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1.	Andersson, Eva K., et al. (författare) The re-emergence of educational inequality during a period of reforms : A study of Swedish school leavers 1991-2012 2021 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 48:4, s. 685-705 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Against the background of a liberalization of Swedish compulsory education, this paper analyses post-1991 shifts in the way compulsory education performance in Sweden has been shaped by parental background, residential context and school context. We can document increasing school and residential segregation of foreign background students and, after 2008, increasing segregation by income, employment status and social allowance reception. Over time, educational performance has become increasingly linked to family, neighbourhood and school context. The greatest change has been for parental background, but the importance of school context and neighbourhood context has also increased. A noteworthy finding is that residential context consistently has a stronger effect on student performance than school context. Student grades were found to be most strongly influenced by the closest (12 or 25) residential peers of the school leavers as compared to larger peer groups. The increase in the influence of family, neighbourhood and residential context has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the between-school variation (intra-class correlation) in student performance, but it was not until after 2005 that this increased variability became clearly linked to the social composition of the schools. This study's results suggest that the restructuring of Swedish compulsory education has had consequences for equality, possibly because disadvantaged social groups have not been as able as advantaged groups to navigate and benefit from the educational landscape created by the school reforms.
2.	Behnisch, Martin, et al. (författare) Urban big data analytics and morphology 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7 (SI), s. 1203-1205 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
3.	Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al. (författare) Development of urban types based on network centrality, built density and their impact on pedestrian movement 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:8, s. 1549-1564 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A better understanding of the relationship between the built environment and urban processes is central in guiding urban processes in more sustainable trajectories. Of particular importance to this endeavour is the idea of urban types. However, on closer scrutiny, while such types may capture the symbolic dimension of urban form, they frequently do not capture its performance or functional dimension. This prohibits precise policy formulation on the topic. This paper first presents a methodology for generating urban types relevant to urban practice (using analytical and statistical methods) and, second, an empirical test of the differences in performance concerning their influence on the presence of people in public space (an essential driver of many other urban processes). For this reason, a large (and to our knowledge unique) pedestrian survey of three European metropolitan areas was conducted and used to test the performance of the urban types developed. The results prove that the methodology for developing the types is robust, as it picks up generally recognised spatial patterns in all three cities. Further, the types were able to explain the intensity of pedestrian flow, its spatial distribution and fluctuations of intensity in space and time. These are vital steps forward and provide more useable typologies in urban planning and design practice.
4.	Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al. (författare) The spatial distribution and frequency of street, plot and building types across five European cities 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B-Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7, s. 1226-1242 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Typologies have always played an important role in urban planning and design practice and formal studies have been central to the field of urban morphology. These studies have predominantly been of a historical-qualitative nature and do not support quantitative comparisons between urban areas and between different cities, nor offer the precise and comprehensive descriptions needed by those engaged in urban planning and design practice. To describe contemporary urban forms, which are more diffuse and often elude previous historic typologies, systematic quantitative methods can be useful but, until recently, these have played a limited role in typo-morphological studies. This paper contributes to recent developments in this field by integrating multi-variable geometric descriptions with inter-scalar relational descriptions of urban form. It presents typologies for three key elements of urban form (streets, plots and buildings) in five European cities, produced using statistical clustering methods. In a first instance, the resulting typologies contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of streets, plots and buildings. In particular, the results offer insight into patterns between the types (i.e. which types are found in combination and which not) and provide a new large scale comparative analysis across five European cities. To conclude, a link between quantitative analysis and theory is established, by testing two well-known theoretical propositions in urban morphology: the concept of the burgage cycle and the theory of natural movement.
5.	Billger, Monica, 1961, et al. (författare) In search of visualization challenges: The development and implementation of visualization tools for supporting dialogue in urban planning processes 2017 Ingår i: Environment and Planning, B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 0265-8135 .- 1472-3417 .- 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 44:6, s. 1012-1035 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Today, urban planning processes involve many stakeholders and efficient dialogue tools are needed to support communication in transdisciplinary environments. The aim of our study is to identify visualization challenges in urban planning. Based on a state of the art study and a thematic analysis of 114 articles, published in 2004–2014 and found through snowball sampling, the development and implementation of digital visualization tools for dialogue are discussed. A wide range of examples of visualization tools for dialogue has been found; either based on 2D maps, 3D environments or gaming. The initiators of the development originate from different disciplines, such as geographic information (GI) science, computer graphics, 3D modelling, Virtual Reality, interaction design and urban planning. There has been an increasing amount of usability studies during recent years. There is a tendency for the usability studies to have gone from experimental and prototype studies to more and more concern real planning processes and implementation. Studies of implemented tools in real planning processes are, however, still rare. Gaming appears more and more frequently. Challenges are related to integration of qualitative and quantitative data, representation of data as regard appropriate levels of realism and detailing, as well as the user’s experience and the appearance of the digital models. There is a need to consider how we can achieve the full potential of visualization tools, including optimal effectiveness of visualization tools and processes for dialogue as well as how they can be implemented. Organizational preparedness is necessary, including clear ownership, allocation of resources for maintenance, competence and access to tools and technology.
6.	Bobkova, Evgeniya, 1988, et al. (författare) Towards analytical typologies of plot systems: quantitative profile of five European cities 2021 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8091 .- 2399-8083. ; 48:4, s. 604-620 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The importance of the plot (also referred to as ‘property’) as one of the fundamental elements of urban form is well recognized within the field of urban morphology. Despite the fact that it is often described as the basic element in the pattern of land divisions, which are essential as organizational frameworks for urban form, studies offering comprehensive descriptions and classifications of plot systems are quite scant. The aim of the paper is to introduce a classification of plot systems into typologies based on five European cities, in order to distinguish particular spatial differences and similarities in terms of their plot structure. The proposed typologies are developed using unsupervised k-means cluster analysis based on numeric attributes derived from central theories in urban morphology. The introduced typologies are essentially configurational, allowing collective systematic properties of plot systems to be captured. Numeric attributes include plot differentiation (or plot size), plot frontage and compactness ratio, corresponding to essential qualities of plot systems such as the capacity to carry differences in space, the ability to operate as interface between street and building and providing a framework for evolution of built form over time. All three attributes are translated into configurational measures in order to capture the context of the plot system, rather than the parameters of individual plots. The combination of these deductively defined variables with algorithmically defined classification methods results in seven plot types that can be used to scale up traditional urban morphological analysis to whole city regions and conduct substantial comparison of patterns within, but also between these regions. Further, it also makes it possible to describe commonly recognized plot patterns and discover new ones.
7.	Cai, Zipan, et al. (författare) Spatial dynamic modelling for urban scenario planning : A case study of Nanjing, China 2020 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 47:8, s. 1380-1396 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although urban scenario planning is widely applied for exploring various directions of urban development, it often has high requirements on the medium of quantitative information analysis and transformation. Thus, this study establishes a method of combining scenario planning with a spatial dynamic planning support system to predict urban growth. Specifically, a scenario-based spatial dynamic modelling method is integrated with the information module of planning policy for better decision support. The integrated modelling method is applied for an actual urban land use planning case of Nanjing, an evolving city in China. The spatial forms of future urban land use are simulated under four different pre-set policy scenarios. The differences in simulated results under multi-criteria restrictions reveal the effectiveness and practical value of the integration approach. The findings of this study provide policymakers with a process-based approach to test and evaluate ‘what-if’ consequences and help stakeholders reach consensus.
8.	Causevic, Amar, et al. (författare) Financing resilience efforts to confront future urban and sea-level rise flooding : Are coastal megacities in Association of Southeast Asian Nations doing enough? 2021 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications Ltd. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 48:5, s. 989- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Continued greenhouse gas emissions will lead to a rise in temperatures, accompanied by rising sea levels threatening low-lying coastal cities. This vulnerability is especially acute in developing countries’ cities. This study reviews whether Bangkok, Manila, and Jakarta, less prepared emerging urban centers of developing countries, are investing in adaptation projects for resilience against sea-level rise and urban flooding. Sea-level rise and urban flooding resilience projects were identified in the selected cities through secondary research methods, data on multilateral climate funds, and other aggregated funding databases such as Aid Atlas, Cities Adaptation Action, and City Risk Index. Our findings show that even though these cities do have some adaptation projects to address coastal flooding and rising sea-level threats, the funding has been disparate and dispersed due to a lack of continuous, sizeable, and diverse financing options and does not come close to the requirement, given the risks, of covering potential disaster-related losses. Our findings further highlight the need to expand financing beyond multilateral funds and bilateral funding agreements and to include financial mechanisms that incentivize potential stakeholders to invest in projects that ordinarily are considered nonrevenue generating. © The Author(s) 2021.
9.	Clark, William. A., et al. (författare) Measuring isolation across space and over time with new tools: : Evidence from Californian metropolitan regions 2018 Ingår i: Environment and Planning, B. - : SAGE Publications. - 0265-8135 .- 1472-3417. ; 46:6, s. 1038-1054 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Studies of segregation continue to explore analytic tools to engage with patterns of separation within cities. In recent work, scale has emerged as an important dimension of understanding segregation - simply put, separation is strongly affected by the scale which is used in the measurement process. Levels of segregation are also influenced by the time in which the analysis takes place. We outline an approach to separation which has four dimensions - (1) using bespoke neighborhoods - who do you meet at varying scales, (2) measuring the size of the change in separation over time, (3) estimating the rate of change in separation across space and time and (4) visualizing the change, mapping changing levels of contact. The themes are explored using data from the diverse, multi ethnic neighborhoods in Californian metropolitan areas. The result of a bespoke neighborhood approach to segregation provides a more complete demonstration of the pattern of ethnic segregation. We know that there are declining overall levels of segregation, but while levels are decreasing for Whites they are increasing for Hispanics and Asians but at different rates depending on local contexts. Viewing assimilation in a multi-scalar visual context expands our understanding of segregation and assimilation.
10.	Colding, Johan, et al. (författare) The smart city model : A new panacea for urban sustainability or unmanageable complexity? 2020 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 47:1, s. 179-187 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Despite several calls in this journal of debating the rapid growth of the literature on “smart cities”, such a debate has in large been absent. Smart cities are often un-critically launched as a sustainable way of developing cities. When cities become increasingly complex as its features are wired into the Internet, theories for their understanding is lagging behind. As it is prospected that a greater number of people and things will become connected by Information and Computer Technology, the complexity of urban systems will over time increase. Historical insights reveal that as complexity in societies increase, growth in energy consumption tends to follow. In this paper, we discuss whether complexity carried too far could lead to diminishing returns of energy saving and create unmanageable urban systems. As part of initiating such a debate, this commentary asks whether the smart cities development has a bearing on the issue whether a society can erode its capacity of sustaining itself? We pose this question against the backdrop that no one actually knows what type of society the smart cities model in the end will generate.
11.	Feng, Chen, et al. (författare) Algorithmic definitions of street network centrality sub-shapes : The case of superblocks 2022 Ingår i: Environment and Planning, B. - : SAGE Publications. - 0265-8135 .- 1472-3417. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The shape and distribution of the most integrated streets, collectively called the integration core, is critical to the characterization of local and global street network types in the space syntax literature. The description of the shape, position, and distribution of integration cores relative to the underlying street networks, however, has remained largely intuitive. We propose analytic and algorithmic definitions of integration core types. We then study empirical and experimental superblock designs with rectangular boundaries, as a particular kind of urban spatial syntax. The analysis leads to a clear understanding of the different ways in which the local street network, internal to the superblock, is structured and interfaced with the perimeter. When used as part of an automated sorting and query process applied to a universe of experimentally generated designs, our definitions and algorithms provide new insights about the interplay between the local generators of street network differentiation and the emergent syntactic structures of the superblock as a whole.
12.	Feng, Chen, et al. (författare) Algorithms for the parametric analysis of metric, directional, and intersection reach 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:8, s. 1422-1438 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract By asking how much street length can be reached from a given origin within a specified distance limit, and by defining distance in different ways as a function of the physical or cognitive effort required to move in cities, the analysis of reach produces measures that effectively characterize street density, connectivity, and the associated urban potential. While the conceptual foundation for reach analysis has already been laid, the computational aspects have not been sufficiently addressed. We introduce the different graph representations and algorithms we developed to analyze metric reach, directional reach, and intersection reach—a new addition to the existing measures. The graph representation we developed for directional reach analysis also sets the foundation for more advanced graph-based street network analysis. We also provide formulae for computing the mean directional and intersection reach. Finally, we discuss common street network modeling issues that can be addressed by consistent mapping protocols.
13.	Feng, Chen, et al. (författare) Pathways to creating differentiated grids: Types, benefits and costs 2022 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 49:2, s. 535-548 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The patterns of syntactic differentiation and their causes and effects are fundamental to space syntax analysis. Often, however, differentiation is taken for granted with no reference to the dynamic process that brings it about. Here, we first show that by measuring the amount of syntactic differentiation, we can better distinguish between types of street networks. We then show that repeated local transformations of a regular street grid lead to different yet largely predictable trajectories of differentiation depending upon the rules used. Finally, we show that different paths to differentiation entail different costs in terms of undesirable properties. This allows us to better assess the likely consequences of design moves and their appropriateness relative to design intentions.
14.	Feng, Chen, et al. (författare) The definition of syntactic types : The generation, analysis, and sorting of universes of superblock designs 2018 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 47:6, s. 1031-1046 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Syntactic types are defined as sets of designs with particular properties. We are specifically interested in the definition of deformed grids, a particular type of street network internal to superblocks. The superblocks under study are surrounded by arterial streets and have traversing local main streets and internal street infills. The argument takes advantage of three kinds of rules or algorithms: generative rules that produce a universe of designs, analytical algorithms that can be applied to the description of properties of interest for each member of the universe, and query or sorting rules that allow us to identify those members of the universe that have particular ranges and combinations of properties of interest. The iterative application of analytical and sorting algorithms assists the transition from an intuitive to formalized definitions of type.
15.	Gil, Jorge, 1972 (författare) Street network analysis “edge effects”: Examining the sensitivity of centrality measures to boundary conditions 2017 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 44:5, s. 819-836 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract With increased interest in the use of network analysis to study the urban and regional environment, it is important to understand the sensitivity of centrality analysis results to the so-called “edge effect”. Most street network models have artificial boundaries, and there are principles that can be applied to minimise or eliminate the effect of the boundary condition. However, the extent of this impact has not been systematically studied and remains little understood. In this article we present an empirical study on the impact of different network model boundaries on the results of closeness and betweenness centrality analysis of street networks. The results demonstrate that the centrality measures are affected differently by the edge effect, and that the same centrality measure is affected differently depending on the type of network distance used. These results highlight the importance, in any study of street networks, of defining the network's boundary in a way that is relevant to the research question, and of selecting appropriate analysis parameters and statistics.
16.	Hellervik, Alexander, 1978, et al. (författare) Preferential centrality - a new measure unifying urban activity, attraction and accessibility 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8091 .- 2399-8083. ; 46:7, s. 1331-1346 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The fact that accessibility shapes the geographic distribution of activity needs to be addressed in any long-term policy and planning for urban systems. One major problem is that current accessibility measures rely on the identification and quantification of attractions in the system. We propose that it is possible to devise a network centrality measure that bypasses this reliance and predicts the distribution of urban activity directly from the structure of the infrastructure networks over which interactions take place. From a basis of spatial interaction modelling and eigenvector centrality measures we develop what we call a preferential centrality measure that recursively and self-consistently integrates activity, attraction and accessibility. Derived from the same logic as Google’s PageRank algorithm, we may describe its operation by drawing a parallel: Google’s PageRank algorithm ranks the importance of networked documents without the need to perform any analysis of their contents. Instead it considers the topological structure of the network and piggybacks thereby on contextualized and deep evaluation of documents by the myriad distributed agents that constructed the network. We do the same thing with regard to networked geographical zones. Our approach opens up new applications of modelling and promises to alleviate a host of recalcitrant problems, associated with integrated modelling, and the need for large volumes of socioeconomic data. We present an initial validation of our proposed measure by using land taxation values in the Gothenburg municipality as an empirical proxy of urban activity. The resulting measure shows a promising correlation with the taxation values.
17.	Hu, Bisong, et al. (författare) Geographical detector-based assessment of multi-level explanatory powers of determinants on China’s medical-service resumption during the COVID-19 epidemic 2023 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 50:7, s. 1739-1758 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Knowing the multi-level influences of determinants on medical-service resumptions is of great benefits to the policymaking for medical-service recovery at different levels of study units during the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. This article evaluated the hospital- and city-level resumptions of medical services in mainland China based on the data of location-based service (LBS) requests of mobile devices during the two time periods (December 2019 and from February 21 to March 18, 2020). We selected medical-service capacity, human movement, epidemic severity, and socioeconomic factors as the potential determinants on medical-service resumptions and then explicitly assessed their multi-level explanatory powers and the interactive effects of paired determinants using the geographical detector method. The results indicate that various determinants had different individual explanatory powers and interactive relationships/effects at different levels of medical-service resumptions. The current study provides a novel multi-level insight for assessing work resumption and individual/interactive influences of determinants, and considerable implications for regionalized recovery strategies of medical services.
18.	Kickert, Conrad Christiaan, et al. (författare) Surveying density, urban characteristics, and development capacity of station areas in the Delta Metropolis 2014 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091 .- 0265-8135 .- 1472-3417. ; 41, s. 69-92 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The combination of growing mobility needs and dwindling transportation budgets in the Dutch Delta Metropolis has raised the need for smarter use of existing public transport infrastructure. A significant portion of this smarter use may come from strengthening the ties between infrastructure improvements and transit-oriented development. To further this goal, the Delta Metropolis Association has developed SprintCity (SprintStad in Dutch), a serious game and planning support tool that engages stakeholders in transit-oriented development to explore interaction between transport and land use, as described in Bertolini’s node–place model. However, its underlying database has proven insufficient to draw conclusions regarding urban character and development capacity around stations. This paper focuses on morphological research that aims to improve this database by exploring the density and urban morphology of station areas in the Delta Metropolis beyond readily available statistics, and discusses the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of this survey. The surveying of station areas in 2010 was conducted by a team of six researchers, based on the Spacemate© methodology developed by Berghauser Pont and Haupt. The methodology allows detailed quantitative measurement of the density and spatial characteristics of clearly demarcated urban districts, defining their so-called ‘spatial fingerprint’. The resulting database of 850 districts in 55 station areas has served descriptive goals, strengthening the realism in the SprintCity game, and serves as the database for further establishing the development potential of station areas.
19.	Krukar, Jakub, et al. (författare) Embodied 3D isovists : A method to model the visual perception of space 2021 Ingår i: Environment and planning. B: Urban analytics and city science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 48:8, s. 2307-2325 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Isovist analysis has been typically applied for the study of human perception in indoor built-up spaces. Albeit predominantly in 2D, recent works have explored isovist techniques in 3D. However, 3D applications of isovist analysis simply extrapolate the assumptions of its 2D counterpart, without questioning whether these assumptions remain valid in 3D. They do not: because human perception is embodied, the perception of vertical space differs from the perception of horizontal space. We present a user study demonstrating that an embodied 3D isovist that accounts for this phenomenon (formalised based on the notion of spatial artefacts) predicts human perception of space more accurately than the generic volumetric 3D isovist, specifically with respect to spaciousness and complexity. We suggest that the embodied 3D isovist should be used for 3D analyses in which human perception is of key interest.
20.	Logan, T. M., et al. (författare) Evaluating urban accessibility: leveraging open-source data and analytics to overcome existing limitations 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8091 .- 2399-8083. ; 46:5, s. 897-913 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We revisit the standard methodology for evaluating proximity to urban services and recommend enhancements to address existing limitations. Existing approaches often simplify their measure of proximity by using large areal units and by imposing arbitrary distance thresholds. By doing so, these approaches risk overlooking vulnerable, access-poor populations - the very populations that such studies are often trying to identify. These limitations are primarily motivated by computational constraints. However, recent advances in computational power, open data, and open-source analytics permit high-resolution proximity analyses on large scales. Given the impetus for equitable accessibility in our communities, this is of fundamental importance for researchers and practitioners. In this paper, we present an approach that leverages these open source advances to (a) measure proximity using network distance at the building level, (b) estimate population at that level, and (c) present the resulting distributions so vulnerable populations can be identified. Using three cities and modes of transport, we demonstrate how the approach enhances existing measures and identifies service-poor populations where the previous methods fall short. The proximity results could be used alone, or as inputs to access metrics. Our collating of these components into an open source code provides opportunities for researchers and practitioners to explore fine-resolution, city-wide accessibility across multiple cities and the host of questions that follow.
21.	Lopes, Flávia, 1989, et al. (författare) Evaluating the impact of social housing policies: Measuring accessibility changes when individuals move to social housing projects 2023 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - 2399-8091 .- 2399-8083. ; In Press Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Addressing housing deficits and inequalities remains a key challenge for cities in promoting more sustainable urban development. In response to these challenges, governments around the world, particularly in the Global South, have made substantial investments in housing policies for middle- and low-income individuals. Nevertheless, while these initiatives increase housing provision, they often face criticism for not adequately considering the location of new residences. This oversight has far-reaching effects on the accessibility to essential facilities, which play a pivotal role in determining spatial advantages and disadvantages, and consequently, in the degree of inclusion of individuals in both the city and society. Addressing this critical role of accessibility, this paper introduces a methodology for assessing the potential impact of housing policies on the lives of their beneficiaries, by quantifying changes in cumulative accessibility levels between individuals' former house locations and the location of the housing projects into which they moved. Accessibility is calculated for three distinct transport modes: walking, cycling, and public transport, using unimodal and multimodal urban network models. A case study was conducted in Natal, northeastern Brazil, on the implementation of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida (My House, My Life, MCMV) housing policy, initiated in 2009 and still active today. The results of the study revealed a significant decrease in accessibility across all transportation modes when individuals moved to the new housing estates. The decline was particularly pronounced among individuals with lower incomes, potentially raising their regular expenses after relocation and, ultimately, leading to spatial isolation and social exclusion. These findings demonstrate the contribution of the methodology to capturing the impacts of housing policies on the everyday accessibility of their beneficiaries, while emphasizing the importance of re-evaluating these policies with a particular focus on fostering the social and urban inclusion of beneficiaries.
22.	Ma, Ding, 1987-, et al. (författare) Why Topology Matters in Predicting Human Activities 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7, s. 1297-1313 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Geographic space is best understood through the topological relationship of the underlying streets (note: entire streets rather than street segments), which enabales us to see scaling or fractal or living structure of far more less-connected streets than well-connected ones. It is this underlying scaling structure that makes human activities or urban traffic predictable, albeit in the sense of collective rather than individual human moving behavior. This power of topological analysis has not yet received its deserved attention in the literature, as many researchers continue to rely on segment analysis for predicting urban traffic. The segment-analysis-based methods are essentially geometric, with a focus on geometric details such as locations, lengths, and directions, and are unable to reveal the scaling property, which means they cannot be used for human activities prediction. We conducted a series of case studies using London streets and tweet location data, based on related concepts such as natural streets, and natural street segments (or street segments for short), axial lines, and axial line segments (or line segments for short). We found that natural streets are the best representation in terms of traffic prediction, followed by axial lines, and that neither street segments nor line segments bear a good correlation between network parameters and tweet locations. These findings point to the fact that the reason why axial lines-based space syntax, or the kind of topological analysis in general, works has little to do with individual human travel behavior or ways that human conceptualize distances or spaces. Instead, it is the underlying scaling hierarchy of streets – numerous least-connected, a very few most-connected, and some in between the least- and most-connected – that makes human activities or urban traffic predictable.
23.	Ma, Lei, Doktorand, et al. (författare) Simple agents - complex emergent path systems : Agent-based modelling of pedestrian movement 2024 Ingår i: Environment and planning B: Urban analytics and city science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 51:2, s. 479-495 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In well-planned open and semi-open urban areas, it is common to observe desire paths on the ground, which shows how pedestrians themselves enhance the walkability and affordance of road systems. To better understand how these paths are formed, we present an agent-based modelling approach that simulates real pedestrian movement to generate complex path systems. By using heterogeneous ground affordance and visit frequency of hotspots as environmental settings and by modelling pedestrians as agents, path systems emerge from collective interactions between agents and their environment. Our model employs two visual parameters, angle and depth of vision, and two guiding principles, global conception and local adaptation. To examine the model’s visual parameters and their effects on the cost-efficiency of the emergent path systems, we conducted a randomly generated simulation and validated the model using desire paths observed in real scenarios. The results show that (1) the angle (found to be limited to a narrow range of 90–120°) has a more significant impact on path patterns than the depth of vision, which aligns with Space Syntax theories that also emphasize the importance of angle for modelling pedestrian movement; (2) the depth of vision is closely related to the scale-invariance of path patterns on different map scales; and (3) the angle has a negative exponential correlation with path efficiency and a positive correlation with path costs. Our proposed model can help urban planners predict or generate cost-efficient path installations in well- and poorly designed urban areas and may inspire further approaches rooted in generative science for future cities.
24.	Ma, Lei, Doktorand, et al. (författare) Simple agents – complex emergent path systems: Agent-based modelling of pedestrian movement 2024 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 51:2, s. 479-495 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In well-planned open and semi-open urban areas, it is common to observe desire paths on the ground, which shows how pedestrians themselves enhance the walkability and affordance of road systems. To better understand how these paths are formed, we present an agent-based modelling approach that simulates real pedestrian movement to generate complex path systems. By using heterogeneous ground affordance and visit frequency of hotspots as environmental settings and by modelling pedestrians as agents, path systems emerge from collective interactions between agents and their environment. Our model employs two visual parameters, angle and depth of vision, and two guiding principles, global conception and local adaptation. To examine the model’s visual parameters and their effects on the cost-efficiency of the emergent path systems, we conducted a randomly generated simulation and validated the model using desire paths observed in real scenarios. The results show that (1) the angle (found to be limited to a narrow range of 90–120°) has a more significant impact on path patterns than the depth of vision, which aligns with Space Syntaxtheories that also emphasize the importance of angle for modelling pedestrian movement; (2) the depth of vision is closely related to the scale-invariance of path patterns on different map scales; and(3) the angle has a negative exponential correlation with path efficiency and a positive correlation with path costs. Our proposed model can help urban planners predict or generate cost-efficient path installations in well- and poorly designed urban areas and may inspire further approaches rooted in generative science for future cities.
25.	Maffini, Ana Luisa, et al. (författare) Inequalities in the potential movement of social groups: A network-based indicator 2024 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - 2399-8091 .- 2399-8083. ; In Press Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Accessibility and mobility are key concerns of sustainable cities, especially in the Global South, due to the strong social inequalities. This paper contributes to the literature on mobility segregation by focusing on the potential movement of social groups in the city. We conceptualize potential movement as a network centrality, acting as an indicator of population movement when performing daily activities (working, studying, shopping, etc.). This paper's objectives are (a) to identify the inequalities in potential movement of different social groups performing their daily activities; (b) to propose a network-based method to enhance our understanding of mobility inequalities; and (c) to address the context of medium-sized Latin American cities. We adopt a modified Betweenness Centrality model (Potential Movement) on a directed and weighted network. Our results show a similar pattern for both cities, with the CBD concentrating the potential movement for all groups; however, several inequalities were found. The high-income and white groups show higher levels of potential movement in the CBD and the low-income and non-white groups have a more distributed potential movement pattern, implying longer journeys to reach jobs and services. Income and race have shown to play a crucial role in those inequalities.
26.	Marcus, Lars, 1962-, et al. (författare) Cities as implements or facilities : The need for a spatial morphology in smart city systems 2017 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 44:2, s. 204-226 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In light of the urgent threats presented by climate change and rapid urbanisation, interest in ‘smart city systems’ is mounting. In contrast to scholarship that poses ‘smartness’ as something that needs to be added to cities, recent developments in spatial morphology research pursue a view of the built fabric of cities as an extension of the cognitive human apparatus, as well as a material formulation of social, cultural and economic relations and processes. The built fabric of cities needs to be understood as a highly intelligent artefact in itself, rather than simple, dead matter. The current focus on high-tech systems risks concealing the fact that the machine is already there. In contrast to the technological ‘implements’ of smart city systems, this article looks at cities as ‘facilities’ – that is, as technologies that slow down, store and maintain energy as a resource for a variety of purposes. The article builds on space syntax research in order to give precision to the understanding of the affordances the cities offer their various processes and the ways in which cities operate as information storage and retrieval devices for individuals and for society. The city must be considered, we argue, in terms of a range of tangled, interdependent systems, reaching from individual buildings to the whole city, an understanding anchored in notions of ‘diversity’ and ‘density’ (recently gathered under the concept of ‘spatial capital’) and in research addressing how the distribution of space and artefacts serve as means of knowledge communication (specifically, in complex buildings such as libraries and department stores). In conclusion, we argue that existing discussions on ‘smart city systems’ would benefit acknowledgement of the role of cities as facilities.
27.	Opach, Tomasz, et al. (författare) Identifying relevant volunteered geographic information about adverse weather events in Trondheim using the CitizenSensing participatory system 2023 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 50:7, s. 1806-1821 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The study set out to investigate how the experience of creating a map-based participatory system might help identify what is needed to support the production of relevant volunteered geographic information (VGI) about urban areas exposed to impacts of adverse weather events in Trondheim, Norway. This article details the systematic approach used to collect VGI, starting from the active engagement of end users during the design and development process of the CitizenSensing participatory system, through using the system in two VGI campaigns, up to the examination of the collected data. Although the VGI examination identified exposed areas in Trondheim, for instance, those that are likely to accumulate surface water from heavy rains or meltwater, the experience gained from the use of the CitizenSensing system helped to identify some critical points regarding the production of relevant VGI. Potential practical implications justify the need for VGI. For instance, in the case of Trondheim, relevant VGI may result in better planned municipal interventions regarding city infrastructure for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers, increased public awareness and access to local knowledge about areas exposed to inundation. The study also confirmed the need for adequate system components for VGI vetting and exploration in the post-collection stage to obtain a comprehensive insight into collected VGI.
28.	Page, Jessica, et al. (författare) Open-source planning support system for sustainable regional planning : A case study of Stockholm County, Sweden 2020 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications Ltd. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 47:8, s. 1508-1523 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Population increases and environmental degradation are challenges for urban sustainability. Planning support systems are available to assist local authorities in developing strategies toward sustainability and resilience of urban areas, but are not always used in practice. We adapted an open-source planning support system to the case of Stockholm County, Sweden, where there is a productive working relationship between researchers, city planners, and regional planners. We employed a collaborative approach in extending and updating the planning support system and analyzed the outcomes, in order to both improve the planning support system and to investigate the process of planner engagement in planning support system development. The approach involved systematic interactions with local planning authorities and e.g. additional data processing, integrating scientific knowledge, policy, and engagement by planners in the complex process of planning for sustainable urban development. This made the planning support system more user-friendly for local planners, facilitating adoption by planning authorities through overcoming common quality and acceptance barriers to the use of planning support system in practice. Involving planners in planning support system development thus increases (i) planning support system quality, producing relevant and up-to-date outputs, and (ii) acceptance for planning support system by regional planners. Further assessment is required to determine whether planners can operate the adapted planning support system unaided.
29.	Serra, Miguel, et al. (författare) Towards an understanding of morphogenesis in metropolitan street-networks 2017 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 44:2, s. 272-293 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We propose a GIS-based method to enable the understanding of how global street-network properties emerge from the temporal accumulation of individual street-network increments. The method entails the adoption of quantitative descriptions of individual street-patterns and of classification algorithms, in order to obtain numerically defined typomorphologies, which may then be statistically associated with the numerical outputs of street-network analysis. We apply the method to the case of Oporto Metropolitan Area, whose development we observed over 60 years. We isolate each increment of development entailing the creation of new streets (4208 objects), we quantify the morphology of their street-layouts, and we classify them into typomorphologies with clustering techniques. Through the investigation of the temporal and spatial frequencies of those typomorphologies, we assess their impacts on the street-networks of a set of selected civil-parishes of the metropolitan region, demonstrating that different typomorphological frequencies result in also different global street-network properties. We conclude by summarising the advantages of the method to generic urban morphological research and by suggesting that it may also contribute to inform bottom-up metropolitan spatial planning.
30.	Strumsky, Deborah, et al. (författare) Agglomeration effects as spatially embedded social interactions : identifying urban scaling beyond metropolitan areas 2023 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 50:7, s. 1964-1980 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Agglomeration is the tell-tale sign of cities and urbanization. Identifying and measuring agglomeration economies has been achieved by a variety of means and by various disciplines, including urban economics, quantitative geography, and regional science. Agglomeration is typically expressed as the non-linear dependence of many different urban quantities on city size, proxied by population. The identification and measurement of agglomeration effects is of course dependent on the choice of spatial units. Metropolitan areas (or their equivalent) have been the preferred spatial units for urban scaling modeling. The many issues surrounding the delineation of metropolitan areas have tended to obscure that urban scaling is principally about the measurable consequences of social and economic interactions embedded in physical space and facilitated by physical proximity and infrastructure. These generative processes obviously must exist in the spatial subcomponents of metropolitan areas. Using data for counties and urbanized areas in the United States, we show that the generative processes that give rise to scaling effects are not an artifact of metropolitan definitions and exist at smaller spatial scales.
31.	Strumsky, Deborah, et al. (författare) As different as night and day : Scaling analysis of Swedish urban areas and regional labor markets 2021 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 48:2, s. 231-247 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The urban scaling framework views cities as integrated socioeconomic networks of interactions embedded in physical space. A crucial property of cities highlighted by this approach is that cities act to mix populations, a mixing both facilitated and constrained by physical infrastructure. Operationalizing a view of cities as settings for social interactions and population mixing—assembling a set of spatial units of analysis which contain the relevant social aspects of urban settlements—implies choices about the use of existing data, the assignation of data to locations, and the delineation of the boundaries of urban areas, all of which are far from trivial research decisions. Metropolitan areas have become the spatial unit of choice in urban economics and economic geography for investigating urban life as they are seen as encompassing the distinct phenomena of “urbanity” (proximity, density) and social interactions indirectly captured through a unified labor market. However, the population size and areal extent of metropolitan areas, as most often defined, render opaque the distinction between two salient types of urban population: those who work and those who reside within a metropolitan area. These two sets of individuals, among whom of course there is great overlap, putatively engage in different economic and social interactions which are in turn differently embedded in physical space. Availing ourselves of Swedish micro-level data for two distinct spatial units, tätorts (“dense localites”) and local labor markets, we can distinguish which types of populations and which types of spatial agglomerations are responsible for the observed scaling effects on productivity and physical infrastructure. We find that spatially contiguous labor markets are not enough to generate some of the most salient urban scaling phenomena.
32.	Wilson, Alexander, et al. (författare) Urban planning, public participation and digital technology : App development as a method of generating citizen involvement in local planning processes 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:2, s. 286-302 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There has been a recent shift in England towards empowering citizens to shape their neighbourhoods. However, current methods of participation are unsuitable or unwieldy for many people. In this paper, we report on ChangeExplorer, a smart watch application to support citizen feedback, to investigate the extent to which digital wearables can address barriers to participation in planning. The research contributes to both technology-mediated citizen involvement and urban planning participation methods. The app leverages in-situ, quick interactions encouraging citizens to reflect and comment on their environment. Taking a case study approach, the paper discusses the design and deployment of the app in a local planning authority through interviews with 19 citizens and three professional planners. The paper discusses the potential of the ChangeExplorer app to address more conceptual issues, and concludes by assessing the degree to which the technology raises awareness of urban change and whether it could serve as a gateway to more meaningful participatory methods.
33.	Zhang, Wen, et al. (författare) What construct one's familiar area? : A quantitative and longitudinal study 2019 Ingår i: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. - : Sage Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:2, s. 322-340 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There is a lack of understanding of how certain characteristics of the urban environment influence an individual's spatial cognition and familiarity with surrounding areas, and, subsequently, their travel behaviours and how these change over time. This paper aims to address this research gap in exploring the dynamics of individuals' spatial cognitions by observing the changes of respondents' familiar areas over time, and investigating the possible determinants that constitute respondents' familiar areas. Panel data, containing two-week travel diaries and maps of familiar areas, were collected in four different waves over a seven-month period for 55 individuals in Stockholm, Sweden. The reported familiar areas for each individual were digitised into quantifiable variable form and further analysed by applying dynamic binary probit and linear regression models. The results show that, while familiar area is largely influenced by one's previous knowledge of the area, it is also continuously corrected by events in between. Different land use characteristics have different impacts on different social groups' travel patterns, thus contributing to the variability in the size of one's familiar areas.

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