| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Engdahl, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Förlorad tid eller förberedelser för integration?
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi studerar om handläggningstiden för asylärenden påverkar integration och hälsa. Den empiriska analysen bygger på registerdata och utnyttjar en snabb ökning av handläggningstider för asylsökande till Sverige under 2014. Vi finner att längre väntan innan uppehållstillstånd bromsar integrationsprocessen. Arbetsinkomsterna under de första fyra åren efter ansökan är 2,3 procent lägre per extra handläggningsmånad. Effekten tycks bero på förseningar snarare än negativa effekter av väntan i sig. De som väntar längre kommer igång senare med centrala etableringsinsatser och har kommit kortare i integrationsprocessen. Vi hittar inga tecken på att handläggningstiden påverkar asylsökandes hälsa negativt. Bland personer som haft uppehållstillstånd lika länge vid mättidpunkten presterar de som väntat längre bättre på arbetsmarknaden och tar del av mer avancerad språkutbildning och arbetsnära insatser som subventionerade anställningar. Detta pekar på att delar av integrationsprocessen inleds redan innan uppehållstillstånd beviljas.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Åslund, Olof, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Do When and Where Matter? : Initial Labor Market Conditions and Immigrant Earnings
- 2007
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Ingår i: Economic Journal. - : Wiley Blackwell. - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 117:518, s. 422-448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates the long-term effects on immigrant earnings and employment of labour market conditions encountered upon arrival. We find that early earnings assimilation depends crucially on a favourable national labour market. Exposure to high local unemployment rates also affects individuals for at least ten years. To handle the issue of selective migration, we compare refugees entering Sweden during a severe and unexpected recession to refugees arriving during a preceding economic boom. The analysis of effects at the local level exploits a governmental refugee settlement policy to get exogenous variation in local labour market conditions.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Shifts in attitudes and labor market discrimination: Swedish experiences after 9-11
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer-Verlag. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 18:4, s. 603-629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present longitudinal survey data suggesting that the terrorist attacks in the USA on September 11, 2001, changed attitudes toward certain minorities in Sweden. This finding is consistent with results in previous studies. To investigate whether this change in attitudes also affected the labor market situation of these minorities, we study unemployment exit around 9-11 using detailed data on the entire Swedish working-age population. Contrary to what may be expected from many theories of labor market discrimination, the time pattern of exits and entries for different ethnic groups, as well as difference-in-differences analyses, shows no sign of increased discrimination toward these minorities. A possible explanation for this result is that employers act rationally in their hiring decisions and do not respond to changes in attitudes toward immigrants as a group.
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| 13. |
- Abbott, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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The qualitative grading of muscle fat infiltration in whiplash using fat and water magnetic resonance imaging
- 2018
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Ingår i: The spine journal. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 1529-9430 .- 1878-1632. ; 18:5, s. 717-725
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The development of muscle fat infiltration (MFI) in the neck muscles is associated with poor functional recovery following whiplash injury. Custom software and time-consuming manual segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required for quantitative analysis and presents as a barrier for clinical translation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to establish a qualitative MRI measure for MFI and evaluate its ability to differentiate between individuals with severe whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), mild or moderate WAD, and healthy controls. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: This is a cross-sectional study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Thirty-one subjects with WAD and 31 age-and sex-matched controls were recruited from an ongoing randomized controlled trial. OUTCOME MEASURES: The cervical multifidus was visually identified and segmented into eighths in the axial fat/water images (C4-C7). Muscle fat infiltration was assessed on a visual scale: 0 for no or marginal MFI, 1 for light MFI, and 2 for distinct MFI. The participants with WAD were divided in two groups: mild or moderate and severe based on Neck Disability Index % scores. METHODS: The mean regional MFI was compared between the healthy controls and each of the WAD groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out to evaluate the validity of the qualitative method. RESULTS: Twenty (65%) patients had mild or moderate disability and 11 (35%) were considered severe. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was excellent when grading was averaged by level or when frequency of grade II was considered. Statistically significant differences (pamp;lt;.05) in regional MFI were particularly notable between the severe WAD group and healthy controls. The ROC curve, based on detection of distinct MFI, showed an area-under-the curve of 0.768 (95% confidence interval 0.59-0.94) for discrimination of WAD participants. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest a qualitative MRI measure for MFI is reliable and valid, and may prove useful toward the classification of WAD in radiology practice. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Ansala, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Immigration history, entry jobs and the labor market integration of immigrants
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Geography. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1468-2702 .- 1468-2710. ; 22:3, s. 581-604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article studies the relationship between past immigration experiences of the host country and the way new immigrants enter the labor market. We focus on two countries — Finland and Sweden — that have similar formal institutions but starkly different immigration histories. In both countries, immigrants tend to find their first jobs in low-paying establishments, where the manager and colleagues share their ethnic background. The associations between background characteristics, time to a first job, other entry job characteristics, earnings dynamics, and job stability are also remarkably similar. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the host country’s immigration history plays a limited role in shaping the integration process.
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| 15. |
- Ansala, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Invandringshistoria och nyanländas etablering på arbetsmarknaden
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi studerar invandrades etablering på arbetsmarknaden, och om denna process är beroende av mottagarlandets invandringshistoria. Studien jämför Sverige och Finland, två länder med liknande arbetsmarknader och institutioner, men med mycket olika erfarenheter av invandring. Trots skillnaderna är likheterna i etableringsprocessen slående. Nyanlända finner ofta sina första jobb i låglöneföretag där chefer och kollegor delar individens utländska bakgrund. Den tid det tar att få sitt första jobb och egenskaperna hos det första jobbet varierar kraftigt beroende på var i världen personen är född. Bakgrunden hos chefer och kollegor och inkomstnivåerna på den första arbetsplatsen förutsäger framtida sysselsättning och inkomster. Mönstren är likartade i Sverige och Finland vilket kan tolkas som att etablering och segregation till stor del styrs av andra faktorer än invandringshistoria och mångfald i befolkningen.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Blind, Ina, 1977-
(författare)
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Essays on Urban Economics
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained essays.Essay 1 (with Olof Åslund and Matz Dahlberg): In this essay we investigate the impact of commuter train access on individual labor market outcomes. Our study considers the exogenous introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center, considerably decreasing commuting times by public transit to the center for those living close to the pre-existing railroad. Using difference-in-differences matching techniques on comprehensive individual panel data spanning over a decade, our intention-to-treat estimates show that the reform had mainly no impact on the earnings and employment development among the affected individuals.Essay 2: In this essay I look into the role of public transit for residential sorting by studying how the introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center affected migration patterns in the areas served. Using a difference-in-difference(-in-difference) approach and comprehensive individual level data, I find that the commuter train had a positive effect on overall in-migration to the areas served and no effect on the average out-migration rate from these areas. With regards to sorting based on labor market status, I find no evidence of sorting based on employment status but some evidence that the train introduction increased the probability of moving out of the areas served for individuals with high labor incomes relative to the probability for individuals with lower income. Considering sorting along other lines than labor market status, the analysis suggests that people born in non-western countries came to be particularly attracted towards the areas served by the commuter train as compared to other similar areas.Essay 3: In this essay I look into the relation between housing mix and social mix in metropolitan Stockholm (Sweden) over the period 1990-2008. Using entropy measures, I find that although the distribution of tenure types over metropolitan Stockholm became somewhat more even over the studied period, people living in different tenure types still to a large extent tended to live in different parts of the city in 2008. The degree of residential segregation was much lower between different population groups. I further find that the mix of family types, and over time also of birth region groups and income groups, was rather different between different tenure types in the same municipality. The mix of different groups however tended to be similar within different tenure types in the same neighborhood. While the entropy measures provide a purely descriptive picture, the findings thus suggest that tenure type mix could be more useful for creating social mix at the municipal level than for creating social mix at the neighborhood level.Essay 4 (with Matz Dahlberg): The last decade’s immigration to western European countries has resulted in a culturally and religiously more diverse population in these countries. This diversification manifests itself in several ways, where one is through new features in the cityscape. Using a quasi-experimental approach, essay 4 examines how one such new feature, public calls to prayer, affects neighborhood dynamics (house prices and migration). The quasi-experiment is based on an unexpected political process that lead way to the first public call to prayer from a mosque in Sweden combined with rich (daily) information on housing sales. While our results indicate that the public calls to prayer increased house prices closer to the mosque, we find no evidence that the public calls to prayer served as a driver of residential segregation between natives and people born abroad around the mosque in question (no significant effects on migration behavior). Our findings are consistent with a story where some people have a willingness to pay for the possibility to more fully exert their religion which puts an upward pressure on housing in the vicinity of a mosque with public calls to prayer.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Bratu, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Företagens produktivitet och inkomstskillnader mellan invandrade och infödda
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten studerar hur produktivitet på företagsnivå är kopplad till inkomstskillnader mellan utrikes och inrikes födda. Analysen bygger på registerdata för perioden 1998–2017. Vi finner att individens inkomst är tydligt kopplad till före-tagets varaktiga produktivitet, ett samband som är ännu starkare bland utrikes födda. Men invandrade arbetstagare är underrepresenterade i högproduktiva företag och har lägre sannolikhet än infödda att röra sig mot mer produktiva arbetsgivare. Denna koncentration till lågproduktiva företag är störst i grupper med svag ställning på arbetsmarknaden som skulle ha mest att vinna på att arbeta i högproduktiva företag.
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| 20. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Emigration of Immigrants and Measures of Immigrant Assimilation: Evidence from Sweden
- 2000
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Ingår i: Swedish Economic Policy Review. ; :7, s. 163-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most previously used measures of immigrant labor market assimilation will be biased if there is non-random emigration of immigrants. We use longitudinal data on immigration to Sweden 1970-1990 to examine the extent and pattern of immigrant emigration and
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| 21. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants - Evidence from a Natural Experiment
- 2003
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Economics. - 0033-5533 .- 1531-4650. ; 118:329-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent immigrants tend to locate in ethnic "enclaves" within metropolitan areas. The economic consequence of living in such enclaves is still an unresolved issue. We use an immigrant policy initiative in Sweden, when government authorities distributed ref
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Settlement Policies and the Economic Success of Immigrants
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many developed countries, e.g. the UK, Germany, and Sweden, use or have used settlement policies to direct the inflow of new immigrants away from immigrant dense metropolitan areas. We evaluate a reform of Swedish immigration policy that featured dispersi
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Engdahl, Mattias, 1982-
(författare)
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International Mobility and the Labor Market
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained essays.Essay 1 (with Olof Åslund): We study the labor market impact of opening borders to low-wage countries. The analysis exploits time and regional variation provided by the 2004 EU enlargement in combination with transport links to Sweden from the new member states. The results suggest an adverse impact on earnings of present workers in the order of 1 percent in areas close to pre-existing ferry lines. The effects are present in most segments of the labor market but tend to be greater in groups with weaker positions. The impact is also clearer in industries which have received more workers from the new member states, and for which across-the-border work is likely to be more common. There is no robust evidence on an impact on employment or wages. At least part of the effects is likely due to channels other than the ones typically considered in the literature. Essay 2: I study demand shifting effects of real exchange rate movements in border regions. Detailed geographic information on border crossings, the location of retail outlets, and where the population resides, allows me to explore the labor market effects of cross-border shopping. The impact is identified by comparing areas located close to the border with more remote areas. The relative effects are large; a ten percent decline in the value of the Swedish krona is followed by an increase in the number of employees in the retail industry by 3 percent. Similarly, the share of the population employed in retail increases by 0.3 percentage points and annual earnings by 2.7 percent.Essay 3 (with Olof Åslund): We study the effects of performance bonuses in immigrant language training for adults. A Swedish policy pilot conducted in 2009–2010 gave a randomly assigned group of municipalities the right to grant substantial cash bonuses to recently arrived migrants. The results suggest substantial effects on average student achievement. But these were fully driven by metropolitan areas; in other parts of Sweden average performance was more or less unaffected. In line with theory, effects tend to be clearer where institutional features make the bonus more feasible, or where student characteristics suggest that the costs should be lower.Essay 4: I study the association between naturalizations, labor market outcomes and family formation. The results show that the economic outcomes of immigrants from outside the OECD, on average, improve following naturalization. A strict causal interpretation of the results is not possible as the outcomes start to improve already before the acquisition of citizenship. The study also shows that for migrants from some country groups there is a positive correlation between naturalizations and the likelihood of getting married and having children. This is suggestive of immigrants naturalizing for family reasons. Further, my findings illustrate that modeling assumptions are of great importance. Models that are not flexible enough could lead to false claims regarding causality.
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| 26. |
- Forslund, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Flykting- och anhöriginvandrades etablering på den svenska arbetsmarknaden, IFAU Rapport 2017:14
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi beskriver arbetsmarknadsetablering och integration i Sverige på kort och lång sikt för invandrare från länder utanför västvärlden. Analysen omfattar huvudsakligen flykting- och anhöriginvandring under perioden 1990–2014. Mönstren för första kontakter med och etablering på arbetsmarknaden varierar med konjunkturläget, ursprungsland och med andra bakgrundsfaktorer. Men det huvudsakliga budskapet är att inträdesprocessen är långsam och att sysselsättning och inkomster av arbete även på lång sikt är lägre för invandrade relativt genomsnittet i arbetskraften i stort. Mönstren är på sikt påtagligt stabila för personer som kommit under olika tidsperioder och förutsättningar. Antalet jobb före det ”första riktiga” arbetsmarknadsinträdet är begränsat, och den första arbetsgivarkontakten är för många en väg till en mer stabil anställning. De första jobben återfinns jämförelsevis ofta i små låglöneföretag, som över tid koncentrerats mer till tjänstesektorn. Vi diskuterar också tänkbara effekter av olika politiska reformer och insatser.
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| 27. |
- Forslund, Anders
(författare)
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Migration, demografi, arbetsmarknad och ekonomi
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport diskuteras migrationens betydelse för Sveriges arbetsmarknad och ekonomi ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv. I skrivande stund dominerar flykting- och asylfrågor den politiska och massmediala diskussionen sedan ett antal månader. Att antalet asylsökande under 2015 steg till historiskt höga nivåer långt över de förväntningar och bedömningar som gällde för mindre än ett år sedan skapar ett starkt fokus på kortsiktiga frågor om mottagande och påbörjade etableringsinsatser. På längre sikt uppstår andra utmaningar men också möjligheter, och de samhällsekonomiska konsekvenserna är i hög grad beroende av hur väl de som kommer till Sverige etableras på arbetsmarknaden.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Grönqvist, Hans
(författare)
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Essays in Labor and Demographic Economics
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay 1: (co-written with Olof Åslund) We study the impact of family size on intermediate and long-term outcomes using twin births as an exogenous source of varia¬tion in family size in an unusually rich dataset. Similar to recent studies, we find no evidence of a causal effect on long-term outcomes and show that not taking selection effects into account will likely overstate the effects. We do, however, find a small but significant negative impact of family size on grades in compulsory and secondary school among children who are likely to be vulnerable to further restrictions on parental investments. Essay 2: This paper investigates the consequences of a series of Swedish policy changes beginning in 1989 where different regions started subsidizing the birth control pill. The reforms were significant and applied to all types of oral contraceptives. My identification strategy takes advantage of the fact that the reforms were implemented successively over time and targeted specific cohorts of young women, in particular teenagers. This generates plausibly exogenous variation in access to the subsidy. I first demonstrate that access significantly increased pill use. Using regional, temporal, and cohort variation in access, I then go on to examine the impact on abortions. The estimates show that the subsidy significantly decreased the abortion rate by about 8 percent. Furthermore, the results indicate that long-term access decreases the likelihood of teenage childbearing by about 20 percent. However, there is no significant effect on labor supply, marriage, educational attainment or welfare take-up. Essay 3: (co-written with Olof Åslund, Per-Anders Edin and Peter Fredriksson) We study peer effects in compulsory school performance among immigrant youth in Sweden. The empirical analysis exploits a governmental refugee placement policy that provides exogenous variation in the initial place of residence in Sweden; and it is based on tightly defined neighborhoods. There is tentative evidence that the share of immigrants in the neighborhood has a negative effect on GPA. But the main result is that, for a given share of immigrants in a neighborhood, the presence of highly educated peers of the same ethnicity has a positive effect on school grades. The results suggest that a standard deviation increase in the fraction of highly educated adults in the assigned neighborhood increases the compulsory school GPA by 0.9 percentile ranks. This magnitude corresponds roughly to a tenth of the gap in student performance between refugee immigrant and native born children. Essay 4: This paper investigates the consequences of residential segregation for immigrants’ health. To this end, I make use of a rich dataset covering the entire Swedish population age 16–74 from 1987 to 2004. The dataset contains annual information on the exact diagnosis for all individuals admitted to Swedish hospitals, as well as a wide range of individual background characteristics. It is however difficult to identify the causal link between segregation and health since individuals might sort across residential areas based on unobserved characteristics related to health. To deal with this methodological problem I exploit a governmental refugee placement policy which provides plausibly exogenous variation in segregation. The OLS estimates show a statistically significant positive correlation between segregation and the probability of hospitalization. Estimates that account for omitted variables are however in general statistically insignificant.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Grönqvist, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Är familjestorlek egentligen något att bry sig om?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Omfattande internationell forskning har funnit att barn som växer upp i stora familjer i genomsnitt klarar sig sämre i utbildningsväsendet och på arbetsmarknaden. I flera utvecklingsländer har resultaten använts som argument för politik i syfte att begränsa antalet barn. Även i en svensk kontext är det lätt att se implikationer för både familje- och utbildningspolitiken. I likhet med nyare studier från andra länder visar dock vår analys att den tidigare forskningen överskattar betydelsen av antalet syskon. Resultaten pekar på att familjestorlek inte påverkar långsiktiga utbildningsmått, sysselsättning och inkomster. Däremot förefaller fler syskon ha en viss negativ effekt på slutbetyg i grundskola och gymnasium.
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| 32. |
- Hensvik, Lena, 1981-
(författare)
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The effects of markets, managers and peers on worker outcomes
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay 1: This essay exploits the entry of private independent high schools in Sweden to examine how local school competition affects the wages and the mobility of teachers in a market with individual wage bargaining. Using rich matched employer-employee panel data covering all high school teachers over a period of 16 years, I show that the entry of private schools is associated with higher teacher salaries, including higher salaries for teachers in public schools. The wage returns from competition are highest for teachers entering the profession and for teachers trained in math and science. Private school entry has also increased wage dispersion between high- and low-skilled teachers within the same field. Several robustness checks support a causal interpretation of the results, which draw attention to the potential effects of school competition on teacher supply, through the more differentiated wage setting of teachers. Essay 2: (with Olof Åslund and Oskar Nordström Skans) We investigate how manager origin affects hiring patterns, job separations, and entry wages. The analysis, draws on a longitudinal matched employer-employee data including more than 100,000 workplaces during a nine year period. Immigrant managers are substantially more likely to hire immigrants, a result robust to comparisons within 5-digit industry and location as well as within firms across establishments. The finding holds also when we follow establishments that change management over time, even accounting for trends. Origin dissimilarity increases separations within the first year of employment, but there is no impact on entry wages. Several results point to information asymmetries as an important explanation to the patterns. Essay 3: The third essay examines whether women benefit from working under female management. I use matched employer-employee panel data for Sweden, which enables me to account for unobserved heterogeneity among both workers and firms. In line with existing work, I document a substantial negative correlation between the proportion of female managers and the establishment’s gender wage gap. However, most of this relationship reflects worker heterogeneity, suggesting that sorting is an important explanation for the lower gender wage difference in female-led firms. Further analysis supports this conclusion by showing that while female managers are not more likely to hire same-sex workers per se, they do indeed hire women with higher portable earnings capacity. Essay 4: (with Peter Nilsson) We analyze how peer effects among co‑workers affect fertility using population‑wide matched employer-employee panel data. We provide evidence on if, when, why and for whom co‑workers’ fertility decisions matter. Overall the impact of co-workers on own fertility is of the same magnitude as the effect of being one year older in the age span 20 to 30. “Same-type” co‑workers are particularly influential, although social status and own previous childbearing experiences modify the influence of peers in distinct ways. Peers’ fertility decisions matter most when the uncertainty about job-related costs of childbearing is low. The results provide insights to the sharp fluctuations in fertility rates observed in many countries, and give an indication of how social interactions affect important career related decisions.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Laun, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Utrikes födda och välfärdssystemen
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten studerar skillnader i mottagande av sociala förmåner mellan utrikes och inrikes födda 1990–2016. Analyserna baseras på registerdata omfattande hela befolkningen i arbetsför ålder och sex typer av förmåner: ekonomiskt bistånd, arbetslöshetsförmåner, studieförmåner, sjukpenning, sjuk- och aktivitetsersättning och föräldraförmåner. Våra resultat visar att den utrikes födda befolkningen i arbetsför ålder i genomsnitt hade mer omfattande förmånsmottagande än infödda. Arbetslöshetsförmåner, ekonomiskt bistånd och studieförmåner är relativt sett mer omfattande under de första åren i Sverige. Mottagandet av andra förmånsslag är inledningsvis lägre, men efterhand syns en överrepresentation i sjukpenning och sjuk- och aktivitetsersättning. Mönstren skiljer sig åt beroende på invandringsperiod, med en rörelse mot mindre skillnader mellan invandrade och infödda över tiden. Detta beror bland annat på att stora grupper av både arbetskrafts- och flyktinginvandrare mottog sjuk- och aktivitetsersättning fram tills systemet blev mer restriktivt generellt
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| 35. |
- Lindqvist, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Etablering efter etableringsinsatser
- 2019. - 28
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport studerar hur det går för dem som påbörjat insatser i Arbetsförmedlingens etableringsuppdrag 2010–2014, med särskilt fokus på skillnader mellan kvinnor och män och över kommuner. Det finns stora regionala variationer i nyanländas sysselsättning, mottagande av försörjningsstöd och studiedeltagande. Skillnader i bakgrundsegenskaper hos de nyanlända, lokala arbetsmarknadsmässiga och demografiska förutsättningar och insatser på Arbetsförmedlingen kan bara i begränsad utsträckning förklara varför det går olika bra i olika kommuner. Skillnaderna mellan kvinnor och män är stora när det gäller sysselsättning och förvärvsinkomst, men mindre entydiga när det gäller försörjningsstöd och studiemedelsmottagande.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Ohlson, Mikael, 1965-
(författare)
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Pension Eligibility and Retirement Behavior : Did the 1979 Swedish pension reform affect immigrant retirement behavior?
- 2004
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine the effects of changed eligibility rules to disability pension by the 1979 Swedish pension reform on immigrant retirement behavior. The reform made disability pension in the form of basic pension available to a wider group of immigrants. By using the LINDA database in a “difference-in-difference” model we estimate the effects of the reform on the probability of retirement in the age group 40-64. We find a positive impact of the reform on immigrant retirement behavior among women. Our results also indicate that naturalization may have been a way to get access to disability pension for those who, before the reform, had no legal right to basic pension.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Sánchez Gassen, Nora, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating Immigrants into the Nordic Labour Markets : The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nordic countries have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has taken a substantial toll on economic growth and employment level. Immigrants may have been disproportionately affected, even though Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden already face serious challenges in integrating immigrants into their labour markets for several years. This report aims to make a contribution to further research into the consequences of the pandemic.
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| 42. |
- Sibbmark, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Marknadsmekanismer i teori och praktik : erfarenheter från etableringslotsarna
- 2016
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Införandet av etableringslotsar 2010 utgick från ett valfrihets- och konkurrenstänkande: nyanlända kunde välja bland privata aktörer som hade stor frihet i att utforma insatser för att underlätta etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Genom val- och etableringsfrihet i kombination med delvis resultatbaserade ersättningar till lotsarna skulle marknadsmekanismer göra att de mest effektiva företagen och arbetssätten gynnades. Vi finner att lotsmarknaden snabbt kom att domineras av ett mindre antal aktörer med verksamhet över stora delar av landet. Många lotsar nischade in sig mot personer från ett enskilt födelseland och vissa kunde också expandera på detta sätt. Över tid växte betydande geografiska skillnader fram avseende konkurrensen på lotsmarknaden. Lotsarnas arbetssätt varierade, men skillnaderna i övergångar till arbete var små och vi ser inte att några företag hade tydligt högre andelar deltagare i jobb. Vi finner inga tecken på att individernas val av lots har styrts av chans till jobb, varken inledningsvis eller vid byten. De nyanlända har istället efterfrågat och fått socialt och praktiskt stöd. Resultaten indikerar att vägen till ökade intäkter för lotsarna tycks ha gått via att attrahera deltagare snarare än att få deltagarna i arbete. Sammantaget verkar inte marknadsmekanismerna ha fungerat som det var tänkt, åtminstone inte ur ett arbetsmarknadsperspektiv.
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| 43. |
- Sundberg, Anton, 1992-
(författare)
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Essays in Labor Economics : Parenthood, Immigration, and Education
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay I: This paper examines the impact of parenthood on labor market outcomes for both men and women using population-wide annual income data from 1960 to 2021 in Sweden. First, I document the contemporary child penalties across several labor market outcomes. Second, I show that while the motherhood penalty in earnings declined significantly during the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, the rate of decline slowed from the late 1980s onwards. Third, I identify a fatherhood penalty emerging since the 1980s, particularly pronounced among men in more gender-egalitarian households (proxied by the father's share of parental leave) and among fathers who have sons relative to daughters.Essay II (with Olof Åslund and Arizo Karimi): We explore the effect of gender equality norms and shared institutional and economic contexts on the size of the motherhood penalty, studying child migrants and children of immigrants in Sweden. While there are results pointing to a moderate but statistically robust negative association between source country gender equality and the labor market impact of motherhood, the overall picture is more one of similarity across highly diverse groups. All groups of mothers exhibit qualitatively comparable labor market trajectories following first childbirth, but penalties are somewhat greater among those descending from the most gender-unequal societies. Essay III (with Demid Getik and Anna Sjögren): We examine how exposure to recent migrants and asylum seekers affects the academic performance of incumbent students in Sweden between 2008 and 2022, a period characterized by large migration inflows. To identify the effect, we exploit variation in contemporaneous and cumulative exposure to recent migrants between siblings and across cohorts within schools. We find a small but statistically significant positive impact on native students' test scores from cumulative exposure to recent migrants. However, students with immigrant backgrounds do not experience similar benefits. A closer look at the more acute 2015 refugee crisis corroborates our main findings. Essay IV (with Mounir Karadja): We study the economic effects of gaining access to the taxi labor market. Comparing individuals who pass the required written exams for a taxi license with those who have not yet done so, we find that immigrants increase their monthly earnings by nearly 50 percent between 1 and 3 years later and reduce their reliance on social insurance programs. Natives experience smaller gains of about 10 percent. Recently arrived immigrants reap the largest gains, suggesting that their outside options are limited, leading to a larger impact of taxi driving on their earnings.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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All aboard? : Commuter train access and labor market outcomes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Regional Science and Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0462 .- 1879-2308. ; 67, s. 90-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the impact of commuter train access on individual labor market outcomes. Our study considers the introduction of a commuter train on a pre-existing railroad in Sweden, considerably decreasing commuting times by public transit and hence increasing access to the regional employment center. Using difference-in-differences matching techniques on comprehensive individual panel data spanning over a decade, our intention-to-treat estimates show that the reform essentially had no impact on the earnings and employment development among the affected individuals.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood and Family Experiences and the Social Integration of Young Migrants
- 2015
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 35, s. 135-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study how age at migration affects social integration in adulthood. Using Swedish register data, we estimate the effects of age at migration by comparing siblings arriving (as children) at the same time, but at different ages. Migrants who were older when they arrived are less likely to live close to, work with, and marry natives. We also study 2nd generation immigrants and show that parental time in the host country has similar (although somewhat weaker) effects for this group. The effects do not appear to be propagated through socioeconomic status. Instead, preferences or cultural identities appear as key mechanisms.
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| 48. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Do anonymous job application procedures level the playing field?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 65:1, s. 82-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite anti-discrimination legislation and the potential for hefty fines, labor market discrimination remains an issue for ethnic minorities and women, particularly in the recruitment and screening process. The apparent failure of legal and voluntary interventions has created a call for anonymous application procedures (AAP), in which key identifying data is hidden from recruiters in the initial recruiting process. Using unusually rich Swedish data on actual applications and recruitments, the authors show that AAP increased the chances of both women and individuals of non-Western origin of advancing to the interview stage. In addition, results show that women experienced an increased probability of being offered a job under AAP. However, applicants belonging to ethnic minorities were equally disadvantaged in terms of job offers under conventional and anonymous hiring procedures, suggesting that racial and ethnic discrimination may be harder to circumvent than gender discrimination.
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| 49. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Education and criminal behavior : Insights from an expansion of upper secondary school
- 2018
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 52, s. 178-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the impact on long and short run criminal behavior from a large scale Swedish reform of vocational upper secondary education, extending programs and adding more general theoretical content. The reform directly concerns age groups where criminal activity is high and individuals who are overrepresented among criminal offenders. Using detailed administrative data we show that the reform led to a reduction in property crime, but no significant decrease in violent crime. The effect is mainly concentrated to the third year after enrollment, which suggests that being in school reduces the opportunities and/or inclinations to commit crime.
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| 50. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Emigration of immigrants and measures of immigrant assimilation : evidence from Sweden
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most previously used measures of immigrant labor market assimilation will be biased if there is non-random emigration of immigrants. We use longitudinal data on immigration to Sweden 1970-1990 to examine the extent and pattern of immigrant emigration and its consequences for measures of assimilation. Large fractions of the immigrants leave the host country shortly after arrival; within five years, more than a quarter of the people studied emigrated. As expected, economic migrants are much more likely to emigrate than political ones. Further, within these two groups, it is the least economically successful who leave. This creates the impression that immigrants’ well-being relative to natives improves with time in Sweden. However, not adjusting for emigration leads to overestimating the rate of economic assimilation, for Nordic and OECD immigrants by about much as 75 percent or more
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