| 1. |
- Blanco Penedo, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in cattle across three livestock pastoral regions in Kenya
- 2021
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI. - 2624-862X. ; 2:3, s. 425-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease, endemic in Africa, with a high case fatality rate. There is no efficient treatment or licensed vaccine. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CCHFV in cattle in extensive grazing systems (both pastoralism and ranching) within the Maasai Mara ecosystem, Nanyuki, and the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya. We conducted a seroepidemiological study of the sera of 148 cattle from 18 households from the three ecosystems in 2014, 2016, and 2019. Sera from 23 sheep and 17 goats were also obtained from the same households during the same period. Sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to CCHFV using the commercially available double-antigen ELISA kit. Overall, 31.5% CCHFV seropositivity was observed. The prevalence of CCHF was analyzed using a multiple logistic mixed model with main predictors. Risk factors associated with exposure to CCHFV were age (p = 0.000) and season (p = 0.007). Our findings suggest exposure to CCHFV and point to cattle as likely reservoirs of CCHFV in Kenya. The findings might play a role in providing better insights into disease risk and dynamics where analysis of tick populations in these regions should be further investigated.
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| 2. |
- De Vries, Ruben, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Dry Period Length of Swedish Dairy Cows on the Proteome of Colostrum
- 2020
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 1, s. 313-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of applying a 4-week instead of an 8-week dry period to dairy cows on the proteome of colostrum (first sample) and of transition milk (the fifth postpartum milk sample). Individual milk serum samples of colostrum and transition milk were analysed from 12 Swedish Holstein (SH) and 12 Swedish Red (SR) cows. Samples were prepared by filter-aided sample preparation and dimethyl labelling and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Shortening the dry period resulted in upregulation of 18 proteins in colostrum and transition milk of SR, whereas no statistical differences were found for SH colostrum and transition milk. These upregulated proteins may reflect a specific immune response in the SR samples that was reflected in colostrum as well as in transition milk. Upregulated proteins in colostrum seemed to reflect increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation in the periparturient period when a 4-week dry period was applied. The proteome data indicate that a dry period of 4 weeks to SR cows may not be sufficient for complete regeneration of the mammary epithelium.
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| 3. |
- Leahy, Eithne, et al.
(författare)
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Leptospira interrogans Serovar Hardjo Seroprevalence and Farming Practices on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in North Eastern India; Insights Gained from a Cross-Sectional Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 2:2, s. 231-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of major public health concern in India. Bovines play an important role in maintaining and transmitting this disease and proximity between dairy cows and humans makes the dairy cow-human nexus a transmission route of public health interest, yet one currently under-examined in North Eastern India. We report a cross-sectional survey carried out on small-scale dairy farms in the states of Assam and Bihar in North Eastern India investigating seroprevalence for Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo, the most common pathogenic serovar reported in cattle worldwide. Higher seroprevalence was reported on dairy farms in Bihar 4.5% (95% CI 2.6–7.5%) than in Assam 1.2% (95% CI 0.42–3.6%), but overall seroprevalence levels were low. The study is the first indication of leptospirosis circulating in small-scale dairy farms in these states. To correlate farming practices with zoonotic risk, we combined results from a dairy farmer questionnaire with cow seroprevalence. However, low seroprevalence levels found in this study made the identification of risk factors difficult. Nevertheless, poor farming practices around hygiene and biosecurity on dairy farms have been highlighted. Implementing simple measures could mitigate environmental contamination, and therefore, reduce the risk of Leptospira interrogans, and other zoonoses transmission, at the animal-environment-human interface.
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| 4. |
- Priyashantha, Hasitha, et al.
(författare)
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Composition and Properties Has Little Impact on Cheese Ripening: Insights from a Traditional Swedish Long-Ripening Cheese
- 2021
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 2, s. 336-355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The monthly variation in raw dairy silo milk was investigated and related to the ripening time of the resulting cheese during an industrial cheese-making trial. Milk composition varied with month, fat and protein content being lowest in August (4.19 and 3.44 g/100 g, respectively). Casein micelle size was largest (192–200 nm) in December–February and smallest (80 nm) in August. In addition, SCC, total bacteria count, proteolytic activities, gel strength, and milk fatty acid composition were significantly varied with month. Overall sensory and texture scores of resulting cheese were mainly influenced by plasmin and plasminogen activity, indicating the importance of native proteolytic systems. Recently, concepts based on the differentiated use of milk in dairy products have been suggested. For the investigated cheese type, there might be little to gain from such an approach. The variation in the investigated quality characteristics of the dairy milk used for cheese making had little effect on cheese ripening in our study. In contrast to our hypothesis, we conclude that as long as the quality of the milk meets certain minimum criteria, there are only weak associations between cheese milk characteristics and the time required for the development of aroma and texture in the cheese. To find answers behind the observed variation in cheese ripening time, studies on the effects of process parameters are needed.
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| 5. |
- Tråven, Madeleine, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of bovine norovirus and nebovirus and risk factors of infection in Swedish dairy herds
- 2022
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 3, s. 137-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enteritis is the major cause of mortality in neonatal calves. Diagnostic work to detect the pathogens involved and identification of risk factors for such infections are imperative to improve calf health. Bovine norovirus (BNoV) and nebovirus prevalence was investigated using RT-PCR in 50 dairy herds in five geographic regions of Sweden. BNoV and nebovirus were found to be common infections in young dairy calves. BNoV was detected in 20% of 250 calves in 48% of the herds. Nebovirus was detected in 5% of the calves in 16% of the herds. Both infections were present in three herds (6%). BNoV-infected calves were younger (median age 7 days) than nebovirus-infected calves (median age 21 days). These infections were not detected in adult cows and young stock over 6 months of age tested in selected herds. Risk factors identified for BNoV infection were a high number of preweaned calves present at the time of sampling, colostrum uptake by suckling the dam only, calf kept in a single pen, and geographic location of herd, while no risk factors for nebovirus infection were identified in the multivariable analysis. Univariable analysis suggested risk factors for nebovirus infection to be geographic location and early separation from the dam.
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| 6. |
- Kuboka, Maureen, et al.
(författare)
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AFM1 Secretion and Efficacy of Novasilâ„¢ Clay in Kenyan Dairy Cows
- 2022
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Ingår i: DAIRY. - : MDPI. - 2624-862X. ; 3:2, s. 220-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk has been widely reported in Kenya, with levels freqently exceeding national and international thresholds. Exposure to aflatoxin increases the risk of hepatic cancers and can also have other negative health impacts in children such as growth impairment and immunosuppression. Anti-mycotoxin agents (AMAs) included in contaminated feeds can greatly reduce the amount of AFM1 released in milk. A 45-day trial was designed to assess secretion of AFM1 in milk from individual cows fed commercial Kenyan dairy feed, as well as the efficacy of Novasil (TM) Plus in reducing the levels. A four-by-four Latin square cross-over design was used for the experiment. Four cows were fed on naturally contaminated with AFB1 feed, with levels ranging from 19 to 47 mu g/kg, and either no binder or inclusion of binder at the rate of 0.6 or 1.2%. Milk samples were collected each day and analyzed for AFM1. The results showed that AFM1 levels in the milk varied between the cows, even when fed similar levels of contaminated feed. On average, inclusion of 0.6% binder into the diet resulted in 34% decline in milk AFM1 levels, while 1.2% binder dose resulted in a decline of 45%. Significant reduction in AFM1 secretion was observed in all experimental units (p < 0.005), though only minimal reduction was recorded in one of the units (Cow 4) compared to the other three. This trial shows novel data on aflatoxin exposure and excretion in Kenyan dairy cows in a field setting where AFB1 level is uncontrolled. We demonstrate significant reduction in AFM1 secretion in milk using AMA, though AFM1 levels were still above the recommended EC standard of 50 LATIN SMALL LETTER ENGg/kg. This study suggests that AMAs alone cannot be relied on to reduce AFM1 in milk to safe levels. Training and good feeding practices are recommended in addition to use of AMAs.
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| 7. |
- Lindahl, Johanna
(författare)
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AFM1 Secretion and Efficacy of Novasil Clay in Kenyan Dairy Cows
- 2022
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Ingår i: Dairy. - 2624-862X. ; 3, s. 220-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk has been widely reported in Kenya, with levels freqently exceeding national and international thresholds. Exposure to aflatoxin increases the risk of hepatic cancers and can also have other negative health impacts in children such as growth impairment and immunosuppression. Anti-mycotoxin agents (AMAs) included in contaminated feeds can greatly reduce the amount of AFM1 released in milk. A 45-day trial was designed to assess secretion of AFM1 in milk from individual cows fed commercial Kenyan dairy feed, as well as the efficacy of Novasil™ Plus in reducing the levels. A four-by-four Latin square cross-over design was used for the experiment. Four cows were fed on naturally contaminated with AFB1 feed, with levels ranging from 19 to 47 µg/kg, and either no binder or inclusion of binder at the rate of 0.6 or 1.2%. Milk samples were collected each day and analyzed for AFM1. The results showed that AFM1 levels in the milk varied between the cows, even when fed similar levels of contaminated feed. On average, inclusion of 0.6% binder into the diet resulted in 34% decline in milk AFM1 levels, while 1.2% binder dose resulted in a decline of 45%. Significant reduction in AFM1 secretion was observed in all experimental units (p < 0.005), though only minimal reduction was recorded in one of the units (Cow 4) compared to the other three. This trial shows novel data on aflatoxin exposure and excretion in Kenyan dairy cows in a field setting where AFB1 level is uncontrolled. We demonstrate significant reduction in AFM1 secretion in milk using AMA, though AFM1 levels were still above the recommended EC standard of 50 ŋg/kg. This study suggests that AMAs alone cannot be relied on to reduce AFM1 in milk to safe levels. Training and good feeding practices are recommended in addition to use of AMAs.
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| 8. |
- Nyman, Ann
(författare)
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Herd Routines and Veterinary Advice Related to Drying-Off and the Dry Period of Dairy Cows
- 2022
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 3, s. 377-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bovine mastitis at calving or early lactation is often associated with intra-mammary bacterial infections (IMI) at drying-off (DO) or during the dry period (DP). The IMI risk is associated with management routines at the herd, but knowledge on how farmers and veterinarians comply with national recommendations is scarce, as is their attitudes to the importance of such routines. Therefore, the main aims of this study were to collect information on farmer routines and attitudes, and on veterinary advice and attitudes to DO and DP. Associations between routines and advice, and demographic herd and veterinary variables were also studied. Web-based questionnaires were sent to 2472 dairy farmers and 517 veterinarians. The answers were summarized descriptively, and associations with demographics were evaluated using univariable regression models. The response rate was 14% for farmers and 25% for veterinarians. Routines and advice were in line with recommendations at the time of the study in many, but not all, areas of questioning. Significant associations between herd routines or veterinary advice and demographic variables were also found. Milking system and post-graduate training were the variables associated with the largest number of farmer and veterinary answers, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicate a need for more education on good routines during DO and DP. It was also clear that the national recommendations valid at the time of the study were in need of revision.
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| 9. |
- Persson, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence of CAE and CLA in Swedish Dairy Goats and Comparison of Serum and Milk as Sampling Material
- 2022
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 3, s. 190-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) are two infectious diseases affecting goat welfare and production throughout the world. There are no current data regarding their prevalence in Sweden, and the aim of this pilot study was therefore to estimate the occurrence in Swedish milk-producing goats, but also to assess the agreement between milk and sera as sample material for diagnosis and to investigate the association between the somatic cell count (SCC) in bulk milk and the occurrence of CAE and CLA. Serum, individual milk, and bulk-tank milk samples were collected from 214 dairy goats in 10 herds. All samples were analysed by ELISA to detect antibodies for CAE and CLA, and 14.6% of the goats were seropositive for CAE, whereas 19.3% of the goats were seropositive for CLA. The agreement between individual milk and serum samples was over 90% for both diseases and individual milk samples can therefore be considered as an alternative material for analysis in a future eradication programme. Based on the limited number of samples, there was also a significant correlation between bulk-milk test results and within-herd seroprevalence for both CAE and CLA. The SCC in bulk-milk samples was measured using a DeLaval cell counter. The medium SCC was 639,000 cells/mL and no association between SCC and CAE or CLA could be found. The results indicate that CAE and CLA are two common diseases in Swedish goat herds, but further studies based on a larger number of herds are needed to draw conclusions about the national prevalence. The results also indicate that milk can be used as a more cost-effective sampling media for diagnosing CAE and CLA compared to serology, which is the standard procedure today. Hopefully, the results can support the establishment of a successful programme to control the diseases, with the ambition to eradicate CAE and CLA in Sweden.
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| 10. |
- Priyashantha, Hasitha, et al.
(författare)
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Milk Coagulation Properties - A Study on Milk Protein Profile of Native and Improved Cattle Breeds Types in Sri Lanka
- 2022
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 3, s. 710-721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was conducted to assess the variations of milk coagulation properties (MCP) among two native cattle types, e.g., Thamankaduwa White (TW), Lankan cattle (LC) and two improved cattle breeds, e.g., Friesian (FR) and Jersey (JS), in relation to distinctive milk protein compositions. MCP traits, including rennet coagulation time (RCT), curd firmness, meltability and yield, were measured. The milk protein profile of each breed/type was analyzed using capillary zone electrophoresis. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among two native and improved cattle breeds/types in relation to RCT. Friesian and TW milk had the longest and shortest (p < 0.05) RCT, respectively. There was no significant difference in firmness among the four breeds/types. The highest (p < 0.05) coagulum yield was recorded for TW milk, followed by LC, JS and FR. TW milk had the highest (p < 0.05) meltability values. As revealed by the protein profiles, κ-casein concentration was significantly higher in TW milk compared to the other three breeds/types. None of the other milk protein fractions showed significant differences among the four breeds/types. The overall results indicate the superior MCP of TW milk, emphasizing the value of native breeds which could be exploited in the development of niche dairy products while supporting the conservation effort of the native cattle gene pool.
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