and assess their flexibility potential on national level. Thus, we make use of a high-level thermal energy storage model for aggregations of TCLs to quantify their flexibility potential. We present a method to aggregate temperature, TCL parameters, and building stock data into a thermal battery equivalent. We propose a multi-period multi-market multi-zonal two-stage chance constrained rolling horizon optimization problem formulation for the risk-averse day-ahead self-scheduling problem of a price-taker TCL aggregator bidding in energy and reserve markets under uncertainty and recast the problem as a linear program. We perform several case studies in the Swedish power system based on a survey of single -and two-family dwellings with electric heating and assess the flexibility potential. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis provides insights regarding market design and policy implications.
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19.
  • Hjalmarsson, Johannes, et al. (författare)
  • Enhancing the value of large-scale energy storage systems in congested distribution grids using service stacking
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Energy storage systems (ESS) are suitable for many grid applications, where some have large seasonal variations. By combining additional services, i.e., service stacking, companies with energy storage assets may generate additional revenue as well as provide services to the power system. This paper aims to highlight and estimate the technical and economic potential of stacking services using energy storage systems in congested a distribution grid. A scheduling optimization tool was implemented for a large-scale battery ESS providing a selection of deemed relevant services over two years. The results show that there is a great potential to enhance the value of the ESS significantly depending on the service portfolio layout. A capacity life loss model was also implemented to analyse the degradation of the ESS, and the cycle aging was estimated for the chosen portfolios. The results showed that a fully stacked portfolio does not necessarily result in increased cycle aging, but that it depended on the services in the portfolio. The cycle aging was affected the most by stacking flexibility with energy arbitrage, while frequency regulation services only resulted in a few additional cycles during each year of operation. 
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20.
  • Hjalmarsson, Johannes, et al. (författare)
  • Scheduling optimization of stacked grid services using energy storage system at large sport facilities in a congested distribution grid
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Congestion management in distribution grids is a growing challenge for network operators due to a combination of fast growing cities and electrification of transport and industry sectors. Energy storage systems connected downstream of bottlenecks have the potential to relieve parts of the peak demand, and typically does not motivate investments financially as a third-party actor alone. By stacking services it is possible for storage units to become financially viable while also enabling opportunities for providing additional local services and participation in markets for ancillary services. In this study, a large customer connected to the congested distribution grid in Uppsala, Sweden, was considered and the systematic potential of a battery connected to the facility was evaluated. A set of portfolios including the services tariff optimization, flexibility-as-a-service, and frequency containment reserve was evaluated by finding the optimal scheduling strategy using a metaheuristic optimization approach together with a capacity loss life model. The analysis was done for two separate years to illustrate the impact of yearly market fluctuations on the service allocation. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was also performed for the rated energy capacity of the battery. The simulation results indicate that stacking services yields the most valuable portfolio with respect to both technical and economic value where the battery managed to capture several revenue streams at the cost of a small increase in cycle aging, compared to when using the BESS for tariff optimization only. From a system perspective, stacking services enables the BESS to support the power system and the local distribution grid during a large majority of the year. 
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21.
  • Hjalmarsson, Johannes, et al. (författare)
  • Service stacking using energy storage systems for grid applications : A review
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 60
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Energy storage solutions for grid applications are becoming more common among grid owners, system operators and end-users. Storage systems are enablers of several possibilities and may provide efficient solutions to e.g., energy balancing, ancillary services as well as deferral of infrastructure investments. To ensure that an energy storage investment is guaranteed a reasonable payback period and a good return of investment it is advantageous to consider the possibility of service stacking. By offering additional services in turns or in parallel with the main service it is possible to create important revenue streams. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date status of service stacking using grid connected energy storage systems by presenting current research and on-the-table ideas. Results from the review show that frequency regulation services are the most common services to offer together with energy arbitrage and integration of renewable energy sources. The results also show that it is strategically favorable to offer additional services for storage units which are used seasonally or with low frequency. It can be concluded that service stacking is a promising method to implement for storage operators to increase the degree of utilization of storage units. It may also be concluded that the increased need for ancillary services increases the opportunity for storage units to participate in markets for energy and ancillary services. Future studies could focus on the correlation between service stacking possibilities and actual placement of the storage, and how hybrid storage configurations would affect the potential of service stacking.
  •  
22.
  • Homod, R. Z., et al. (författare)
  • Effect of different building envelope materials on thermal comfort and air-conditioning energy savings : A case study in Basra city, Iraq
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 34
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recently, a numerous number of houses has been built using AAC materials, which consume the most amount of energy in the building sector by Heating, ventilation, and air -conditioning (HVAC) systems. Thus, the most significant factor affecting the energy consumed by HVAC systems is the materials used in the building. Building models are important tools in determining the energy efficiency of buildings. Numerous strategies have been established to construct building models, such as the weight, gray, and black boxes, as well as hybrid models. Hybrid models have not been researched extensively, although they provide a reasonable representation of actual indoor conditions. Therefore, this study employs a hybrid calculation model for the analysis of physical and empirical correlations to evaluate thermal comfort in buildings, which reflects their energy consumption. The residential load factor (RLF) technique is adopted owing to its systematic organization and ease of use, which is achieved by dividing the model into submodels. The model is verified and validated by drawing a comparison with field measurements and the output obtained from ANSYS software. The actual field measurements and ANSYS outputs match the outputs of the proposed model; the results show small residual errors, indicating a well-defined model structure. The cost and energy savings of vernacular buildings and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) (or low-cost) buildings have been highly debated in Basra city. Models of these two different building materials are simulated within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Their results indicate that the vernacular building has the highest energy saving potential up to 47.83% over 24 h a day. These results provide an excellent argument to realize the benefits of vernacular buildings by reducing the dependency on powered cooling.
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23.
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24.
  • Huang, Q., et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of the arbitrage by a compressed CO2 energy storage system-based on dynamic characteristics
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 95
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fluctuations in electricity price create arbitrage opportunities for compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES) systems. However, previous studies often neglected the dynamic characteristics of CCES systems, leading to inaccurate assessments. This paper addresses this gap by evaluating the CCES system arbitrage considering its dynamic characteristics. We introduce a novel indicator, state of charge (SOC), into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model to capture the dynamics. Utilizing real electricity prices, the model optimizes the CCES operation strategy for a maximum profit. The results demonstrate that a CCES system with a 267 MWh capacity could achieve a total income of 22.5 MEUR in 2022, with a net present value (NPV) of 258.1 MEUR over 35 years, a payback time of 2 years, and an average round-trip efficiency (ARTE) of 77.0 %. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the sizes of the compressor, the expander, and the high-pressure gas tank significantly impact the arbitrage potential. In contrast, the steady-state model-based results demonstrate that the CCES system could yield a higher NPV of 573.7 MEUR, a shorter payback time of 1 year, and a higher ARTE of 87.0 %. This emphasizes the pivotal importance of integrating dynamic characteristics into the design and assessment of CCES systems for arbitrage assessment. 
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25.
  • Hussien, Abdelazim, et al. (författare)
  • Enhancing optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid systems with energy storage considering techno-economic criteria based on a modified artificial rabbits optimizer
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : ELSEVIER. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 78
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper examines and analyses a novel developed algorithm named Modified Artificial Rabbits Optimization (mARO), which is based on the modification of a bio-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm called Artificial Rabbits Optimization (ARO) combined with dimension learning-based hunting technique. In order to prove the efficiency and evaluate the constrained optimization of this modified algorithm mARO, it is applied to one of an engineering application. This engineering application is the study of the optimal sizing of a stand-alone hybrid system based on techno-economic criteria; this hybrid system consists of the PV, WT, Biomass system, and Battery units. The simulation of hybrid power systems must be carried out with the least amount of expense and harm to the environment so appropriate performance may be ensured using an efficient and optimal sizing strategy. In order to prove the superiority of this modified algorithm mARO, the results of this algorithm were compared with other new algorithms, and these algorithms are the original ARO, Dandelion Optimizer (DO), and Driving TrainingBased Optimization (DTOB).
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26.
  • Ilyas, Muhammad Tasaduq, et al. (författare)
  • Substantial performance of copper sulfide nanotubes at high current densities for energy storage applications
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 85
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study presents the direct growth of CuS nanotubes (NTs) on nickel foam using a facile solution synthesis route. The structural, elemental and morphological analyses of CuS NTs grown Ni foam were conducted through X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and field emission scanning electron microscope. The electrochemical performance of the prepared electrodes was comprehensively characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The CuS NTs grown electrodes delivered a specific capacitance of 1539 Fg−1 at 1 mVs−1 and 1365 Fg−1 at 5 Ag−1, demonstrating a remarkable rate capability of 66 % at an extremely high current density of 25 Ag−1. Notably, the CuS NTs electrode demonstrated good cyclic stability, as evidenced by a charge retention of 75.5 % after 3000 cycles at a high current density of 20 Ag−1. The charge storage mechanism was predominantly diffusion controlled, accomplished by analyzing CV data. Overall, this work evinces that the as-synthesized CuS NTs hold a significant promise as electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical energy storage applications.
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27.
  • Jiao, Yang, et al. (författare)
  • Greenhouse gas emissions from hybrid energy storage systems in future 100% renewable power systems – A Swedish case based on consequential life cycle assessment
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 57, s. 106167-106187
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To promote the development of renewables, this article evaluates the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in 100% renewable power systems. The consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) approach is applied to evaluate and forecast the environmental implications of HESSs. Based on the power system of Sweden, different HESS combinations, which include energy storage (ES) technologies: pumped hydro ES, hydrogen ES, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, lead-acid (PbA) batteries, vanadium redox (VR) batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), and flywheels, are discussed. The results show that for Sweden and similar large-scale utility applications, the cradle-to-gate GHG emissions from the HESS contribute to a major share of the life cycle GHG emissions due to the under-utilization of the cycle life. Among the HESSs compared in this study, the Pumped hydro+Li-ion+Flywheel combination exhibits the least life cycle GHG emissions. Moreover, the phasing out of nuclear power brings a severe challenge to the carbon reduction target. However, the introduced HESS manages to reduce GHG emissions from a 100% renewable power system.
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28.
  • Jiao, Yang, et al. (författare)
  • Study of the oversized capacity and the increased energy loss of hybrid energy storage systems and design of an improved controller based on the low-pass filter
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 50, s. 104241-104241
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) is an effective approach to stability problems brought by renewable energy sources (RESs) in microgrids. This paper investigates the energy exchange between the two energy storage devices (ESDs) caused by the low-pass filter (LPF), which leads to the oversized capacity of HESSs. In addition, the energy exchange between the ESDs leads to more energy loss of HESSs. Based on the analysis of the power flows, this paper proposes an improved controller based on the LPF controller. A power direction control strategy eliminates the non-beneficial power flow to reduce the capacity of HESSs and improve the round-trip energy efficiency. In addition, a SOC control strategy regime balances the desired state of charge (SOC) of the ESDs instead of depending on the LPF. In this paper, the case study shows that the improved LPF controller reduces the capacity of the HESS to the minimized capacity and improves the round-trip energy efficiency. Furthermore, it has no adverse effect on battery aging and achieves the battery lifetime extension with a smaller capacity. A scaled-down HESS experimental setup validates the effectiveness of the improved LPF controller and the simulation results. Finally, the proposed improved controller is compared with various existing controllers to verify the performance.
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29.
  • Khan, Mohammad, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of PECM as an efficient numerical analysis tool for investigating convective heat transfer phenomena during PCM melting
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 24, s. 100743-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the framework of this research work, the principle focus is to assess the applicability & reliability of the Phase change Effective Convectivity Model (PECM) as a numerical analysis tool to investigate natural convective heat transfer in single and two-fluid density PCM molten pools. The model is applied in ANSYS FLUENT as User Defined Function (UDF) to predict convective melt pool thermal hydraulics in a volumetrically heated PCM (Phase Change Material) melt pool. As a part of this work, PECM is tested first by a benchmark case against CFD to gain confidence in its applicability as an analysis tool. Two commercial PCMs: RT50 and C58, are introduced in a 3D semicircular vessel slice with their thermo-physical properties as input for modelling. The sidewalls made of quartz glass are used for direct visualization of convective heat transfer phenomena. It is ensured that the conditions of nearly constant density of power deposition over the entire volume of the PCM melt pool throughout the series of simulation cases. The values of characteristic numbers ranged within the following limits with different pool height corresponding modified Rayleigh number Ra=1012-1013 and for Prandtl number Pr=5-7. The selected modelling approach is validated against SIGMA experiment with respect to the angular distribution of heat flux that qualify our model to run in the proceeding calculation using PECM. Following benchmark test results of PECM compared with that of conventional enthalpy porosity method embedded in ANSYS FLUENT, PECM is applied in 1-layer and 2-layer PCM configuration to study in details of the influence of different boundary conditions, internal heat sources (QV) and heat transfer fluid (HTF) cooling condition to quantify the thermal loads. Finally, the comparison is made between two PCM configurations in terms of the quantification of the thermal load to justify PECM as an efficient numerical analysis tool for investigating convective heat transfer phenomena during PCM melting. 
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30.
  • Konig-Haagen, Andreas, et al. (författare)
  • Analysis of the discharging process of latent heat thermal energy storage units by means of normalized power parameters
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 72
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many efforts are being made to mitigate the main disadvantage of most phase change materials - their low thermal conductivities - in order to deliver latent heat energy storage systems (LHESS) with adequate perfor-mance. However, the effect of applied methods is difficult to compare as they are mostly tested for different storage types and sizes and/or different boundary and initial conditions, which hinders rapid progress in the optimization of these approaches. In this work, a previously developed method for comparing the performance of LHESS is applied to experimental results of different storage systems under different conditions and subsequently analyzed and further refined. The main idea of the method is to normalize the power with the volume and a reference temperature difference and compare its mean value plotted over the normalized mean capacity flow of the heat transfer fluid (HTF). This enables the presentation of the results in a compact and easily comparative way. Attention has to be paid when it comes to the choice of the reference temperature difference, the reference volume and the method for calculating the mean value. Two variants of calculating the mean value (time-weighted and energy-weighted) and two variants of reference temperatures for determining the temperature difference to the inlet temperature of the HTF (initial temperature and melting temperature) are applied and discussed in detail. While the method significantly increases the comparability of results, none of the options listed above are without drawbacks. Approaches are shown to reduce or eliminate these drawbacks in the future. The recommendation for comparing different LHESS under different conditions is to use the method described here and clearly state the chosen reference temperature, reference volume and method for calculating the mean value.
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31.
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32.
  • Lander, Sanna, et al. (författare)
  • Controlling the rate of posolyte degradation in all-quinone aqueous organic redox flow batteries by sulfonated nanocellulose based membranes: The role of crossover and Michael addition
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 83
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) is a technological route towards the large-scale sustainable energy storage. However, several factors need to be controlled to maintain the AORFB performance. Prevention of posolyte and negolyte cross-contamination in asymmetric AORFBs, one of the main causes of capacity decay, relies on their membranes' ability to prevent migration of the redox-active species between the two electrolytes. The barrier properties are often traded for a reduction in ionic conductivity which is crucial to enable the device operation. Another factor greatly affecting quinone-based AORFBs is the Michael addition reaction (MAR) on the charged posolyte, quinone, which has been identified as a major reason for all-quinone AORFBs performance deterioration. Herein, we investigate deterioration scenarios of an all-quinone AORFB using both experimental and computational methods. The study includes a series of membranes based on sulfonated cellulose nanofibrils and different membrane modifications. The layer-by-layer (LbL) surface modifications, i.e. the incorporation of inorganic materials and the reduction of the pore size of the sulfonated cellulose membranes, were all viable routes to reduce the passive diffusion permeability of membranes which correlated to an increased cycling stability of the battery. The kinetics of MAR on quinone was detected using NMR and its impact on the performance fading was modeled computationally. The localization of MAR close to the membrane, which can be assigned to the surface reactivity, affects the diffusion of MAR reagent and the deterioration dynamics of the present all-quinone AORFB.
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33.
  • Latif, Umar, et al. (författare)
  • In situ growth of nickel ammonium phosphate ribbons on nickel foam for supercapacitor applications
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 73:Part B
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We report the in-situ growth of the nickel ammonium phosphate (NAP) ribbons on nickel (Ni) foam in a single step process using hydrothermal approach. The morphology, structure and elemental analysis of the NAP-ribbons grown on Ni foam were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) and x-ray diffraction. The NAP-coated Ni foam sample was sonicated in ethanol and the obtained suspension was observed through AFM analysis to analyze the lateral dimensions of the NAP-ribbons. The obtained NAP ribbons powder was also characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Further, the NAP ribbons based electrodes were electrochemically characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge discharge analysis (GCD). NAP ribbons grown on Ni foam as electrodes achieved a specific capacitance (Csp) of 1196 Fg- 1 at 1 mVs- 1 and 1188 Fg- 1 at 1 Ag-1. The charge storage mechanism was identified and quantified by evaluating the CV data in 1-10 mVs- 1 scan rate range. It was established that at low scan rate the charge was dominantly stored by diffusion of electrolyte ions within the gaps of the NAP ribbons resulting in high energy density of 105.5 WhKg-1 at 1 Ag-1. NAP electrodes also demonstrated good cyclic stability by showing 92 % charge retention after 5000 cycles. A symmetric 2-elec-trode device comprised of NAP ribbons electrodes gave Csp of 309 Fg-1 at 1 mVs- 1 with energy density of 42.06 Wh/Kg and power density of 0.5 KW/Kg at 1 A/g current density, which is an exceptional for a symmetric supercapacitor device. The study confirms that NAP ribbons have a promising potential to be employed in the next-generation energy storage devices.
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34.
  • Liu, Zhan, et al. (författare)
  • Fluid sloshing hydrodynamics in a cryogenic fuel storage tank under different order natural frequencies
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-1538 .- 2352-152X. ; 52
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Liquid hydrogen is a promising energy carrier due to its excellent performance. However, liquid hydrogen sloshing usually causes serious issues on its safety production, storage, transportation, application and management. To study fluid sloshing in cryogenic storage tanks, a numerical calculation model is developed with considerations of the environmental heat leakage and phase change occurring at the free interface. The VOF model, coupled with the mesh motion treatment, is adopted to predict fluid sloshing under the first three order natural frequencies. Validated against to the experimental data, the calculation uncertainty is limited within 5.0%. The sloshing force and moment, the phase distribution and the interface shape, the dynamic fluctuation of the liquid-vapor interface and the fluid pressure variations are numerically investigated. The results show that the natural frequency has caused obvious effects on fluid sloshing hydrodynamics. Generally, the sloshing force and moment increase with the natural frequency, and the sloshing force of the first order natural frequency has obvious reductions. Meanwhile, obvious interface fluctuations and large elevation motions take shape in the first order natural frequency case. As the interface variation promotes the heat transfer from the vapor to the liquid, the largest fluid pressure drop also forms and occurs in the first order natural frequency condition. In brief, the first order natural frequency results in serious fluid sloshing and large amplitude interface fluctuation, and should be given enough considerations. The present study is significant to depth understanding on fluid sloshing performance during fuel transportation and may supply some technique supports for the design on cryogenic fuel storage tanks.
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35.
  • Liu, Z., et al. (författare)
  • Justification of CO2 as the working fluid for a compressed gas energy storage system : A thermodynamic and economic study
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 27
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) energy storage (CCES) system has been attracting more and more attentions in recent years. The CCES system leads the way of green solutions to accommodating the intermittency of renewable power generation systems in a large-scale energy storage pattern. Particularly, the usage of CO2 as the working medium for CCES successfully offers a green solution to massive carbon capture and storage. This paper aims to further analyze the applicability and feasibility of a novel CCES system with the merit of efficiently and economically utilizing pressure energy and thermal energy. Thermodynamic and cost evaluation on the energy conversion cycle were carried out. Genetic algorithm was employed to perform multi-objective optimization on the novel energy conversion cycle with thermal energy storage towards maximizing exergy efficiency and economic profits. Results reveal that the net output power monotonously increases with turbine inlet temperature, but the unit product cost monotonously decreases with turbine inlet temperature. The multi-objective optimization recommends a 60.5% for the overall exergy efficiency and 0.23 $/kWh for the unit product cost. Moreover, scattered distribution of decision variables suggests always a higher outlet pressure for compressor. 
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36.
  • Lorenzi, Guido, et al. (författare)
  • Techno-economic analysis of utility-scale energy storage in island settings
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
    • The decarbonization of the electricity supply in isolated and remote energy systems is an open challenge in the transition to a sustainable energy system. In this paper, the possibility to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources for electricity generationon the island of Terceira (Azores) is investigated through the installation of a utility-scale energy storage facility. The electric power dispatch on the island is simulated through a unit commitment model of the fossil and renewable power plants that has the objective of minimizing the cost of electricity generation. Battery energy storage is employed to partially decouple production and supply, and to provide spinning reserve in case of sudden generator outage. Two technological options, namely lithium-ion and vanadium flow batteries, are compared in terms of net present value and return on investment, with the aim of supporting the decision-making process of the local utility. The economic evaluation takes also into account the degradation of the battery performance along the years. The results, obtained in a future-price scenario, show that both the technologies entail a positive investment performance. However, vanadium flow batteries have the best results, given that they produce a net present value of up to 242% of the initial capital invested after 20 years, with a return on investment higher than 20%. In this scenario, the renewable share can reachup to 46%, compared to the current 26%.
  •  
37.
  • Lorenzi, Guido, et al. (författare)
  • Techno-economic analysis of utility-scale energy storage in island settings
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 21, s. 691-705
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The decarbonization of the electricity supply in isolated and remote energy systems is an open challenge in the transition to a sustainable energy system. In this paper, the possibility to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources for electricity generation on the island of Terceira (Azores) is investigated through the installation of a utility-scale energy storage facility. The electric power dispatch on the island is simulated through a unit commitment model of the fossil and renewable power plants that has the objective of minimizing the cost of electricity generation. Battery energy storage is employed to partially decouple production and supply, and to provide spinning reserve in case of sudden generator outage. Two technological options, namely lithium-ion and vanadium flow batteries, are compared in terms of net present value and return on investment, with the aim of supporting the decision-making process of the local utility. The economic evaluation takes also into account the degradation of the battery performance along the years. The results, obtained in a future-price scenario, show that both the technologies entail a positive investment performance. However, vanadium flow batteries have the best results, given that they can produce a net present value that exceeds 430% of the initial capital invested after 20 years, with a return on investment higher than 35%. In this scenario, the renewable share can reach up to 46%, compared to the current 26%.
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38.
  • Malhotra, Jaskaran Singh, et al. (författare)
  • From wood to supercapacitor electrode material via fast pyrolysis
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 57
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Adding high-value products, such as carbon-based electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage, to the value chain of biorefinery may increase the profits of the whole concept. In this work, carbon-based supercapacitor electrode materials were produced by chemical activation (using KOH) of two fractions of bio-oil (aerosol and condensed) as well as bio-char precursors, all of them originally made from fast pyrolysis of stem wood from pine and spruce. The produced materials show a hierarchical porous structure, a high surface area (1300–1500 m2 g−1) and, almost double the specific capacitance (149–152 F g−1 @ 50 mA g−1) compared to commercially available activated carbon (79 F g−1 @ 50 mA g−1). The benefit of using bio-oils compared to biochar is having an electrode material almost free from metal impurities alongside marginally higher energy storage performance. Together with the material yield in the production chain (fast pyrolysis and activation), a normalized energy storage value was presented for each material that may be used in the future to select the best techno-economic route for the whole concept. © 2022 The Authors
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39.
  • Mikheenkova, Anastasiia, et al. (författare)
  • Resolving high potential structural deterioration in Ni-rich layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries operando
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 57
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • LixNi0.90Co0.05Al0.05O2 (NCA) extracted from an automotive battery cell is studied using a combination of in-house operando techniques to understand the correlation between gas evolution and structural collapse when NCA is cycled to high potentials in a lithium-ion battery configuration. The operando techniques comprise X-ray diffraction (XRD) and online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS), and cycled using intermittent current interruption (ICI). The ICI cycling protocol is used to assess the dynamic change in resistance as well as to provide a validation of the operando setups. Both gas evolution and structural collapse have previously been observed as degradation mechanisms of Ni-rich electrodes including NCA, however, their causal link is still under debate. Here our presented results show a correlation between the decrease of the interlayer distance in NCA with both an increase in CO2 evolution and diffusion resistance above 4.1 V. Additionally, particle cracking, which is a mechanism often correlated with gas evolution, was found to be reversible and visible before gas evolution and Li diffusion resistance increase. The ICI technique is shown to be useful for the correlation of operando experiments on parallel setups and evaluation of mass transport dependent processes.
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40.
  • Moosavi, Amin, et al. (författare)
  • A study on the effect of cell spacing in large-scale air-cooled battery thermal management systems using a novel modeling approach
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 72
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent studies have revealed that effective thermal management systems are necessary to maintain the performance, lifespan, and safety of lithium battery systems. A unique and novel modeling approach is presented in this work with the aim of estimating the thermal performance of air-based cooling systems for large-scale lithium battery packages. The overall model consists of sub-models, including an analytical model for battery cells and a numerical heat and flow model for the battery module, which are validated against experimental data and empirical correlations, respectively. The chosen approach implies that the sub-models can operate independently, allowing accurate transient simulations with reduced processing time. The model is employed to evaluate the effect of cell spacing on the thermal performance of an air-cooled battery system designed for a hybrid electric vehicle. The results demonstrate that the maximum temperature within the cells positively correlates with transverse and longitudinal pitch ratios; however, the maximum temperature difference in the module has a negative correlation with these pitch ratios. In contrast, temperature uniformity shows non-monotonic behavior, making it an applicable criterion to balance between temperature rise and thermal gradients. Moreover, considerable temperature non-uniformity is noted in the early rows, which becomes less significant as pitch ratios decrease.
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41.
  • Moosavi, Amin, et al. (författare)
  • Design considerations to prevent thermal hazards in cylindrical lithium-ion batteries : An analytical study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 38
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy content, which makes them a great option for mobile storage applications. However, there are some serious concerns regarding their performance in terms of uncontrolled overheating. In this study, an analytical thermal model is developed based on the integral transform technique to predict the temperature field in a cylindrical lithium-ion cell. The temperature rise and the thermal gradient, as the significant parameters for the safety and performance assessment of lithium-ion batteries, are investigated for the lithium-ion cell. Moreover, the thermal behavior of the lithium-ion cell is comprehensively studied for different thicknesses of the component layers. It is found that the optimum thickness of the positive active material, the negative active material, the positive current collector, and the negative current collector for the efficient thermal operation of the lithium-ion cell is 180, 34, 21, and 20 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of the optimized jelly-roll is assessed for the different types of cylindrical lithium-ion cells. The results indicate that the 21700 cell has the best thermal performance for use in high charge/discharge applications.
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42.
  • Muhammad, Yousif, et al. (författare)
  • Rock bed thermal energy storage coupled with solar thermal collectors in an industrial application: Simulation, experimental and parametric analysis
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 67
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Heating accounts for approximately 50 % of all final energy consumption worldwide. To decarbonise heating, renewable energy sources must be employed. To account for intermittency of renewable energy sources and provide operational flexibility, low cost and versatile thermal energy storage unit integrated systems are required. Rock-based high temperature thermal energy storage (up to 600 °C) integrated with high temperature solar thermal collectors provide a solution to reduce natural gas consumptions in steam boilers for medium temperature (100 °C–250 °C) industrial processes. This study develops and validates a two-dimensional model of an existing vertical flow 1 MWh high temperature thermal storage unit using experimental data. A parametric study is performed to evaluate the key design parameters and their effect on the temperature profile and charge efficiency. The charge efficiency was found to be in the range of 77–94 %. This pilot scale model is upscaled in the numerical model to an industrial level 330 MWh storage where the output temperature and flowrate are presented for a constant power output, taking into consideration the residual input heat from the solar thermal collectors.
  •  
43.
  • Mussa, Abdilbari, et al. (författare)
  • Inhomogeneous active layer contact loss in a cycled prismatic lithium-ion cell caused by the jelly-roll curvature
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 20, s. 213-217
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Internal resistance is a key parameter that affects the power, energy, efficiency, lifetime, and safety of a lithium-ion battery. It grows due to chemical and mechanical battery wear during ageing. In this work, the effect of the jelly-roll winding curvature on impedance rise is investigated. NMC electrode samples, harvested from the curved as well as the flat regions of the jelly-roll from cycle-aged and calendar-aged prismatic cells (25 Ah, hard casing) are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. After cycling, larger impedance rise is observed at the outer radius (concave) of the curved region compared to the inner radius (convex) or the flat region of the jelly-roll, and the difference increases with a decrease in the jelly-roll radius of curvature, from the cell skin towards the core. To identify the causes behind the observed difference in the impedance rise, investigations at different external compression (0 and 2.5 MPa) and temperature (5 and 25 °C) are performed. The results show that contact loss between the current collector and the active layer is the main source of the difference in impedance rise. Mechanical mechanisms that may cause the contact loss are discussed and design recommendations to mitigate the rise in impedance are given. 
  •  
44.
  • Nanwani, Alisha, et al. (författare)
  • Augmenting the nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide performance : Virtue of doping
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Doping is the most effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. Herein, we report the doping effect of Magnesium on structural instability of Ni-Co LDHs as the supercapacitor electrode material. The morphology of different compositions of magnesium are studied. The derived material with the Ni:Mg ratio of 1:1 displayed an excellent specific capacity of 624 Cg(-1) at current density of 10 Ag-1. Moreover, the specific capacity remained at 80% after 3000 cycles which suggest excellent cycle stability. An asymmetrc device was fabricated with N/M-2 as positive electrode and activated carbon cloth as negative electrode, which displayed a specific capacitance of 200 Fg(-1) at 0.25 Ag-1 with the energy density of 28 Whkg(-1). The device showed the capacitance retention of about 99% after 1000 cycles at 1 Ag-1. Therefore, improved structural
  •  
45.
  • Ollas, Patrik, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • Battery loss prediction using various loss models: A case study for a residential building
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This work compares and quantifies the annual losses for three battery system loss representations in a case study for a residential building with solar photovoltaic (PV). Two loss representations consider the varying operating conditions and use the measured performance of battery power electronic converters (PECs) but differ in using either a constant or current-dependent internal battery cell resistance. The third representation is load-independent and uses a (fixed) round trip efficiency. The work uses sub-hourly measurements of the load and PV profiles and includes the results from varying PV and battery size combinations. The results reveal an inadequacy of using a constant battery internal resistance and quantify the annual loss discrepancy to −38.6%, compared to a case with current-dependent internal resistance. The results also show the flaw of modelling the battery system's efficiency with a fixed round trip efficiency, with loss discrepancy variation between −5 to 17% depending on the scenario. Furthermore, the necessity of accounting for the cell's loss is highlighted, and its dependence on converter loading is quantified.
  •  
46.
  • Pham, Cong-Toan, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of energy storage systems for power system applications via suitability index approach (Part IV)
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Energy storage systems provide several benefits and services in optimizing the power grid's reliability, efficiencyand safety. However, the feasibility of energy storage systems varies dependent on the requirements of theapplications. Technical limitations in design and type of the storage technology prevents a single storage type toperform equally well in all situations. Hence, it is essential to compare and measure the energy storages’ usefulnessand determine their optimal use. To address this issue this study introduces an indexing approach toevaluate the suitability of energy storages for power system applications. Four different energy storages (doublelayercapacitor, flywheel, lead–acid battery, lithium-ion battery) are tested for four typical energy storage applications(frequency regulation, voltage support, capacity firming and energy time-shift). The suitability indexallows a simple and intuitive way to compare and rank the suitability of energy storages.
  •  
47.
  • Pham, Cong-Toan, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental validation of a general energy storage modelling approach(Part III)
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 20, s. 542-550
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Current challenges in the electric grid progression demand energy storages to cope with any imbalances betweensupply and demand side. Application possibilities of energy storages are numerous, but the requirements varyfrom case to case. However, not every storage technology operates equally to be useful in any situation. In fact,the feasibility of energy storages depend on their technical characteristics, i.e., for example efficiency, responsetimes, power rating and capacity for a selected application. Comparing and assessing different storage options isimperative for decision-making, which requires an in-depth understanding of the technology and its dynamics.Hence, a general model approach of energy storages as equivalent circuit models has been proposed to unify andanalyze storages of different physical backgrounds. This allows a more direct and intuitive evaluation of energystorages tested in a specific application. This paper focuses on the experimental validation of energy storages(ultra-capacitor, li-ion battery, lead-acid battery and flywheel) to be uniformly described in one general model. Asimple and budget friendly experimental setup to test the storages is designed.
  •  
48.
  • Pham, Cong-Toan, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Optimal energy storage sizing using equivalent circuit modelling for prosumer applications (Part II)
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 18, s. 1-15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An optimal system design indirectly implies efficient use of available resources, i.e., minimum investment to achieve the desired outcome. An increased demand of energy storages highlights the importance of efficient useand optimal storage sizing. However, the variety of available and newly developed storage technologies complicates decision-making in choosing the appropriate technology to the compatible application. The characterizationof storage types extends to the inherent dynamic behavior and technical limitations, which is imperativefor storage system design. This paper proposes a brute-force method of optimal storage system sizing based onthe equivalent circuit modeling while considering storage's operation constraints. The sizing routine is applied to a set of different energy storage technologies (lead-acid, Li-ion, vanadium-redox flow battery, double-layercapacitor, flywheel) to balance the energy demand of a single-family building supported by a 3.36 kWpeak photovoltaic system. This case focuses on the energy management application of energy storages. Additionally, asuitability index is introduced to determine the applicability of the investigated storages in reference to an ideal case.
  •  
49.
  • Reboli, Tommaso, et al. (författare)
  • Thermal energy storage based on cold phase change materials : Discharge phase assessment
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 73, s. 108939-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In an energy scenario characterized by strong requirements in terms of flexibility and readiness, the integration of thermal energy storage in energy systems could play an important role in demand-supply management and allows novel operational schemes. Thermal Energy Storages based on latent heat are characterized by their compactness and small temperature swing. However, there is still a lack of performance analysis on large-scale setups. This work aims to fill this gap. In this paper, a shell & tube latent heat-based cold thermal energy storage was characterized in the discharge configuration, considering different temperatures and mass flow of the heat transfer fluid, representing an opportunity to understand the behavior of a full-scale system in different operative conditions. Sensitivity analyses on heat transfer fluid flow rate, flow direction, and inlet temperature were performed. The results show that peak power increases by approximately 25 % with doubled mass flow rate, and it doubles with increased inlet temperature by 6 °C. Since the impact of the buoyancy effect occurs when the liquid phase is predominant over the solid one, there is no strong impact on the direction of the Heat Transfer Fluid, from top to bottom or viceversa. Despite no metastability phase being detected, many discontinuities in the thermal power and temperature profiles were identified and analyzed, providing new insights into full scale latent heat storage. Finally, in this work, the thermal round-trip efficiency was estimated to reach above 90 %.
  •  
50.
  • Rittiruam, Meena, et al. (författare)
  • The role of metal-doping on the enhanced electrocatalytic properties of a-MnO2 during oxygen reduction reaction
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : ELSEVIER. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 78
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Metal-doping is a common strategy for improving the performance of alpha-MnO2 during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in metal-air batteries (MABs). Understanding the role of dopants in an atomic level is crucial to develop this cathode's performance, which is required to study. This work presents the insight effects of metal-doping (Co, Ni, and Pd) in alpha-MnO2 during ORR, investigated through density functional theory and computational hydrogen electrode calculations. As a result, all dopants enhance the adsorption strength of surface species during ORR due to the induction of electron accumulation at the Mn site, modifying the d-band center of the doping site. Unfortunately, Ni doping had an inhibiting effect on specific ORR elementary steps, leading to lower activity. In the volcano plot of theoretical overpotential, Co and Pd doping play as the promoter, where enhanced ORR activity is found on the Mn-site. The insight information reveals that the enhanced alpha-MnO2 catalysts are achieved by Co and Pd doping at interstitial sites rather than substitution on Mn sites. These findings emphasize the critical role of both well-controlled dopant concentration and the atomic dispersion of a dopant at the interstitial sites on the electrocatalytic activity for MABs.
  •  
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