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1.
  • Agostinelli, Marta, et al. (författare)
  • Mycobiome of Fraxinus excelsior With Different Phenotypic Susceptibility to Ash Dieback
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For the last two decades, large-scale population decline of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) has occurred in Europe because of the introduction of the alien fungal pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, from East Asia. Since European ash is a keystone species having critical importance for biodiversity, and only a small percentage of the ash population appears to show some tolerance against the pathogen, the loss of ash trees means that other associated organisms, especially those with high or obligate associations to ash, are at risk of further species declines. In this study, we used high throughput DNA sequencing and multivariate analysis to characterize: (i) the mycobiome in aerial tissues (i.e., leaf, bark, and xylem) of ash trees showing different phenotypic response to ash dieback, (ii) the temporal variation in fungal communities across the growing season, and (iii) the similarity in fungal community structure between ash and other common trees species that may serve as an ecological niche substitute for ash microfungi. Results showed that fungal communities differed among the three tissue types, susceptibility classes, in time and between sites. Trophic analysis of functional groups using the FUNGuild tool indicated a higher presence of pathotrophic fungi in leaves than in bark and xylem. The share of pathotrophic fungi increased along a gradient of low to high disease susceptibility in both bark and xylem tissue, while the proportion of symbiotrophic fungi correspondingly decreased in both tissue types. Neighboring, alternative host trees did not share all the fungal species found in ash, however, most microfungi uniquely associated to ash in this study are generalists and not strictly host specific. The progressive disappearance of ash trees on the landscape imposes a high risk for extinction of Red-listed macrofungal species, and breeding for resistance against ash dieback should help sustain important biodiversity associated to ash. Microfungal diversity though may be less prone to such demise since most ash-associated endophytes appear to occur on a broad range of host species. 
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2.
  • Angelstam, Per (författare)
  • Natural Disturbance-Based Forest Management: Moving Beyond Retention and Continuous-Cover Forestry
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Global forest area is declining rapidly, along with degradation of the ecological condition of remaining forests. Hence it is necessary to adopt forest management approaches that can achieve a balance between (1) human management designs based on homogenization of forest structure to efficiently deliver economic values and (2) naturally emerging self-organized ecosystem dynamics that foster heterogeneity, biodiversity, resilience and adaptive capacity. Natural disturbance-based management is suggested to provide such an approach. It is grounded on the premise that disturbance is a key process maintaining diversity of ecosystem structures, species and functions, and adaptive and evolutionary potential, which functionally link to sustainability of ecosystem services supporting human well-being. We review the development, ecological and evolutionary foundations and applications of natural disturbance-based forest management. With emphasis on boreal forests, we compare this approach with two mainstream approaches to sustainable forest management, retention and continuous-cover forestry. Compared with these approaches, natural disturbance-based management provides a more comprehensive framework, which is compatible with current understanding of multiple-scale ecological processes and structures, which underlie biodiversity, resilience and adaptive potential of forest ecosystems. We conclude that natural disturbance-based management provides a comprehensive ecosystem-based framework for managing forests for human needs of commodity production and immaterial values, while maintaining forest health in the rapidly changing global environment.
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3.
  • Bastos Lima, Mairon G., 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Commodity-Centric Landscape Governance as a Double-Edged Sword: The Case of Soy and the Cerrado Working Group in Brazil
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Persistent ecological and socio-economic impacts from the expansion of industrial monocultures in the tropics have raised land use sustainability to the top of the environmental policy agenda. As major crops such as soy continue to experience growing market demand and threaten both natural ecosystems and traditional populations, a number of multi-stakeholder governance initiatives have been established around agricultural commodity chains or key landscapes. Effectiveness in curbing unsustainable land use, however, remains limited. In this context, innovative initiatives have blurred the lines to combine both supply chain and landscape governance. We analyze such arrangements-here conceptualized as commodity-centric landscape governance (CCLG)-with an in-depth case study of the Cerrado Working Group, a multi-stakeholder initiative led by civil society and the soy agribusiness to address land use change in that savanna landscape in Brazil. The paper examines how that initiative has come about, its agenda, as well as usually underexposed political dimensions using agenda-setting theory. The research is based on extensive fieldwork in Brazil, with data collected through document analysis and 56 key-informant interviews. The findings suggest that a sustainable development agenda for the Cerrado has been substantially narrowed to become mostly one of conversion-free soy supply, serving more the interests of that agroindustry and its consumers than those of the landscape's most vulnerable stakeholders, such as local communities. While the Cerrado Working Group has importantly broadened the policy scope beyond commodity certification, its limited inclusiveness and a skewed agenda have led to instruments that target only soy farmers as beneficiaries. We conclude that, although effective for targeting conversion drivers, CCLG can crystallize and reinforce existing land use patterns by granting disproportionate power to dominant stakeholders, thus limiting the agenda to incremental changes. As a consequence, distant demand-side actors may exert greater governance authority than the landscape's own population. If embodying norms of inclusiveness and equitable participation, CCLG may serve as an entry point, but it does not per se replace inclusive land-use planning and integrated landscape governance.
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4.
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5.
  • Braun, Sabine, et al. (författare)
  • Nitrogen deposition in forests: Statistical modeling of total deposition from throughfall loads
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 2624-893X. ; 5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Nitrogen (N) gradient studies in some cases use N deposition inthroughfall as measure of N deposition to forests.For evaluating critical loadsof N, however, information on total N deposition is required, i.e., the sum ofestimates of dry, wet and occult deposition.Methods: The present paper collects a number of studies in Europe wherethroughfall and total N deposition were compared in different forest types.From this dataset a function was derived which allows to estimate total Ndeposition from throughfall N deposition.Results: At low throughfall N deposition values, the proportion of canopyuptake is high and thus the underestimation of total deposition by throughfallN needs to be corrected.At throughfall N deposition values > 20 kg Nha?1 yr?1 canopy uptake is getting less important.Conclusion: This work shows that throughfall clearly underestimates totaldeposition of nitrogen. With the present data set covering large parts of Europe it is possible to derive a critical load estimate from gradient studiesusing throughfall data.
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6.
  • Churchland, Carolyn, et al. (författare)
  • Dispersed Variable-Retention Harvesting Mitigates N Losses on Harvested Sites in Conjunction With Changes in Soil Microbial Community Structure
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As an alternative to clear-cutting, variable-retention harvesting is now standard forest management practice on the coast of British Columbia and in temperate forests globally, due to the benefits associated with maintaining mature forest species and forest structural diversity. Although there is some evidence that variable-retention harvesting, particularly single-tree (dispersed) retention will mitigate the impacts of clear-cutting on soil microbial communities and nutrient cycling, findings have been inconsistent. We examined microbial community structure (phospholipid-fatty acid), and nutrient availability (PRSTM probes) in a large (aggregated) retention patch and over three harvesting treatments: dispersed retention, clear-cut and clear-cut edge 2 years after harvest. Unlike previous studies, we did not observe elevated nitrate in the harvested areas, instead ammonium was elevated. Availability of N and other nutrients were surprisingly similar between the dispersed-retention treatment and the retention patch. The microbial community, however, was different in the clear-cut and dispersed-retention treatments, mostly due to significantly lower abundance of fungi combined with an increase in bacteria, specifically Gram-negative bacteria. This was accompanied by lower δ13CPDB value of the Gram-negative PLFA's in these treatments, suggesting the decline in mycorrhizal fungal abundance may have allowed the dominant Gram-negative bacteria to access more of the recently photosynthesized C. This shift in the microbial community composition in the dispersed-retention treatment did not appear to have a major impact on microbial functioning and nutrient availability, indicating that this harvesting practice is more effective at maintaining generic microbial functions/processes. However, as Mn levels were twice as high in the retention patch compared to the harvested treatments, indicating the other “narrow” processes (i.e., those performed by a small number of specialized microorganisms), such as lignin degradation, catalyzed by Mn peroxidase, which concomitantly removes Mn from solution, may be more sensitive to harvesting regimes. The effect of harvesting on such narrow nutrient cycling processes requires further investigation.
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7.
  • Covey, Kristofer, et al. (författare)
  • Carbon and Beyond : The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Gobal Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Amazon Basin is at the center of an intensifying discourse about deforestation, land-use, and global change. To date, climate research in the Basin has overwhelmingly focused on the cycling and storage of carbon (C) and its implications for global climate. Missing, however, is a more comprehensive consideration of other significant biophysical climate feedbacks [i.e., CH4, N2O, black carbon, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BV0Cs), aerosols, evapotranspiration, and albedo] and their dynamic responses to both localized (fire, land-use change, infrastructure development, and storms) and global (warming, drying, and some related to El Nino or to warming in the tropical Atlantic) changes. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of (1) sources and fluxes of all major forcing agents, (2) the demonstrated or expected impact of global and local changes on each agent, and (3) the nature, extent, and drivers of anthropogenic change in the Basin. We highlight the large uncertainty in flux magnitude and responses, and their corresponding direct and indirect effects on the regional and global climate system. Despite uncertainty in their responses to change, we conclude that current warming from non-CO2 agents (especially CH4 and N2O) in the Amazon Basin largely offsets- and most likely exceeds-the climate service provided by atmospheric CO2 uptake. We also find that the majority of anthropogenic impacts act to increase the radiative forcing potential of the Basin. Given the large contribution of less-recognized agents (e.g., Amazonian trees alone emit similar to 3.5% of all global CH4), a continuing focus on a single metric (i.e., C uptake and storage) is incompatible with genuine efforts to understand and manage the biogeochemistry of climate in a rapidly changing Amazon Basin.
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8.
  • Cusack, Daniela Francis, et al. (författare)
  • Tradeoffs and Synergies in Tropical Forest Root Traits and Dynamics for Nutrient and Water Acquisition : Field and Modeling Advances
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vegetation processes are fundamentally limited by nutrient and water availability, the uptake of which is mediated by plant roots in terrestrial ecosystems. While tropical forests play a central role in global water, carbon, and nutrient cycling, we know very little about tradeoffs and synergies in root traits that respond to resource scarcity. Tropical trees face a unique set of resource limitations, with rock-derived nutrients and moisture seasonality governing many ecosystem functions, and nutrient versus water availability often separated spatially and temporally. Root traits that characterize biomass, depth distributions, production and phenology, morphology, physiology, chemistry, and symbiotic relationships can be predictive of plants’ capacities to access and acquire nutrients and water, with links to aboveground processes like transpiration, wood productivity, and leaf phenology. In this review, we identify an emerging trend in the literature that tropical fine root biomass and production in surface soils are greatest in infertile or sufficiently moist soils. We also identify interesting paradoxes in tropical forest root responses to changing resources that merit further exploration. For example, specific root length, which typically increases under resource scarcity to expand the volume of soil explored, instead can increase with greater base cation availability, both across natural tropical forest gradients and in fertilization experiments. Also, nutrient additions, rather than reducing mycorrhizal colonization of fine roots as might be expected, increased colonization rates under scenarios of water scarcity in some forests. Efforts to include fine root traits and functions in vegetation models have grown more sophisticated over time, yet there is a disconnect between the emphasis in models characterizing nutrient and water uptake rates and carbon costs versus the emphasis in field experiments on measuring root biomass, production, and morphology in response to changes in resource availability. Closer integration of field and modeling efforts could connect mechanistic investigation of fine-root dynamics to ecosystem-scale understanding of nutrient and water cycling, allowing us to better predict tropical forest-climate feedbacks.
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9.
  • Eckdahl, Johan A., et al. (författare)
  • Climate and forest properties explain wildfire impact on microbial community and nutrient mobilization in boreal soil
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The boreal landscape stores an estimated 40% of the earth's carbon (C) found in terrestrial vegetation and soils, with a large portion collected in thick organic soil layers. These ground stores are subject to substantial removals due to the centurial return of wildfire, which has strong impacts on the soil microbial community and nutrient cycling, which in turn can control ecosystem recovery patterns and process rates, such as C turnover. Currently, predictive knowledge used in assessing fire impacts is largely focused on ecosystems that experience only superficial burning and few robust observations exist regarding the effect that smoldering combustion in deeper active soil layers has on post-fire soil activity. This study provided a highly replicated and regionally extensive survey of wildfire impact on microbial community structure (using fatty acid biomarkers) and nutrient cycling (using in situ ionic resin capsules) across broad gradients of climate, forest properties and fire conditions within 50 separate burn scars and 50 additional matched unburnt boreal forest soils. The results suggest a strong metabolic shift in burnt soils due to heat impact on their structure and a decoupling from aboveground processes, releasing ecosystem N limitation and increasing mobilization of N, P, K, and S as excess in conjunction with an altered, C-starved microbial community structure and reduced root uptake due to vegetation mortality. An additional observed climatic control over burnt soil properties has implications for altered boreal forest function in future climate and fire regimes deserving of further attention.
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10.
  • Ekström, Magnus, 1966-, et al. (författare)
  • A Comparison of Model-Assisted Estimators, With and Without Data-Driven Transformations of Auxiliary Variables, With Application to Forest Inventory
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forest information is requested at many levels and for many purposes. Samplingbasednational forest inventories (NFIs) can provide reliable estimates on national andregional levels. By combining expensive field plot data with different sources of remotelysensed information, from airplanes and/or satellite platforms, the precision in estimatorsof forest variables can be improved. This paper focuses on the design-based modelassistedapproach to using NFI data together with remotely sensed data to estimateforest variables for small areas, where the variables studied are total growing stockvolume, volume of Norway spruce (Picea abies), and volume of broad-leaved trees.Remote sensing variables may be highly correlated with one another and some mayhave poor predictive ability for target forest variables, and therefore model selectionand/or coefficient shrinkage may be appropriate to improve the efficiency of modelassistedestimators of forest variables. For this purpose, one can use modern shrinkageestimators based on lasso, ridge, and elastic net regression methods. In a simulationstudy using real NFI data, Sentinel 2 remote-sensing data, and a national airborne laserscanning (ALS) campaign, we show that shrinkage estimators offer advantages overthe (weighted) ordinary least-squares (OLS) estimator in a model-assisted setting. Forexample, for a sample size n of about 900 and with 72 auxiliary variables, the RMSE wasup to 41% larger when based on OLS. We propose a data-driven method for findingsuitable transformations of auxiliary variables, and show that it can improve estimatorsof forest variables. For example, when estimating volume of Norway spruce, using asmaller expert selection of auxiliary variables, transformations reduced the RMSE byup to 10%. The overall best results in terms of RMSE were obtained using shrinkageestimators and a larger set of 72 auxiliary variables. However, for this larger set ofvariables, the use of transformations yielded at most small improvements of RMSE,and at worst large increases of RMSE, except in combination with ridge and elasticnet regression.
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11.
  • Ellison, David, et al. (författare)
  • Managing Forests for Both Downstream and Downwind Water
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forests and trees are key to solving water availability problems in the face of climate change and to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. A recent global assessment of forest and water science posed the question: How do forests matter for water? Here we synthesize science from that assessment, which shows that forests and water are an integrated system. We assert that forests, from the tops of their canopies to the base of the soils in which trees are rooted, must be considered a key component in the complex temporal and spatial dimensions of the hydrologic cycle. While it is clear that forests influence both downstream and downwind water availability, their actual impact depends on where they are located and their processes affected by natural and anthropogenic conditions. A holistic approach is needed to manage the connections between forests, water and people in the face of current governance systems that often ignore these connections. We need policy interventions that will lead to forestation strategies that decrease the dangerous rate of loss in forest cover and that-where appropriate-increase the gain in forest cover. We need collective interventions that will integrate transboundary forest and water management to ensure sustainability of water supplies at local, national and continental scales. The United Nations should continue to show leadership by providing forums in which interventions can be discussed, negotiated and monitored, and national governments must collaborate to sustainably manage forests to ensure secure water supplies and equitable and sustainable outcomes.
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12.
  • Freitas, C., et al. (författare)
  • Incongruent Spatial Distribution of Taxonomic, Phylogenetic, and Functional Diversity in Neotropical Cocosoid Palms
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Biodiversity can be quantified by taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. Current evidence points to a lack of congruence between the spatial distribution of these facets due to evolutionary and ecological constraints. A lack of congruence is especially evident between phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity since the name and number of species are an artificial, yet commonly used, way to measure biodiversity. Here we hypothesize that due to evolutionary constraints that link phylogenetic and functional diversity, areas with higher phylogenetic and functional diversity will be spatially congruent in Neotropical cocosoid palms, but neither will be congruent with areas of high taxonomic diversity. Also, we hypothesize that any congruent pattern differs between rainforests and seasonally dry forests, since these palms recently colonized and diversified in seasonally dry ecosystems. We use ecological niche modeling, a phylogenetic tree and a trait database to test the spatial congruence of the three facets of biodiversity. Taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were negatively correlated. Phylogenetic and functional diversity were positively correlated, even though their spatial congruence was lower than expected at random. Taken together, our results suggest that studies focusing solely on large-scale patterns of taxonomic diversity are missing a wealth of information on diversification potential and ecosystem functioning.
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13.
  • Gundale, Michael (författare)
  • Pyrogenic Carbon Generation From Fire and Forest Restoration Treatments
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is a chemically stable form of carbon (C) generated during fire events and is one of the few legacies of fire recorded in soil; however, the significance of this material as a form of C storage in forest ecosystems has received only limited scientific attention, and currently relatively little is known regarding the quantity of PyC generated during forest restoration efforts that include prescribed (Rx) fire. Quantifying the rate of PyC production during fire events is essential to estimating the potential for ecosystem C storage in forest systems where wildfire is a common natural disturbance and Rx fire is used as a fuel management practice. In this paper, we report on the average mass of PyC formation during wildfire and Rx fire events in forest ecosystems through synthesizing data across 12 published studies; and we report empirical data on the mass of PyC generated in a replicated Rx fire study in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest ecosystem of the Rocky Mountain West. Our data synthesis showed that PyC (consisting of PyC from downed wood, O horizon, and mineral soil) was, on average, produced at a rate of 5.2 ± 2.5% of biomass exposed to fire in forest ecosystems, and a single wildfire or Rx fire event generated about 2.2 ± 1.7 Mg C ha−1 in the form of PyC. In our empirical study, we collected O horizon and surface mineral soil (0–10 cm) samples from the Fire and Fire Surrogates study plots in western Montana (treatments: control, thin, burn, thin&burn) that was burned in 2002 and analyzed for PyC content using a wet digestion method. The two Rx fire treatments had significantly higher PyC contents in the O horizon compared to the control. In the thin&burn treatment, PyC was formed at a rate of about 12% of total biomass consumed yielding ~2.24 Mg PyC C ha−1 in the O horizon. Mineral soil PyC contents were not affected by Rx fire. Wildfire and Rx fires generate a substantial amount of PyC which initially resides in the O horizon and serves as a stable form of ecosystem C.
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14.
  • Hüttnerová, Tereza, et al. (författare)
  • Drone microrelief analysis to predict the presence of naturally regenerated seedlings
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Three-dimensional (3D) mapping and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are essential components of the future development of forestry technology. Regeneration of forest stands must be ensured according to the law in the required quality and species composition. Forest management focuses on the optimization of economic costs and quality-assured seedlings. Predicting the suitability of the plots' environment for natural forest regeneration can contribute to better strategic planning and save time and money by reducing manual work. Although the savings may be considered negligible on small forested plots, they are significant for large cleared areas, such as those harvested after large beetle infestations or strong windstorms, which are increasingly common in European forests. We present a methodology based on spatial analysis and 3D mapping to study the microrelief and surrounding of recently cleared areas. We collected data on four plots in the spring and autumn of a single year after the harvest of four Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands near Radlice, Czechia using a multirotor Phantom 4 Pro UAV with a red, green, blue (RGB) camera. We used RGB imagery to compute microrelief data at a very high spatial resolution and the surrounding forest stands after harvesting. We used the microrelief data to estimate the amount of water accumulation and incoming solar radiation across the sites. Based on presence data of newly-established seedlings, we used linear mixed effects models to create a suitability map for each site. Model variables included topographic wetness index, solar area radiation, fencing, type of soil preparation, and distance to the nearest mature forest edge. The topographic wetness index and fencing had strong positive influence on seedling establishment, while solar radiation had a negative influence. Our proposed methodology could be used to predict spontaneous regeneration on cleared harvest areas, or it can estimate how much area is suitable for regeneration, which can lead to important investment decisions.
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15.
  • Jensen, Anna M., 1978-, et al. (författare)
  • Springtime Drought Shifts Carbon Partitioning of Recent Photosynthates in 10-Year Old Picea mariana Trees, Causing Restricted Canopy Development
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 3, s. 1-15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Springtime bud-break and shoot development induces substantial carbon (C) costs in trees. Drought stress during shoot development can impede C uptake and translocation. This is therefore a channel through which water shortage can lead to restricted shoot expansion and physiological capacity, which in turn may impact annual canopy C uptake. We studied effects of drought and re-hydration on early season shoot development, C uptake and partitioning in five individual 10-year old Picea mariana [black spruce] trees to identify and quantify dynamics of key morphological/physiological processes. Trees were subjected to one of two treatments: (i) well-watered control or (ii) drought and rehydration. We monitored changes in morphological [shoot volume, leaf mass area (LMA)], biochemical [osmolality, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC)] and physiological [rates of respiration (Rd) and light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat)] processes during shoot development. Further, to study functional compartmentalization and use of new assimilates, we 13C-pulse labeled shoots at multiple development stages, and measured isotopic signatures of leaf respiration, NSC pools and structural biomass. Shoot water potential dropped to a minimum of −2.5 MPa in shoots on the droughted trees. Development of the photosynthetic apparatus was delayed, as shoots on well-watered trees broke-even 14 days prior to shoots from trees exposed to water deficit. Rd decreased with shoot maturation as growth respiration declined, and was lower in shoots exposed to drought. We found that shoot development was delayed by drought, and while rehydration resulted in recovery of Asat to similar levels as shoots on the well-watered trees, shoot volume remained lower. Water deficit during shoot expansion resulted in longer, yet more compact (i.e., with greater LMA) shoots with greater needle osmolality. The 12C:13C isotopic patterns indicated that internal C partitioning and use was dependent on foliar developmental and hydration status. Shoots on drought-stressed trees prioritized allocating newly fixed C to respiration over structural components. In conclusion, temporary water deficit delayed new shoot development and resulted in greater LMA in black spruce. Since evergreen species such as black spruce retain active foliage for multiple years, impacts of early season drought on net primary productivity could be carried forward into subsequent years.
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16.
  • Jessen, Maria-Theresa, et al. (författare)
  • Understory functional groups and fire history but not experimental warming drive tree seedling performance in unmanaged boreal forests
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Survival and growth of tree seedlings are key processes of regeneration in forest ecosystems. However, little is known about how climate warming modulates seedling performance either directly or in interaction with understory vegetation and post-fire successional stages.Methods: We measured survival (over 3 years) and growth of seedlings of three tree species (Betula pubescens, Pinus sylvestris, and Picea abies) in a full-factorial field experiment with passive warming and removal of two plant functional groups (feather moss and/or ericaceous shrubs) along a post-fire chronosequence in an unmanaged boreal forest.Results: Warming had no effect on seedling survival over time or on relative biomass growth. Meanwhile, moss removal greatly increased seedling survival overall, while shrub removal canceled this effect for B. pubescens seedlings. In addition, B. pubescens and P. sylvestris survival benefitted most from moss removal in old forests (>260 years since last fire disturbance). In contrast to survival, seedling growth was promoted by shrub removal for two out of three species, i.e., P. sylvestris and P. abies, meaning that seedling survival and growth are governed by different understory functional groups affecting seedling performance through different mechanism and modes of action.Discussion: Our findings highlight that understory vegetation and to a lesser extent post-fire successional stage are important drivers of seedling performance while the direct effect of climate warming is not. This suggests that tree regeneration in future forests may be more responsive to changes in understory vegetation or fire regime, e.g., indirectly caused by warming, than to direct or interactive effects of rising temperatures.
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17.
  • Lopes, Gabriela Russo, et al. (författare)
  • Understanding deforestation lock-in : Insights from Land Reform settlements in the Brazilian Amazon
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cropland and pasture expansion continues to erase natural ecosystems at a staggering speed globally, notably in the tropics. Conventional policy approaches, usually focused on a particular land-use change driver (e.g., specific commodities) or individual regulations (e.g., the Amazon Soy Moratorium), have consistently failed to achieve sufficient or sustained results. The swift reversal of Brazil’s earlier success in reducing Amazon deforestation – now again accelerated – offers perhaps the most sobering illustration of that. Therefore, this article draws from scholarship on sustainability transitions to propose a more comprehensive systems view of unsustainable land-use patterns. We examine persistent tropical deforestation as a case of “lock-in,” using a transitions lens, and explore its constitutive elements. As a case study, we analyze the situation of Land Reform settlements in the Brazilian Amazon, where as much as one-third of that biome’s deforestation takes place. While subject to some specific factors, those places are also enmeshed in a broader setting that is common across the Brazilian Amazon’s deforestation frontier (e.g., infrastructure conditions, market demands, and sociocultural norms). Drawing from document analysis of Brazilian policies and fieldwork in three Land Reform settlements in Pará State, we expose multiple forms of techno-economic, institutional, and socio-cognitive lock-in that together drive deforestation systemically in those settlements. These drivers form a strongly consolidated socio-technical regime around large-scale agriculture that includes material and immaterial factors (e.g., cultural ones), a regime that not only resists change but also – like a vortex – pulls others into it. Escaping deforestation lock-in may thus require outside forces to help local actors destabilize and eventually replace this unsustainable land-use regime. International zero-deforestation efforts offer a starting point, but a transition requires moving beyond piecemeal, incremental change or end-of-pipe approaches and toward concerted, strategic action that addresses multiple of those regime elements in a coordinated way to replace it as a system. We argue that understanding deforestation lock-in is vital for tackling its worrisome persistence and that sustainability transitions theory offers an illuminating, but still underutilized, framework to analyze and eventually overcome unsustainable land use.
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18.
  • Lämås, Tomas, et al. (författare)
  • The multi-faceted Swedish Heureka forest decision support system: context, functionality, design, and 10 years experiences of its use
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For several decades, computerized forest decision support systems (DSS) have helped managers and decision makers to analyze different management options and supported the search for preferred management alternatives. In Sweden, a country rich in forests and with a long tradition in intensive forest management, such systems have been developed and available since the 1970s. Changes in societal as well as in forest owners' preferences and objectives in the 1990s led to a need for forest DSS handling broader perspectives compared to precedent single-objective timber-oriented systems. In Sweden, this led to the initiation of a research programme in the beginning of the 2000s aiming at developing a versatile and multi-objective forest DSS, resulting in the first version of the Heureka forest DSS released in 2009. The system handles several forest values, such as timber and biofuel production, carbon sequestration, dead wood dynamics, habitat for species, recreation and susceptibility to forest damages (spruce bark beetle, wind-throw and root rot). It contains a suite of software for different problem settings and geographical scales and uses simulation as well as optimization techniques. Three software handle projections of the forest using a common core of growth and yield models for simulating forest dynamics. A fourth software, built for multi-criteria decision analysis and including a web-version, enables also group decision making and participatory planning. For more than 10 years, the Heureka system has been used in teaching, environmental analysis, research and as decision support in practical forestry. For example, several research groups using the system for analyses in different problem areas have so far published more than 80 scientific papers. The system is used for nation-wide forest impact analysis for policy support and all large and many medium-sized forest owners use it for their long-term forest planning, meaning that it directly influences forest management decisions and activities on more than 50% of the Swedish forest area. Besides presenting the present system and its use, we also discuss lessons learned and potential future development.
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19.
  • Maaroufi, Nadia (författare)
  • Global change impacts on forest soils: linkage between soil biota and carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus stoichiometry
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X.
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • orest ecosystems are subjected to global change drivers worldwide, such as increasing temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide, nutrient pollution, as well as changes in fire and precipitation regimes. These global change drivers have greatly modified the biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), which has an impact on primary productivity in forest ecosystems and in turn, affect the quality and quantity of resources entering the soil food web. However, C, N, and P soil dynamics have been mostly studied without considering their coupling effects on soil organisms. This is of critical interest because changes in nutrient stoichiometry may have a strong effect on soil biota and the ecosystem functions they drive. Further, most studies have focused on global change effects on bacteria and fungi and their C:N:P stoichiometry, while neglecting other soil organisms at higher trophic levels. This has led to an incomplete understanding of how the entire soil food web drives ecosystem processes involved in organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling. Here, we review studies that investigated how global change drivers impact C:N:P stoichiometry of soil organisms at different trophic levels in forest ecosystems and identify important knowledge gaps. We propose future directions for research on global change impacts on the linkages between soil biota and C:N:P stoichiometry.
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20.
  • Manzoni, Stefano, et al. (författare)
  • Modeling microbial adaptations to nutrient limitation during litter decomposition
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Microbial decomposers face large stoichiometric imbalances when feeding on nutrient-poor plant residues. To meet the challenges of nutrient limitation, microorganisms might: (i) allocate less carbon (C) to growth vs. respiration or excretion (i.e., flexible C-use efficiency, CUE), (ii) produce extracellular enzymes to target compounds that supply the most limiting element, (iii) modify their cellular composition according to the external nutrient availability, and (iv) preferentially retain nutrients at senescence. These four resource use modes can have different consequences on the litter C and nitrogen (N) dynamics-modes that selectively remove C from the system can reduce C storage in soil, whereas modes that delay C mineralization and increase internal N recycling could promote storage of C and N. Since we do not know which modes are dominant in litter decomposers, we cannot predict the fate of C and N released from plant residues, in particular under conditions of microbial nutrient limitation. To address this question, we developed a process-based model of litter decomposition in which these four resource use modes were implemented. We then parameterized the model using similar to 80 litter decomposition datasets spanning a broad range of litter qualities. The calibrated model variants were able to capture most of the variability in litter C, N, and lignin fractions during decomposition regardless of which modes were included. This suggests that different modes can lead to similar litter decomposition trajectories (thanks to the multiple alternative resource acquisition pathways), and that identification of dominant modes is not possible using standard litter decomposition data (an equifinality problem). Our results thus point to the need of exploring microbial adaptations to nutrient limitation with empirical estimates of microbial traits and to develop models flexible enough to consider a range of hypothesized microbial responses.
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21.
  • Marques, Joana F., et al. (författare)
  • Taxonomic relationship among four European Physokermes species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) feed on a wide variety of agricultural crops and forest and ornamental trees worldwide. These pest insects damage plants not only by causing sap loss but also by reducing the plant's photosynthetic activity. This is because the honeydew they produce acts as a substrate for mold, which covers leaf surfaces. In the last decades, several outbreaks of Physokermes spp. (soft-scale insects) have occurred throughout Europe and have partly been attributed to unusual weather conditions or climate change, as some species seem to be expanding their distribution range. However, the small size of these insects and their large intraspecific morphological variation have hindered the identification of the species responsible for outbreaks. Methods: In this study, mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI), ribosomal RNA (28S), and nuclear (elongation factor 1α, EF1α) DNA markers were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of four Physokermes species sampled throughout Europe in 2013–2015. Results and discussion: The results allowed us to clearly distinguish P. hellenicus and P. inopinatus from each other, as these appeared in well-supported clades in the phylogenetic trees and from P. piceae and P. hemicryphys. However, P. hemicryphus appeared in a single clade in trees based on 28S and EF1α but among P. piceae in the COI tree. Further investigations are therefore required to determine the taxonomic status of P. piceae and P. hemicryphys, which seem to comprise a species complex.
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22.
  • Moliterno, Antonioni Acacio Campos, et al. (författare)
  • Field effects of oxygenated monoterpenes and estragole combined with pheromone on attraction of Ips typographus and its natural enemies
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Central European Norway spruce monocultures face Ips typographus outbreaks due to decreasing resistance. These beetles use volatile compounds to communicate and select suitable host trees. Spruce trees, beetles, and their symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi emit oxygenated monoterpenes, including 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol, camphor, carvone, terpinen-4-ol, isopinocamphone, and pinocamphone, and the phenylpropanoid estragole, particularly in the infestation phase. These compounds trigger strong responses in I. typographus antennae, motivating our field study.Objective: This study aimed to assess how adding these compounds to the aggregation pheromone of Ips typographus modulates the attraction of this bark beetle and its natural enemies.Methods: In combination with I. typographus pheromone, estragole, 1,8-cineole, (+/-)-camphor, (-)-carvone, alpha-terpineol, (-)-terpinen-4-ol, (+)-pinocamphone, and (+)-isopinocamphone at low, medium, and high doses were tested in pheromone traps at two sites in the Czech Republic.Results: All 1,8-cineole doses and the high estragole dose acted as anti-attractants for I. typographus, whereas all (+)-isopinocamphone doses enhanced their attraction to pheromone. Catches of natural enemies, the Staphylinidae and Pteromalidae, varied by location.Conclusion: 1,8-cineole, isopinocamphone, and estragole may play vital roles in tritrophic interactions among spruce trees, and I. typographus and its natural enemies, and these compounds may be developed into new or enhanced semiochemical-based pest control methods.
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23.
  • Mrad, Assaad, et al. (författare)
  • Recovering the Metabolic, Self-Thinning, and Constant Final Yield Rules in Mono-Specific Stands
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Competition among plants of the same species often results in power-law relations between measures of crowding, such as plant density, and average size, such as individual biomass. Yoda's self-thinning rule, the constant final yield rule, and metabolic scaling, all link individual plant biomass to plant density and are widely applied in crop, forest, and ecosystem management. These dictate how plant biomass increases with decreasing plant density following a given power-law exponent and a constant of proportionality. While the exponent has been proposed to be universal and thus independent of species, age, environmental, and edaphic conditions, different theoretical mechanisms yield absolute values ranging from less than 1 to nearly 2. Here, eight hypothetical mechanisms linking the exponent to constraints imposed on plant competition are featured and contrasted. Using dimensional considerations applied to plants growing isometrically, the predicted exponent is -3/2 (Yoda's rule). Other theories based on metabolic arguments and network transport predict an exponent of -4/3. These rules, which describe stand dynamics over time, differ from the rule of constant final yield that predicts an exponent of -1 between the initial planting density and the final yield attained across stands. The latter can be recovered from statistical arguments applied at the time scale in which the site carrying capacity is approached. Numerical models of plant competition produce plant biomass-density scaling relations with an exponent between -0.9 and -1.8 depending on the mechanism and strength of plant-plant interaction. These different mechanisms are framed here as a generic dynamical system describing the scaled-up carbon economy of all plants in an ecosystem subject to differing constraints. The implications of these mechanisms for forest management under a changing climate are discussed and recent research on the effects of changing aridity and site quality on self-thinning are highlighted.
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24.
  • Palmqvist, Kristin, et al. (författare)
  • Contrasting Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Phosphorus in a Northern Boreal Forest
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-893X. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ecosystem responses of carbon and nitrogen (N) biogeochemistry to N deposition have a high variation across sites. Phosphorus (P), which can interact strongly with N, can be the cause of some of this variation. We quantified plant N and P concentrations and estimated P stocks in aboveground foliage, and soil O-horizon P concentrations and stocks after 18 years in a long-term stand-scale (0.1 ha) N addition experiment [12.5 kg (N1) and 50 kg (N2) N ha(-1) year(-1)] in a c. 100-years-old boreal spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] forest. Basal area growth had increased by 65% in the N2 treatment compared to control, along with a higher leaf area index, and lower litter decomposition rates. The higher tree growth occurred during the initial c. 10-years period thereafter resuming to control rates. We hypothesized that increased plant demand for P together with decreased recycling of organic matter in this initially N limited system may have decreased plant-available P, with possible consequences for longer-term biogeochemistry and ecosystem production. However, resin-extractable P did not differ between the three treatments (0.32 kg P ha(-1)), and plant NP ratios and P concentrations and O-horizon P characteristics were similar in the N1 and control treatments. The N2 treatment doubled total P in the O-horizon (100 vs. 54 kg P ha(-1)), explained by an increase in organic P The N concentration, NP ratio, and spruce needle biomass were higher in N2, while the P stock in current year needles was similar as in the control due to a lower P concentration. In addition to P dilution, increased light competition and/or premature aging may have caused the reduction of N-stimulated growth of the trees. For the dominant understory shrub [Vaccinium myrtillus (L.)] no changes in growth was apparent in N2 despite a significantly higher NP ratio compared to control (15 vs. 9, respectively). We therefore conclude that increased NP ratio of vegetation cannot be used as a sole indicator of P limitation. The vegetation and O-horizon changes in N2 were still large enough to merit further studies addressing whether such high N loads may alter ecosystem biogeochemistry toward P limitation. For the lower N addition rate, relevant from an anthropogenic N deposition perspective, we suggest it had no such effect.
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25.
  • Plumptre, A. J., et al. (författare)
  • Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Conservation efforts should target the few remaining areas of the world that represent outstanding examples of ecological integrity and aim to restore ecological integrity to a much broader area of the world with intact habitat and minimal species loss while this is still possible. There have been many assessments of "intactness" in recent years but most of these use measures of anthropogenic impact at a site, rather than faunal intactness or ecological integrity. This paper makes the first assessment of faunal intactness for the global terrestrial land surface and assesses how many ecoregions have sites that could qualify as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs - sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) based on their outstanding ecological integrity (under KBA Criterion C). Three datasets are combined on species loss at sites to create a new spatially explicit map of numbers of species extirpated. Based on this map it is estimated that no more than 2.9% of the land surface can be considered to be faunally intact. Additionally, using habitat/density distribution data for 15 large mammals we also make an initial assessment of areas where mammal densities are reduced, showing a further decrease in surface area to 2.8% of the land surface that could be considered functionally intact. Only 11% of the functionally intact areas that were identified are included within existing protected areas, and only 4% within existing KBAs triggered by other criteria. Our findings show that the number of ecoregions that could qualify as Criterion C KBAs could potentially increase land area up to 20% if their faunal composition was restored with the reintroduction of 1-5 species. Hence, if all necessary requirements are met in order to reintroduce species and regain faunal integrity, this will increase ecological integrity across much of the area where human impacts are low (human footprint <= 4). Focusing restoration efforts in these areas could significantly increase the area of the planet with full ecological integrity.
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26.
  • Rütting, Tobias, 1977, et al. (författare)
  • Low Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Boreal Spruce Forest Soil, Despite Long-Term Fertilization
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Nitrogen (N) fertilization can increase stem wood production by several hundred percent in boreal forests. At the same time, there are concerns about the environmental consequences of N fertilization, especially considering losses of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. Soils are a large contributor to N2O emissions on a global scale. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of long-term nutrient optimization fertilization on N2O emissions in a boreal forest in Northern Sweden. Field N2O flux measurements were conducted during 2 years with manual and automatic chambers, as well as gas probes in the snow. The N2O emissions were generally low during the whole period of measurements, both from the control and fertilized plots. The emissions were generally highest during the winters, as well as the variability in the observed values. Overall, N2O emissions from fertilized plots were about twice the control, which could be explained by changes in the soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio.
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27.
  • Schiestl-Aalto, Pauliina (författare)
  • Analysis of the NSC Storage Dynamics in Tree Organs Reveals the Allocation to Belowground Symbionts in the Framework of Whole Tree Carbon Balance
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Photosynthesis is not entirely synchronized with carbon sinks, implying that trees are capable of storing non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), such as soluble sugars and starch. These storages provide a buffer between carbohydrate supply and demand and also allow trees to resist drought through osmoregulation. However, estimates of the total pool size and seasonal dynamics of the NSC storage of mature trees are still rare. Part of NSC is allocated outside roots, mainly to symbiotic, root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. The quantity and dynamics of this allocation are difficult to estimate in field conditions due to the close interaction between the symbionts. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the temporal development of NSC concentrations in tree organs, (2) upscale the storage compounds to whole-tree level and (3) analyse the significance of NSC allocation to belowground symbionts as part of the carbon balance in mature pines in a boreal Scots pine stand in southern Finland. We took samples every 2-4 weeks of needles, fine roots, stem wood, shoot wood and phloem from 1 to 3 trees in 2015. Concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were analyzed from the samples and upscaled to tree level. For quantifying the third aim, we used a whole-tree carbon balance model CASSIA that incorporates daily photosynthesis, respiration and organ-specific growth as functions of environmental factors. In this study, we included the allocation to belowground symbionts as an additional carbon sink and scaled the flux using the NSC pool over the whole tree. We observed that organ-specific NSC concentrations were highest in phloem, needles and fine roots. Total NSC increased in spring, peaked duringmid-summer and decreased again in autumn without any notable decrease during the most intensive growth period at midsummer. In the model analysis, 6% of yearly photosynthesis was allocated to the root-associated symbionts. The study highlights the applicability of the carbon balance approach in evaluating the importance of processes that cannot yet be directly measured.
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28.
  • Schwartz, Naomi B., et al. (författare)
  • Topography and Traits Modulate Tree Performance and Drought Response in a Tropical Forest
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 2624-893X. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Predicting drought responses of individual trees in tropical forests remains challenging, in part because trees experience drought differently depending on their position in spatially heterogeneous environments. Specifically, topography and the competitive environment can influence the severity of water stress experienced by individual trees, leading to individual-level variation in drought impacts. A drought in 2015 in Puerto Rico provided the opportunity to assess how drought response varies with topography and neighborhood crowding in a tropical forest. In this study, we integrated 3 years of annual census data from the El Yunque Chronosequence plots with measurements of functional traits and LiDAR-derived metrics of microsite topography. We fit hierarchical Bayesian models to examine how drought, microtopography, and neighborhood crowding influence individual tree growth and survival, and the role functional traits play in mediating species' responses to these drivers. We found that while growth was lower during the drought year, drought had no effect on survival, suggesting that these forests are fairly resilient to a single-year drought. However, growth response to drought, as well as average growth and survival, varied with topography: tree growth in valley-like microsites was more negatively affected by drought, and survival was lower on steeper slopes while growth was higher in valleys. Neighborhood crowding reduced growth and increased survival, but these effects did not vary between drought/non-drought years. Functional traits provided some insight into mechanisms by which drought and topography affected growth and survival. For example, trees with high specific leaf area grew more slowly on steeper slopes, and high wood density trees were less sensitive to drought. However, the relationships between functional traits and response to drought and topography were weak overall. Species sorting across microtopography may drive observed relationships between average performance, drought response, and topography. Our results suggest that understanding species' responses to drought requires consideration of the microenvironments in which they grow. Complex interactions between regional climate, topography, and traits underlie individual and species variation in drought response.
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29.
  • Snäll, Tord (författare)
  • Impacts of Forest Management on Forest Bird Occurrence Patterns-A Case Study in Central Europe
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 05
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The global increase in demand for wood products, calls for a more sustainable management of forests to optimize both the production of wood and the conservation of forest biodiversity. In this paper, we evaluate the status and future trends of forest birds in Central European forests, assuming different forest management scenarios that to a varying degree respond to the demand for wood production. To this end, we use niche models (Boosted Regression Trees and Generalized Linear Models) to model the responses of 15 forest bird species to predictors related to forest stand (e.g., stand volume of specific tree species) and landscape structure (e.g., percentage cover), and to climate (bioclimatic variables). We then define five distinct forest management scenarios, ranging from set-aside to productivity-driven scenarios, project them 100 years into the future, and apply our niche models into these scenarios to assess the birds' responses to different forest management alternatives. Our models show that the species' responses to management vary reflecting differences in their ecological niches, and consequently, no single management practice can benefit all species if applied across the whole landscape. Thus, we conclude that in order to promote the overall forest bird species richness in the study region, it is necessary to manage the forests in a multi-functional way, e.g., by spatially optimizing the management practices in the landscape.
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30.
  • Spohn, Marie (författare)
  • Phosphorus Availability Alters the Effect of Tree Girdling on the Diversity of Phosphorus Solubilizing Soil Bacterial Communities in Temperate Beech Forests
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Phosphorus (P) solubilization is an important process for P acquisition by plants and soil microbes in most temperate forests. The abundance of inorganic P solubilizing bacteria (PSB) is affected by the P concentration in the soil and the carbon input by plants. We used a girdling approach to investigate the interplay of root-derived C and initial P content on the community composition of gcd-harboring bacteria as an example of PSB, which produce gluconic acid. We hypothesized that gcd-harboring PSB communities from P-poor sites are more vulnerable to girdling, because of their lower diversity, and that a shift in gcd-harboring PSB communities by girdling is caused by a response of few, mostly oligotrophic, taxa. We used a high-throughput metabarcoding approach targeting the gcd gene, which codes for the quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the solubilization of inorganic R We compared the diversity of gcd-harboring PSB in the mineral topsoil from two temperate beech forests with contrasting P stocks, where girdling was applied and compared our data to the respective control plots with untreated young beech trees. At both sites, gcd-harboring PSB were dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, however, with differences in relative abundance pattern on the higher phylogenetic levels. The P-poor site was characterized by a high relative abundance of Kaistia, whereas at the P-rich site, Dongia dominated the gcd-harboring bacterial communities. Girdling induced an increase in the relative abundance of Kaistia at the P-poor site, whereas other bacterial groups of the family Rhizobiaceae were reduced. At the P-rich site, major microbial responders differed between treatments and mostly Bradyrhizobium and Burkholderia were positively affected by girdling in contrast to uncultured Acidobacteria, where reduced relative abundance was found. Overall, these effects were consistent at different time points analyzed after the introduction of girdling. Our data demonstrate that plant-derived carbon influences community structure of gcd-harboring bacteria in temperate beech forest soils.
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31.
  • Stryamets, Nataliya (författare)
  • "Forest is integral to life": people-forest relations in the lower river region, the Gambia
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • IntroductionForests play a crucial role in the lives of millions of people worldwide by providing material and non-material contributions. Despite forests' paramount importance from ecological, economic, and cultural perspectives, the long-term relationship between forests and local communities living in their proximity is often an undervalued contribution to our understanding of local ecological knowledge systems and forest changes.MethodsWe studied the interrelationships between the Mandinka peoples and forests in an understudied area of West Africa, the Gambia's Lower River Region (LRR). Through 35 semi-structured interviews, we documented the forests' contributions to local Mandinka peoples and their perception of forest changes. We also used geographic information systems (GIS software) for remote sensing satellite imagery to establish a baseline for these complex connections and changes.ResultsThis research revealed the crucial importance of the forest's contributions to Mandinka communities and specifically to their psychological well-being. In addition, the interviewees revealed how ongoing socio-economic changes are affecting the human-forest relationship and possibly eroding the local ethnoforestry knowledge in the LRR of the Gambia. The most common forest contributions are those that provide material goods, serving as the driving force in connecting people with the forest, while non-material contributions are eroding due to complex socio-economic changes. Major socio-economic changes are also believed to drive the shift from dense forest to mixed forest and grassland.DiscussionIn line with the state of the art, the knowledge and perception of changes documented in this article underline the quintessential need to include local communities' views in shaping forest management, in order to better fine-tune the strategies to safeguard biocultural diversity across forest areas.
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32.
  • Tigabu, Mulualem (författare)
  • Impact of forest fire on radial growth of tree rings and their element concentrations of Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii in northern China
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • AimsThrough analyzing the responses of the radial growth and element concentrations (B, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Na, P, Ni, and Cu) of tree rings of two dominant tree species to forest fires, we aimed to investigate the relationship between tree rings and the fires. MethodsWe sampled wood cores of Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii in the northern forest region of China, where forest fires happened in 1990 and 2008. The ring-width growth of P. sylvestris and L. gmelinii from 1986 to 1995 and 2004 to 2013 in two sites of Tahe County were measured. Element concentrations in tree rings were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). ResultsOur results showed that tree-ring radial growth was largely reduced after the fire, together with the increase in concentrations of B, Al, Mn, and Fe but the decrease in some samples in K. Strong correlations were observed between tree-ring growth and concentrations of Mg and Mn of P. sylvestris and Znof L. gmelinii. DiscussionThe results provide evidence that variations in tree-ring growth and element concentrations, particularly concentrations of B, Al, Mn, and Fe, are potentially useful to monitor forest fires, which add new insights into the study of forest fire history.
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33.
  • Tigabu, Mulualem (författare)
  • Rhizosphere soil nutrients and bacterial community diversity of four broad-leaved trees planted under Chinese fir stands with different stocking density levels
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • ObjectiveRhizosphere soil nutrients and bacterial diversity of four broad-leaved tree species underplanted in Chinese fir plantation with different stand density levels were analyzed to reveal characteristics of the rhizosphere soil environment and selection of suitable underplanted tree species. MethodsChinese fir plantation with three density levels (900, 1,200, and 1,875 stems ha(-1), respectively) were selected and underplanted with Michelia macclurei, Schima superba, Phoebe zhennan, and Tsoongiodendron odorum. The rhizosphere soil nutrients and bacterial community of the broad-leaved tree species were determined after 4 years. ResultsSignificant differences in rhizosphere nutrient content were detected among different tree density levels, where the contents of total K, available K and available P in 900 stems ha(-1) stands were significantly higher than the other stocking density levels. There were also significant differences in the contents of total C, total N, total K, available K and available P in the rhizosphere soils of the four trees species, while there were no significant differences in pH and total P. Rhizosphere soil nutrient contents were higher under S. superba and M. macclurei than under P. zhennan and T. odorum. The rhizosphere soil nutrient contents and bacterial diversity decreased with the increase of stand density, and the bacterial diversity showed significant differences in the rhizosphere soils of P. zhennan, T. odorum and S. superba when underplanted in different stand densities. The bacterial diversity was positively correlated with the available P content of rhizosphere soils, suggesting that soil available P content plays an important role in shaping the structure of bacterial community. ConclusionThe nutrient contents and bacterial diversity of rhizosphere soils of underplated broad-leaved species decreased with increasing stand density of Chinese fir plantation. Rhizosphere soils of M. macclurei and S. superba were rich in nutrient contents and bacterial diversity. Thus, low density of Chinese fir plantation (900 stems ha(-1)) underplanted with M. macclurei and S. superba is suitable for the establishment of mixed forest, which will facilitate better tree growth and maintaining soil fertility to realize sustainable management of forests.
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34.
  • Tigabu, Mulualem (författare)
  • Temporal and spatial dynamics in emission of water-soluble ions in fine particulate matter during forest fires in Southwest China
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze changes in emission of water-soluble ions in fine particulate matter over time and in different southwest forest areas in China based on China's Forestry Statistical Yearbook and MODIS satellite fire point data.Methods: We took 6 dominant tree species samples in the southwestern forest region of China and simulated combustion using controllable biomass combustion devices. Based on the spatial analysis method of ArcGIS, combining satellite fire point data and official statistical yearbooks, we analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of emissions of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 released by forest fires in southwestern forest areas from 2004 to 2021.Results: The total amount of forest biomass combusted in southwest forest areas was 64.43 kt. Among the different forest types, the proportion of burnt subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest was the largest (60.49%) followed by subtropical mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (22.78%) and subtropical evergreen coniferous forest (16.72%). During the study period, 61.19 t of water-soluble ions were released in PM2.5 from forest fires, and the emissions of Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, PO43- and SO42- were 0.48 t, 11.54 t, 2.51 t, 19.44 t, 2.12 t, 2.92 t, 1.94 t, 12.70 t, 1.12 t, 1.18 t, 1.17 t and 4.07 t, respectively. Yunnan was the province with the highest emissions of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in the southwest forest areas, and the concentration K+ was the highest. Emission of water-soluble ions in Yunnan and Sichuan all showed a significant downward trend, while the overall decrease in Tibet, Chongqing and Guizhou was not significant. The peak emission of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 during forest fires appeared in spring and winter, which accounted for 87.66% of the total emission.Discussion: This study reveals the spatiotemporal changes in water-soluble ion emissions from forest fires, by studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of water-soluble ions in PM2.5, we can better understand the sources, distribution, and change patterns of these ions, as well as their impact on the atmospheric environment, ecosystems, and climate change. This information is crucial for predicting and managing air pollution, as well as developing effective forest management and environmental protection policies to respond to fires; and hence concerted fire prevention efforts should be made in each province, taking into account the season with higher probability of fire occurrence to reduce the potential impact of fire-related pollutions.
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35.
  • Tolio, Beatrice (författare)
  • Pathogenic fungi and oomycetes causing dieback on Fraxinus species in the Mediterranean climate change hotspot region
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Environmental changes are occurring on a global scale, but their effects are most pronounced in climate change hotspot zones, such as the Mediterranean basin. Within this area Italy, extending from its southern coasts in the core of the Mediterranean Sea to its northernmost pre-Alpine and Alpine regions, is characterized by a variety of climatic conditions and vegetation types. Surveys conducted in 2018–2022 in forest formations of Central-Northern Italy revealed that the enhanced warming trend and irregular distribution of precipitations are strongly impacting the health of Fraxinus species, with some pathogenic fungi and oomycetes being important contributing factors to the decline of the three main ash species growing there: common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus), and narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia). Isolation from symptomatic plant material collected countrywide under different site conditions and pathogenicity tests revealed a complex phytopathological framework, with several pathogenic species in addition to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus involved with a prominent role in the ash dieback etiology. Key microbial taxa included the fungal and oomycete pathogens Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia fraxini, Diplodia subglobosa, Phytophthora acerina, and Phytophthora plurivora. The disease impact was higher on sites where ash trees grew under environmental stress (i.e., areas characterized by mild dry winters, hot summers with intense and prolonged drought) and exhibited reduced vigor, also as a consequence of anthropogenic interference (i.e., silvicultural management and fires). The identified causative agents are emerging pathogens that thrive under warmer conditions, their impact in the investigated areas being prevalent compared to H. fraxineus, which appears to be restricted on the Italian peninsula to the cooler and wetter valleys of the Alps and Central-Northern Apennines.
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36.
  • Tunlid, Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Decomposition of soil organic matter by ectomycorrhizal fungi : Mechanisms and consequences for organic nitrogen uptake and soil carbon stabilization
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 5
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A major fraction of nitrogen (N) in boreal forest soils is found in organic forms associated with soil organic matter (SOM) and mineral particles. The capacity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal symbionts to access this N is debated, considering that these fungi have lost many of the genes for decomposing organic matter that were present in their saprotrophic ancestors. To gain a molecular-level understanding of the N-mining processes in ECM fungi, we developed an experimental approach where the processes of decomposition were studied in parallel with the changes in the structure and properties of the organic matter. We showed that ECM fungi have significant capacities to assimilate organic N associated with SOM and mineral surfaces. The decomposition mechanisms differ between species, reflecting the lignocellulose decomposition mechanisms found in their saprotrophic ancestors. During N-mining, the ECM fungi processed the SOM to a material with increased adsorptive properties to iron oxide mineral particles. Two pathways contributed to these changes: Extracellular modifications of the SOM and secretion of mineral surface reactive metabolites. Some of these metabolites have iron(III)-reducing activities and can participate in extracellular Fenton reactions and redox reactions at iron oxide mineral surfaces. We conclude that the traditional framework for understanding organic N acquisition by ECM fungi from recalcitrant SOM must be extended to a framework that includes how those decomposition activities affect the stabilization and reactivity of mineral-associated SOM. The activity through these complex networks of reactions is decisive for the overall effect of ECM fungal decomposition on nutrients and C-cycling in forest ecosystems.
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37.
  • Vedovato, Laura B., et al. (författare)
  • Ancient fires enhance Amazon forest drought resistance
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Drought and fire reduce productivity and increase tree mortality in tropical forests. Fires also produce pyrogenic carbon (PyC), which persists in situ for centuries to millennia, and represents a legacy of past fires, potentially improving soil fertility and water holding capacity and selecting for the survival and recruitment of certain tree life-history (or successional) strategies. We investigated whether PyC is correlated with physicochemical soil properties, wood density, aboveground carbon (AGC) dynamics and forest resistance to severe drought. To achieve our aim, we used an Amazon-wide, long-term plot network, in forests without known recent fires, integrating site-specific measures of forest dynamics, soil properties and a unique soil PyC concentration database. We found that forests with higher concentrations of soil PyC had both higher soil fertility and lower wood density. Soil PyC was not associated with AGC dynamics in non-drought years. However, during extreme drought events (10% driest years), forests with higher concentrations of soil PyC experienced lower reductions in AGC gains (woody growth and recruitment), with this drought-immunizing effect increasing with drought severity. Forests with a legacy of ancient fires are therefore more likely to continue to grow and recruit under increased drought severity. Forests with high soil PyC concentrations (third quartile) had 3.8% greater AGC gains under mean drought, but 33.7% greater under the most extreme drought than forests with low soil PyC concentrations (first quartile), offsetting losses of up to 0.68 Mg C ha–1yr–1 of AGC under extreme drought events. This suggests that ancient fires have legacy effects on current forest dynamics, by altering soil fertility and favoring tree species capable of continued growth and recruitment during droughts. Therefore, mature forest that experienced fires centuries or millennia ago may have greater resistance to current short-term droughts.
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38.
  • Vico, Giulia, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of Temperature and Water Availability on Northern European Boreal Forests
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Boreal forests are warming faster than the rest of the planet. Do the benefits of higher temperatures and longer growing seasons for forest productivity exceed the negative effects of more frequent dry spells and heat waves, shifting precipitation patterns, and higher evaporative demands? And are the effects uniformly distributed geographically? To answer to these questions, the relationship between climatic variables and NDVI-a proxy of forest productivity at regional scale-was explored via Partial Least Square (PLS) regression analyses. We focused on Northern Europe, where contrasting findings on the effects of warming have been reported and that has so far been overlooked by systematic large-scale explorations of the linkages between boreal forest productivity and climatic conditions. The results show that the effects of warmer temperatures on boreal forest productivity are not uniformly positive and that water stress is already negatively affecting these forests. Indeed, increased temperatures appear beneficial in northern and wetter regions, while warmer temperatures mostly reduce forest productivity in southern and drier areas. These results are suggestive of already existing limitations due to water availability and warm temperatures, even in mesic regions like Northern Europe. These conditions are expected to become more frequent and intense in the future, potentially reducing the ability of boreal forests to provide their essential ecosystem services unless forest management practices are adapted to the new conditions.
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39.
  • Weih, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of Climate and Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Early to Mid-Term Stage Litter Decomposition Across Biomes
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of low-quality litter by 0.9-1.5% in the temperate biome. Our results suggest that projected increases in N deposition may have the capacity to dampen the climate-driven increases in litter decomposition depending on the biome and decomposition stage of substrate.
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40.
  • Yazbeck, Theresia, et al. (författare)
  • Site Characteristics Mediate the Relationship Between Forest Productivity and Satellite Measured Solar Induced Fluorescence
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) can provide key information about the state of photosynthesis and offers the prospect of defining remote sensing-based estimation of Gross Primary Production (GPP). There is strong theoretical support for the link between SIF and GPP and this relationship has been empirically demonstrated using ground-based, airborne, and satellite-based SIF observations, as well as modeling. However, most evaluations have been based on monthly and annual scales, yet the GPP:SIF relations can be strongly influenced by both vegetation structure and physiology. At the monthly timescales, the structural response often dominates but short-term physiological variations can strongly impact the GPP:SIF relations. Here, we test how well SIF can predict the inter-daily variation of GPP during the growing season and under stress conditions, while taking into account the local effect of sites and abiotic conditions. We compare the accuracy of GPP predictions from SIF at different timescales (half-hourly, daily, and weekly), while evaluating effect of adding environmental variables to the relationship. We utilize observations for years 2018–2019 at 31 mid-latitudes, forested, eddy covariance (EC) flux sites in North America and Europe and use TROPOMI satellite data for SIF. Our results show that SIF is a good predictor of GPP, when accounting for inter-site variation, probably due to differences in canopy structure. Seasonally averaged leaf area index, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) and canopy conductance provide a predictor to the site-level effect. We show that fPAR is the main factor driving errors in the linear model at high temporal resolution. Adding water stress indicators, namely canopy conductance, to a multi-linear SIF-based GPP model provides the best improvement in the model precision at the three considered timescales, showing the importance of accounting for water stress in GPP predictions, independent of the SIF signal. SIF is a promising predictor for GPP among other remote sensing variables, but more focus should be placed on including canopy structure, and water stress effects in the relationship, especially when considering intra-seasonal, and inter- and intra-daily resolutions.
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41.
  • Yong, Jean W.H (författare)
  • When nature needs a helping hand: different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in forests and global change. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-893X. ; 5
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Protecting existing mangrove forests is a priority for global conservation because of the wide range of services that these coastal forests provide to humankind. Despite the recent reduction in global rates of mangrove loss, high historical loss rates mean that there are at least 800,000 ha globally that are potentially suitable for mangrove rehabilitation. Recently deposited mud banks or intertidal, previously terrestrial, land might provide additional habitat for expanding mangrove areas locally. There is a long history of mangrove rehabilitation. However, despite numerous good examples of, and growing expertise in, natural or assisted (re-)establishment activities, most mangrove planting efforts, for instance, either fail entirely or meet with only limited success. Exposed to waves and currents and subject to tidal inundation, mangroves differ from terrestrial forests, and approaches to, or tools for, terrestrial forest restoration cannot easily be transferred to mangrove forests. Successful mangrove (re-)establishment usually requires a robust understanding of the abiotic and biotic conditions of the chosen site, the ecological requirements of the mangrove species used or facilitated, the reasons for previous mangrove loss or degradation, as well as the barriers – both societal and ecological – that have prevented natural recovery to date. Because most mangrove forests are socio-ecological systems, with which local human populations are intimately engaged, (re-) establishment will normally require the support of, and engagement with, local communities and other local stakeholders. Here, we summarize where, when and why (re-)establishment of mangroves is needed and how to assess this need. We discuss a range of potential aims and goals of mangrove (re-)establishment along with potential pitfalls along the way from conceiving the initial idea to its realization. We compare different technical and conceptual approaches to mangrove (re-)establishment, their challenges and opportunities, and their design and financial requirements, as well as potential solutions. We ground our final outlook and recommendations on examples of successful efforts and the factors that rendered (re-)establishment successful in the past.
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42.
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