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| 2. |
- Boje, Lis, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of internet in knowledge-building among private forest owners in Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Broadleaved forests in southern Sweden. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781405188869 ; , s. 225-234
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The major part of the temperate broadleaved forests in Sweden is owned by non-industrial private forest owners. The daily decisions on management of these forests therefore rely on a diverse owner population with various experience, age, education and attitudes. This study investigated how the forest owners obtain their information needed for their decisions. The use of internet as an information channel was specifically focused. Analyses were made of a postal questionnaire with responses from 327 private forest owners in southern Sweden. The respondents were sorted into groups of different age, education, gender, property size and residency (living on or off the property). For all groups, personal advisory was the most important channel for knowledge-building, followed by forest magazines and newsletters from forest organizations. Meetings and courses were also considered important, while internet had a lower rank. Still, 29% of all respondents considered internet as an important channel for knowledge-building in silviculture. Three-quarters of the respondents had internet access in their homes, and 40% used internet daily. Internet was used for forestry purposes at least monthly by 30% of the respondents. Age and education had a significant influence on the scored importance of internet as a communication channel for forest information, with younger forest owners (≤50 yr) and owners with a university degree being the most devoted internet users. Owners >65 yr and owners with only primary school education were much less inclined to rely on internet for their information needs.
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| 6. |
- Drobyshev, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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How old are the largest Southern Swedish oaks: a dendrochronological analysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Broadleaved Forests in Southern Sweden: Management for Multiple Goals. - 9781405188869 ; 53:53, s. 155-163
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the southern Scandinavian landscape, large oaks Quercus robur provide habitat for a wide range of species, including a large number species on the national Red list and the EU habitat directive. Since most of these trees are hollow and have likely been growing in conditions different from the ones of an “average” oak in today’s more forested landscape, direct inference of their age from diameter may be biased. To provide support for the management of these trees, we estimate their age by combining inventory data on diameter distribution of the largest oaks (n = 236) in the Swedish province of Scania and ring width distribution for large (> 1 m in stem diameter) oaks collected in seven oak-dominated stands (both woodland-type and denser closed-canopy forests) in southern Sweden (ntrees = 69, nrings = 12399). The mode of ring-width distribution was 1.26 mm /year. The central 90% of ring width distribution was within 0.54 and 3.38 mm, demonstrating the high growth plasticity of the species. Both ring width distribution in large oaks, divided into 16 width classes, and cumulative 20-yr diameter increments (19 classes) were well approximated by the log-normal function. The largest oaks in Scania are unlikely to exceed 1000 yr, the most probable age estimates of the majority of the inventoried oaks were centered around 500-700 yr. The age distribution of 18 large (69.4 - 178 cm dbh) non-hollow oaks suggesting the maximum age being around 400-600 yr. Conservation-oriented management of oak populations should address the need for preservation of such old trees
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| 8. |
- Hörnfeldt, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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False heartwood in beech Fagus sylvatica, birch Betula pendula, B. papyrifera and ash Fraxinus excelsior - an overview
- 2010
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Ingår i: Broadleaved forests in southern Sweden : management for multiple goals. - 9781405188869 ; :53, s. 61-75
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This overview compares false heartwood in beech, birch and ash with normal heartwood, discusses its induction, the impact it has on wood quality and utilization, and considers whether it is possible to avoid the formation of false heartwood by appropriate silvicultural practices. Normal heartwood forms in trees under the control of endogenous, hereditary factors. In contrast, the formation of false heartwood is induced by diverse exogenous factors, including various kinds of injuries or stresses that damage the tree, triggering a succession of processes. The extent of both normal and false heartwood increase as the tree ages. A common cause of stress is drought; others include breakage of branches which create openings in trees or stem injuries, thereby exposing injured cells to atmospheric conditions. In all cases similar reactions to those that occur when normal heartwood is formed are triggered, e.g. cells of the inner parts of the stem are emptied of their living contents and energy reserves, vessels and tracheids are plugged and conductive capacity is diminished. Initial chemical changes occur at this time, which may result in discoloration of the wood. Microorganisms such as bacteria and non-decay fungi may subsequently invade, causing further alterations. The induced colorations can be explained by oxidation reactions of the phenolic substances catalyzed by various enzymes produced by the microbes present in the affected area. In that stage, only the aesthetical qualities of wood are affected, which are mainly considered as defects when grading wood, resulting in considerable price reductions, partly due to difficulties in visually distinguishing altered wood from rotten wood. Shorter rotations reduce the incidence of false heartwood. Hence, appropriate silvicultural measures should be applied to ensure that trees reach valuable dimensions at an early age in order to minimize the formation of false heartwood in commercially grown stands
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| 13. |
- Niklasson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Tree mortality in a semi-natural beech forest in SW Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Broadleaved Forests in Southern Sweden: Management for Multiple Goals. - 9781405188869 ; 53:53, s. 117-129
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To provide a better understanding of natural stand dynamics of Scandinavian broadleaved forests we studied pattern of tree mortality in a semi-natural beech Fagus sylvatica forest at Biskopstorp, SW Sweden. The primary goals were (1) to assess beech mortality rates of different tree condition classes (TCC) and transition probabilities between them, and (2) to suggest likely mortality drivers in the studied beech population. Mortality rates and transition probabilities were calculated between pairs of six TCC (live trees, live high stumps, dead trees, dead high stumps, stumps, and logs) by using data from two complete censuses of a 3.9 ha stand (ntrees = 1189) over a ten year interval (1996-2006). The total annual canopy tree removal rate reached 2.0% following two main pathways: (1) stem breakage leading to instantaneous death (1.1% yr-1), and (2) stem breakage leading to partial crown removal, resulting in formation of a living high stump, HSTL (10.5% yr-1). HSTL was characterized by an increased mortality rate (11.5% yr-1). HSTL made up ca10% of the living trees in both censuses indicating importance of this feature in the dynamics of the beech forest. Only two uproots were recorded (0.04% yr-1), despite of two hurricanes (in 1999 and 2005) that occurred during the study period. Mortality was significantly higher in trees above 60 cm DBH than in smaller trees (4.0% vs 0.7% yr-1, respectively) and no differences were found among smaller DBH classes. Trees with fungal fruit bodies (FFB) had a significantly higher mortality than trees lacking FFB (7.6 vs 1.1% yr-1, respectively). Our results highlight the role of the living high stump stage in the dynamics of the beech forest and suggest that the combination of wind and fungal infection of Fomes fomentarius are the main drivers of mortality in the studied stand
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| 14. |
- Sonesson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Recent advances on oak decline in southern Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Broadleaved Forests in Southern Sweden: Management for Multiple Goals. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781405188869 ; 53:53, s. 197-207
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last decades of the 20th century, the condition of oak species throughout Europe generally deteriorated. In southern Sweden, oak decline represents a recent phenomenon with complex temporal and spatial patterns. In this region, crown defoliation of the most common oak species, pedunculate oak Quercus robur, increased by >20% from 1988 to 1999. In 1999, 59% of the oaks were considered damaged, i.e. showing >25% crown defoliation. However, a trend of improving crown conditions was observed in southeastern Sweden during 2000-2008. Available research suggests unfavorable climatic variability as the main cause of negative dynamics in oak crown conditions. Studies have demonstrated the important role of climatic extremes (e.g. cold winters during the dormant season and drought events during vegetation season) in initiating decline phenomena, and a strong correlation between crown condition dynamics and tree-ring increments. Phytophthora quercina (class Oomycetes, kingdom Chromalveolata), a soil-born pathogen of oak, is present in declining oak stands with soil pH (BaCl2) >3.5. The role of Phytophthora spp. in initiating the decline in southern Sweden remains unclear, since most oaks stands in this region have more acidic soil conditions (pH < 3.5). Similar to other European studies, our results point to the multi-factorial nature of oak decline and the importance of stand conditions in decline dynamics. This paper reviews recently published studies on the topic and presents a simple conceptual model of oak decline. We discuss future research themes that may advance our understanding of oak decline
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| 15. |
- van den Bosch, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Finding stress relief in a forest
- 2010
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Ingår i: Broadleaved Forests in Southern Sweden: Management for Multiple Goals. - 9781405188869 ; 53:53, s. 33-42
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 16. |
- Woxblom, Ann-Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial utilizaton of hardwood in Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Broadleaved Forests in Southern Sweden: Management for Multiple Goals. - 9781405188869 ; :53, s. 43-50
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is intended to provide an overview of hardwood resources and use in Sweden today. Sweden has about 23 million ha of productive forest land (production > 1 m3 ha–1 yr–1) and is an important country with respect to the production of pulp, paper and sawn softwood timber. An increased demand for hardwood by the pulp industry and new perspectives on deciduous forests, regarding them not only as a source of raw materials but also as ecosystems with a rich biodiversity and places for human recreation, has resulted in a growing interest in the sustainable management of deciduous forests. The total stock of wood in Sweden’s forests amounts to about three billion m3sk (cubic metres standing volume incl. bark and tops). The stock of hardwood has increased from ca 300 million m3sk in 1920, to roughly 500 million m3sk today; ca 17% of the total stock of wood in Sweden. Birch is the dominant deciduous species, accounting for nearly 70% of the hardwood volume. Birch, aspen, alder, oak and beech collectively represent 94% of the total stock of hardwood. The total amount of hardwood used for industrial purposes in Sweden is ca 7.6 million m3sub (cubic metres solid wood excl. bark and tops) yr–1. Hardwood accounts for ca 20% of the wood consumption in the pulp industry and <1% in the sawmill sector. The main consumer of birch, aspen, beech and alder is the pulp industry. Birch, beech and alder are also used, to a large degree, in the sawmill industry. Oak and ash are used mainly in the sawmill industry. During the last 25 yr there has been an increased demand for oak, ash and beech for flooring
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