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| 4. |
- Floros, Orestis, et al.
(författare)
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Vulnerability in Executive Functions to Sleep Deprivation Is Predicted by Subclinical Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2451-9022 .- 2451-9030. ; 6:3, s. 290-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sleep loss results in state instability of cognitive functioning. It is not known whether this effect is more expressed when there is an increased cognitive demand. Moreover, while vulnerability to sleep loss varies substantially among individuals, it is not known why some people are more affected than others. We hypothesized that top-down regulation was specifically affected by sleep loss and that subclinical inattention and emotional instability traits, related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, predict this vulnerability in executive function and emotion regulation, respectively.Methods: Healthy subjects (ages 17–45 years) rated trait inattention and emotional instability before being randomized to either a night of normal sleep (n = 86) or total sleep deprivation (n = 87). Thereafter, they performed a neutral and emotional computerized Stroop task, involving words and faces. Performance was characterized primarily by cognitive conflict reaction time and reaction time variability (RTV), mirroring conflict cost in top-down regulation.Results: Sleep loss led to increased cognitive conflict RTV. Moreover, a higher level of inattention predicted increased cognitive conflict RTV in the neutral Stroop task after sleep deprivation (r = .30, p = .0055) but not after normal sleep (r = .055, p = .65; interaction effect β = 6.19, p = .065). This association remained after controlling for cognitive conflict reaction time and emotional instability, suggesting domain specificity. Correspondingly, emotional instability predicted cognitive conflict RTV for the emotional Stroop task only after sleep deprivation, although this effect was nonsignificant after correcting for multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep deprivation affects cognitive conflict variability and that less stable performance in executive functioning may surface after sleep loss in vulnerable individuals characterized by subclinical symptoms of inattention.
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| 6. |
- Lindner, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Associations of Psychopathic Traits With Local and Global Brain Network Topology in Young Adult Women
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 2451-9022 .- 2451-9030. ; 3:12, s. 1003-1012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Psychopathic traits vary dimensionally in the population and are associated with multiple negative outcomes. The impaired integration theory (IIT) proposes that psychopathic traits are associated with abnormal neural network topology, such that disturbed integration of neural networks results in a self-perpetuating impairment in rapid integration and learning from multiple components of information. The IIT is based on findings from male offenders presenting high scores on all psychopathic traits. The present study investigated whether IIT predictions of topology abnormalities were associated with psychopathic traits, measured dimensionally, in young adult women with subsyndromal scores.Methods: Seventy-three women, with an average age of 25 years, were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised and completed resting-state magnetic resonance imaging. Preprocessed time series from 90 anatomical regions were extracted to form connectivity matrices and used to calculate network topology based on graph theory. Correlations between total psychopathy and factor scores with both the raw connectivity matrix and global and local graph theory measures were computed.Results: Total psychopathy scores and behavioral factor scores were related to connectivity between several pairs of regions, primarily limbic/paralimbic. Psychopathic traits were not associated with global topology measures. Topology abnormalities, robust across network formation thresholds, were found in nodes of the default mode network and in hubs connecting several resting-state networks.Conclusions: IIT predictions of abnormal topology of hubs and default mode network nodes with dimensionally measured psychopathic traits were confirmed in a sample of young women. Regional abnormalities, accompanied by preserved global topology, may underlie context-specific abnormal information processing and integration.
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- Tønnesen, Siren, et al.
(författare)
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Brain Age Prediction Reveals Aberrant Brain White Matter in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder : A Multisample Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 2451-9022 .- 2451-9030. ; 5:12, s. 1095-1103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share substantial neurodevelopmental components affecting brain maturation and architecture. This necessitates a dynamic lifespan perspective in which brain aberrations are inferred from deviations from expected lifespan trajectories. We applied machine learning to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices of white matter structure and organization to estimate and compare brain age between patients with SZ, patients with BD, and healthy control (HC) subjects across 10 cohorts.METHODS: We trained 6 cross-validated models using different combinations of DTI data from 927 HC subjects (18-94 years of age) and applied the models to the test sets including 648 patients with SZ (18-66 years of age), 185 patients with BD (18-64 years of age), and 990 HC subjects (17-68 years of age), estimating the brain age for each participant. Group differences were assessed using linear models, accounting for age, sex, and scanner. A meta-analytic framework was applied to assess the heterogeneity and generalizability of the results.RESULTS: Tenfold cross-validation revealed high accuracy for all models. Compared with HC subjects, the model including all feature sets significantly overestimated the age of patients with SZ (Cohen's d = -0.29) and patients with BD (Cohen's d = 0.18), with similar effects for the other models. The meta-analysis converged on the same findings. Fractional anisotropy-based models showed larger group differences than the models based on other DTI-derived metrics.CONCLUSIONS: Brain age prediction based on DTI provides informative and robust proxies for brain white matter integrity. Our results further suggest that white matter aberrations in SZ and BD primarily consist of anatomically distributed deviations from expected lifespan trajectories that generalize across cohorts and scanners.
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| 12. |
- Visser, Renee M., et al.
(författare)
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A Naturalistic Paradigm to Investigate Postencoding Neural Activation Patterns in Relation to Subsequent Voluntary and Intrusive Recall of Distressing Events
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2451-9022 .- 2451-9030. ; 7:10, s. 960-969
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: While neuroimaging has provided insights into the formation of episodic memories in relation to voluntary memory recall, less is known about neural mechanisms that cause memories to occur involuntarily, for example, as intrusive memories of trauma. Here, we investigated brain activity shortly after viewing distressing events as a function of whether memories for those events later intruded involuntarily. The postencoding period is particularly important because it is a period when clinical interventions could be applied. METHODS: A total of 32 healthy volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing distressing film clips, interspersed with 5 minutes of awake (postencoding) rest. Voluntary memories of the films were assessed using free recall and verbal and visual recognition tests after a week, while intrusive (involuntary) memories were recorded in a diary throughout that week. RESULTS: When analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging responses related to watching the films, we replicated findings that those "hotspots " (salient moments within the films) that would later become intrusive memories elicited higher activation in parts of the brain's salience network. Surprisingly, while the postencoding persistence of multivoxel correlation structures associated with entire film clips predicted subsequent voluntary recall, there was no evidence that they predicted subsequent intrusions. CONCLUSIONS: Results replicate findings regarding the formation of intrusive memories during encoding and extend findings regarding the consolidation of information in postencoding rest in relation to voluntary memory. While we provided a first step using a naturalistic paradigm, further research is needed to elucidate the role of postencoding neural processes in the development of intrusive memories.
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- Deserno, Lorenz, et al.
(författare)
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Volatility Estimates Increase Choice Switching and Relate to Prefrontal Activity in Schizophrenia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : ELSEVIER. - 2451-9022. ; 5:2, s. 173-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Reward-based decision making is impaired in patients with schizophrenia (PSZ), as reflected by increased choice switching. The underlying cognitive and motivational processes as well as associated neural signatures remain unknown. Reinforcement learning and hierarchical Bayesian learning account for choice switching in different ways. We hypothesized that enhanced choice switching, as seen in PSZ during reward-based decision making, relates to higher-order beliefs about environmental volatility, and we examined the associated neural activity. METHODS: In total, 46 medicated PSZ and 43 healthy control subjects performed a reward-based decision-making task requiring flexible responses to changing action-outcome contingencies during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Detailed computational modeling of choice data was performed, including reinforcement learning and the hierarchical Gaussian filter. Trajectories of learning from computational modeling informed the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. RESULTS: A 3-level hierarchical Gaussian filter accounted best for the observed choice data. This model revealed a heightened initial belief about environmental volatility and a stronger influence of volatility on lower-level learning of action-outcome contingencies in PSZ as compared with healthy control subjects. This was replicated in an independent sample of nonmedicated PSZ. Beliefs about environmental volatility were reflected by higher activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of PSZ as compared with healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that PSZ inferred the environment as overly volatile, which may explain increased choice switching. In PSZ, activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was more strongly related to beliefs about environmental volatility. Our computational phenotyping approach may provide useful information to dissect clinical heterogeneity and could improve prediction of outcome.
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| 17. |
- Feusner, Jamie D., et al.
(författare)
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Cytoarchitectonically Defined Volumes of Early Extrastriate Visual Cortex in Unmedicated Adults With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 2451-9022. ; 8:9, s. 909-917
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) misperceive that they have prominent defects in their appearance, resulting in preoccupations, time-consuming rituals, and distress. Previous neuroimaging studies have found abnormal activation patterns in the extrastriate visual cortex, which may underlie experiences of distorted perception of appearance. Correspondingly, we investigated gray matter volumes in individuals with BDD in the early extrastriate visual cortex using cytoarchitectonically defined maps that were previously derived from postmortem brains.METHODS: We analyzed T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 133 unmedicated male and female participants (BDD: n = 65; healthy control subjects: n = 68). We used cytoarchitectonically defined probability maps for the early extrastriate cortex, consisting of areas corresponding to V2, V3d, V3v/VP, V3a, and V4v. Gray matter volumes were compared between groups, supplemented by testing associations with clinical symptoms.RESULTS: The BDD group exhibited significantly larger gray matter volumes in the left and right early extrastriate cortex. Region-specific follow-up analyses revealed multiple subregions showing larger volumes in BDD, significant in the left V4v. There were no significant associations after corrections for multiple comparisons between gray matter volumes in early extrastriate cortex and BDD symptoms, comorbid symptoms, or duration of illness.CONCLUSIONS: Greater volumes of the early extrastriate visual cortex were evident in those with BDD, which aligns with outcomes of prior studies revealing BDD-specific functional abnormalities in these regions. Enlarged volumes of the extrastriate cortex in BDD might manifest during neurodevelopment, which could predispose individuals to aberrant visual perception and contribute to the core phenotype of distortion of perception for appearance.
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| 18. |
- Grodin, Erica N., et al.
(författare)
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Neural Correlates of Compulsive Alcohol Seeking in Heavy Drinkers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2451-9022. ; 3:12, s. 1022-1031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compulsive alcohol use, the tendency to continue alcohol seeking and taking despite negative consequences, is a hallmark of alcohol use disorder. Preclinical rodent studies have suggested a role for the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, and nucleus accumbens in compulsive alcohol seeking. It is presently unknown whether these findings translate to humans. We used a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm and tested the hypothesis that heavy drinkers would compulsively seek alcohol despite the risk of an aversive consequence, and that this behavior would be associated with the activity of frontostriatal circuitry.
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| 20. |
- Johnson, Kara A., et al.
(författare)
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Basal Ganglia Pathways Associated With Therapeutic Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette Syndrome
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2451-9022. ; 6:10, s. 961-972
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the globus pallidus internus (GPi) can improve tics and comorbid obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCB) in patients with treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome (TS). However, some patients’ symptoms remain unresponsive, the stimulation applied across patients is variable, and the mechanisms underlying improvement are unclear. Identifying the fiber pathways surrounding the GPi that are associated with improvement could provide mechanistic insight and refine targeting strategies to improve outcomes.Methods: Retrospective data were collected for 35 patients who underwent bilateral GPi DBS for TS. Computational models of fiber tract activation were constructed using patient-specific lead locations and stimulation settings to evaluate the effects of DBS on basal ganglia pathways and the internal capsule. We first evaluated the relationship between activation of individual pathways and symptom improvement. Next, linear mixed-effects models with combinations of pathways and clinical variables were compared in order to identify the best-fit predictive models of tic and OCB improvement.Results: The best-fit model of tic improvement included baseline severity and the associative pallido-subthalamic pathway. The best-fit model of OCB improvement included baseline severity and the sensorimotor pallido-subthalamic pathway, with substantial evidence also supporting the involvement of the prefrontal, motor, and premotor internal capsule pathways. The best-fit models of tic and OCB improvement predicted outcomes across the cohort and in cross-validation.Conclusions: Differences in fiber pathway activation likely contribute to variable outcomes of DBS for TS. Computational models of pathway activation could be used to develop novel approaches for preoperative targeting and selecting stimulation parameters to improve patient outcomes.
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| 21. |
- Mayo, Leah, et al.
(författare)
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Psychophysiological and Neural Support for Enhanced Emotional Reactivity in Female Adolescents With Nonsuicidal Self-injury
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2451-9022. ; 6:7, s. 682-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent in adolescent populations worldwide. Emotion dysregulation is believed to contribute to NSSI, but underlying mechanisms are less known. We combined psychophysiological and neural data with subjective self-report in close temporal proximity to examine the mechanisms underlying emotion processing in adolescents with NSSI relative to control adolescents without a psychiatric diagnosis. METHODS: Thirty female adolescents with NSSI and 30 age-matched female control subjects were included in this case-control study. Participants were presented with negative affective pictures during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. In a separate facial electromyography session, the same participants were shown positive and negative affective images and also provided ratings of valence and arousal. RESULTS: Participants with NSSI responded to affective images with greater positive (e.g., zygomatic) and greater negative (e.g., corrugator) reactivity. We found no differences in self-reported affect in response to the images. Analyses of the negative picture-viewing functional magnetic resonance imaging data showed a significant positive correlation between anterior insula response and the averaged electromyography magnitude in NSSI, but not in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with NSSI show enhanced emotional reactivity that is associated with anterior insula responding, but no abnormalities in self-reported affect. This discrepancy between self-report and objective measures of emotional reactivity potentially indicates a suppression of the emotional reaction in adolescents with NSSI. Moreover, the current data suggest potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches that can be combined with existing clinical treatment, such as real-time electromyography-based biofeedback focusing on emotional awareness, labeling, and expressing emotional experiences.
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| 22. |
- Paul, Elisabeth R., 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Functional Connectivity Between Extrastriate Body Area and Default Mode Network Predicts Depersonalization Symptoms in Major Depression : Findings From an A Priori Specified Multinetwork Comparison
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2451-9022. ; 4:7, s. 627-635
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundDepersonalization/derealization disorder is a dissociative disorder characterized by feelings of unreality and detachment from the self and surroundings. Depersonalization/derealization disorder is classified as a primary disorder, but depersonalization symptoms are frequently observed in mood and anxiety disorders. In the context of major depressive disorder (MDD), depersonalization symptoms are associated with greater depressive severity as indexed by treatment resistance, inpatient visits, and duration of depressive episodes. In the current investigation, we tested four network-based, neural-functional hypotheses of depersonalization in MDD. These hypotheses were framed in terms of functional relationships between 1) extrastriate body area and default mode network (DMN); 2) hippocampus and DMN; 3) medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum; and 4) posterior and anterior insular cortex.MethodsWe conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging during resting state on 28 female patients with MDD and 27 control subjects with no history of a psychiatric disorder. Functional connectivity between seed and target regions as specified by our network-level hypotheses was computed and correlated with scores on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale. We used a conservative, unbiased bootstrapping procedure to test the significance of neural-behavioral correlations observed under each of the four models tested.ResultsOf the four neural-functional models of depersonalization symptoms tested, only the model proposing that reduced connectivity between the extrastriate body area and DMN predicts higher levels of depersonalization symptoms in MDD was confirmed.ConclusionsOur results indicate that depersonalization/derealization disorder symptoms in patients with depression are related to reduced functional connectivity between brain regions that are proposed to support processing of body-related (extrastriate body area) and autobiographical (DMN) information.
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| 23. |
- Verharen, J. P. H., et al.
(författare)
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Insensitivity to Losses: A Core Feature in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. - : Elsevier BV. - 2451-9022.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) demonstrate aberrations in choice behavior, including impairments in laboratory measures of decision making. Although a wealth of studies suggest that these aberrations arise from alterations in value processing, it remains unclear by which core component of value processing this is mediated. Methods: We fit trial-by-trial data of patients with AN (n = 60 first cohort, n = 216 second cohort) and healthy control participants (n = 55) performing the Iowa Gambling Task to a computational model based on prospect utility theory. We determined, per participant, the best-fit model parameters and compared these between the groups. Results: Analyses revealed a decreased estimate of model parameter λ in patients with AN, indicative of an attenuation of loss-aversive behavior in the Iowa Gambling Task. In comparison, measures of reward sensitivity, value-based learning, and exploration versus exploitation were unaltered in patients with AN. A measurement in a second independent cohort replicated the finding that loss aversion, typically observed in healthy individuals, is reduced in patients with AN. Conclusions: We show that patients with AN, in contrast to healthy control participants, demonstrate reduced loss-aversive behavior. This finding provides important fundamental insights into the decision-making capacity of patients with AN, suggesting alterations in the mechanisms involved in value processing related to negative feedback. © 2019
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