| 1. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Aortic valve
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 33-62
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aortic valve is a passive valve made up of three leaflets which assume the shape of half moons (semi-lunar). Opposite to the mitral valve, there is no true aortic fibrous annulus but a complex root made up of the aortic wall sinuses, left ventricular myocardium, and interleafletfibrous triangles. The ostia of the coronary arteries are located within the aortic sinuses. The sinotubular junction is an important anatomic landmark for surgical procedures. It may be that the leaflets of the aortic valve are not passive as they are rich in different types of nerve endings. The function and role of these “nerves” remain obscure.
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| 2. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Cardiac tumors
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 239-250
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cardiac tumors are rarely suspected clinically but usually appear as unexpected fi ndings when patients are investigated for syncope, breathlessness, thromboembolism, or constitutional manifestations such as congestive heart failure or pulmonary hypertension [1]. Transthoracic echocardiography provides a great opportunity to identify tumors that are clinically silent [2], although extension to extra cardiac structures should be further investigated by transesophageal echocardiography [3], CT scanning, or CMR. Benign tumors form approximately 80% of all cardiac tumors, 70% of which are myxomas [4].
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| 3. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
-
Coronary artery disease
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 115-147
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk usually presents in early infancy with congestive cardiac failure due to ischemic myocardial dysfunction. The diagnosis can usually be made by parasternal short axis sections of the great arteries. The most characteristic finding is reversed flow in the left coronary artery demonstrated by color flow Doppler. Usually the anomalous coronary artery connects to the pulmonary trunk at one of the sinuses, but in some cases the connection may be to the more distal pulmonary arteries. A less common presentation of this condition is in late childhood or early adult life, usually with left ventricular dysfunction and mitral regurgitation. There is almost always reversed blood flow in the left coronary artery representing a left to right shunt from the right coronary artery into the pulmonary trunk.
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| 4. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Dilated cardiomyopathy
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 167-185
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by left ventricular dilatation, increased end diastolic volume, and reduced systolic function (typically ejection fraction less than 40%) [1, 2].
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| 5. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Diseases of the aorta
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 225-237
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acute aortic dissection is a surgical emergency that requires accurate diagnosis and prompt management. A number of classifications exist, the simplest of which classifies aortic dissection according to the location of the entry point into: type “A” which involves all forms that include the ascending aorta and type “B” which does not involve the ascending aorta. While type “A” is always an emergency diagnosis and management, type “B” can be managed medically or conservatively. Mortality from type “A” dissection may be up to 60% within the first 24 h, 80% over the first 2 weeks and 90% within 3 months of acute attack. Dissection of the proximal ascending aorta can often be seen on transthoracic echo imaging, and even those involving the distal ascending aorta may occasionally be detected.
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| 6. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
-
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 187-202
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary cardiac muscle disorder with unique pathophysiology, heterogeneous expression, and diverse clinical presentations. It is probably the most common genetically transmitted heart disease. HCM is often familial, of autosomal dominant transmission, and has a high degree of variable clinical penetrance. The latter is age related with typical features developing during adolescence. Approximately 50-70% of patients present mutations in one of the genes that encode different components of the cardiac sarcomere.
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| 7. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
-
Mitral valve
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 1-32
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mitral valve is composed of two leaflets, an annulus, chordae tendineae, and two papillary muscles. The anterior (aortic) leaflet is attached to the root of the aorta in direct continuity with the aortic valve and the membranous septum, and has a rectangular shape involving one-third of the circumference of the annulus. The posterior leaflet is continuous with the posterior wall of the left atrium and is longer than the anterior leaflet occupying two-thirds of the circumference of the mitral annulus.
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| 8. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Pericardial disease
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 251-266
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pericardium consists of two layers, a visceral layer lined by mesothelial cells and a parietal or fibrous layer lined also by mesothelial cells but with attached fat and fibrous tissue. The mesothelial layer secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid, usually 50 mL of clear fluid which allows both surfaces to slide together during the cardiac cycle. The fibrous layer is usually 1 mm in thickness while the visceral layer is a transparent membrane on the surface of the heart [1].
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| 9. |
- Henein, Michael Y.
(författare)
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Preface
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. vii-vii
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Pulmonary hypertension
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 213-223
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pulmonary hypertension describes raised pulmonary circulatory pressure, venous or arterial. Venous pulmonary hypertension is more common in daily practice than primary arterial hypertension.
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| 11. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Pulmonary valve
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 81-92
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pulmonary valve lies anterior and to the left of the aortic valve. The three pulmonary leafl ets assume the shape of half moons (semi-lunar) and are similar but usually not equal in size. The right and left coronary sinuses of the aorta always face the pulmonary valve. The leafl ets are thinner and more delicate than the aortic leafl ets. Unlike the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve sits on a complete muscular ring of the infundibulum and is not in direct continuity with the tricuspid valve. It is thickest along the closing edge. The delicate pocket-like leaflets are formed primarily of collagen, and they, therefore, open and close passively, with little elastic recoil. In the middle of the free edge of each leafl et is a fi brous mound, the nodule of Arrantius. Coaption of the three nodules ensures complete central closure of the valve orifi ce during ventricular diastole.
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| 12. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 203-212
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a condition characterized by normal left ventricular cavity size and systolic function but with increased myocardial stiffness [1]. This makes the ventricle incompliant and fi ll predominantly in early diastole. When atrial systolic function is maintained, the ventricle may accommodate a small volume of blood during atrial systole but at the expense of further raising the end diastolic pressure. These physiological disturbances are associated with raised left atrial pressure, atrial dilatation, and possible arrhythmias [2].
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| 13. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Tricuspid valve
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 63-79
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The morphologically right atrioventricular valve has three leaflets (tricuspid): septal, inferior (mural), and anterosuperior which are separated from each other by anteroseptal, superoinferior, and inferoseptal commissures, respectively. The inferior leaflet takes its origin exclusively from the diaphragmatic parietal wall of the ventricle and is often called the mural leaflet. Each commissure is usually supported by the corresponding papillary muscle. The most characteristic and distinguishing feature of the tricuspid valve is the direct attachment of the cords from the septal leaflet to the septum.
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| 14. |
- Henein, Michael Y., et al.
(författare)
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Valve substitutes
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Clinical echocardiography. - London : Springer. - 9781848825215 - 9781848825208 ; , s. 93-103
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the last 40 years, valve replacement with various substitutes in patients with severe valve dysfunction has been practiced, particularly in those with unrepairable valve deformation [1].Valve Substitutes: Artificial valve substitutes are essentially of two types: mechanical and bioprostheses.
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