| 1. |
- Björklund, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing the confidence in pest freedom gained in the past pine wood nematode surveys
- 2023
-
Ingår i: EFSA supporting publications. - 2397-8325. ; 20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All Member States of the European Union must conduct annual surveys of pine wood nematode (PWN) to ensure its timely detection. However, the statistical confidence of these surveys is rarely assessed. To facilitate such assessments, we developed two easy-to-use web applications: NoBaSURV-PWN for assessment of the statistical confidence of past PWN surveys, and NoBa Land Cover Retriever for retrieving the land cover data needed in the assessments. This report explains how the statistical confidence of past PWN surveys can be assessed with NoBaSURV-PWN. In addition, the reportpresents the assessments done with the NoBaSURV-PWN applicationfor Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden. The technical details of the developed applications are presented,and some matters that have general relevance for statistical assessment and planning of quarantine pest surveys are discussed. Also, the capacity building activitiesdone in the project are described and their impact is evaluated.The assessments forthe five Nordic-Baltic countries show that, in most of the countries, PWN surveys have been extensive enough to provide evidence for facilitating tradewith a rather high confidence. Yet, the surveys have clearly not been extensive enough to ensure detection of PWN invasions at such an early stage that they could be eradicated.
|
|
| 2. |
- Waldenström, Jonas, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
Active wild bird surveillance of avian influenza viruses, a report
- 2022
-
Ingår i: EFSA Supporting Publications. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2397-8325 .- 2397-8325. ; 19:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report summarises the potential for an EU-wide active surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in wild birds. As basis for the analyses, we collected and analysed virological and ornithological data and carried out fieldwork in two countries outside the EU: Ukraine and Georgia. We show that it is possible to build capacity and logistics for sampling nodes that can provide rapid detection and identification of HPAI, that are key features for an early warning system. Based on the data presented here, it is suggested that an EU-level surveillance network in wild birds is constructed, where surveillance nodes are chosen to reflect the epidemiological benefit of the whole EU. Selection of sampling nodes in the surveillance network should incorporate ornithological and virological background data, and that on-site development should include combined local ornithology and virology expertise and a minimised analytic time frame from sample to result. Ideally, surveillance nodes should be constructed with operational flexibility in what type of material that can be collected, such as active surveillance of wild birds (cloacal, oropharyngeal, blood samples), sampling of hunting bags, and the possibility to take environmental samples or to sample carcasses. This way a surveillance node could be adapted to changes in virus epidemiology, such as shifts in what hosts need to be sampled and at what times of the year sampling should occur. In times of enzootic virus circulation, the network should be tuned to monitor waves of infections and provide warning signals when increased activity is anticipated based on migratory bird movements. Based on the above assumptions, we provide a set of suitable regions, both within and outside the EU, that should be considered.
|
|
| 3. |
- Åkesson, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
-
Preparatory work for the update of the tolerable upper intake levels for folic acid/folate
- 2023
-
Ingår i: EFSA Supporting Publications. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2397-8325 .- 2397-8325. ; 20:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim was to collect and appraise scientific evidence that could be used to derive an upper intake level for folic acid/folate. Five systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to identify evidence to i) characterize the dose-response curve between plasma/serum (P/S) folate and dietary folate intake expressed as dietary folate equivalents (DFE) in adults, and to assess the relationship between ‘high’ folate (intake/biomarkers) in humans with low B12 status and the ii) development of neuropathy and iii) cognitive impairment or dementia, and risk of iv) colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancer (CRC) and v) and prostate cancer. Narrative reviews were also performed. The linear meta-regression model P/S folate (nmol/L) = 6.0 + 0.034*DFE/d (95% confidence interval, CI; 0.027-0.040), R2 = 0.68, based on 22 studies and 60 data points could be used to predict mean P/S folate (and 95% CI) based on DFE intake. In view of the paucity of data, no comprehensive uncertainty analysis and evidence integration were performed for effects of ‘high’ folate intake on neuropathy, cognitive function/dementia. Comprehensive uncertainty analyses and evidence integration for a detrimental effect at high folate intake/status were performed for folic acid interventions and development of colorectal adenomas, for P/S folate from observational studies in relation to CRC incidence, and for total folate intake from observational studies in relation to prostate cancer incidence. The folic acid interventions were few (n = 4) and revealed both beneficial and detrimental effects on adenoma recurrence. For CRC the meta-analyses on P/S folate indicated no association, but the risk estimates in the highest folate exposure groups were compared to levels indicating folate inadequacy or deficiency, thus, the research question could not be adequately addressed. For prostate cancer incidence too few studies with mixed results prevented any clear conclusion on total folate intake and risk of prostate cancer.
|
|
