| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Kassman, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
-
Nitrogen containing additives for simultaneous reduction of KCL and NOx during biomass combustion in a CFB boiler
- 2008
-
Ingår i: 9th International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, CFB 2008, in Conjunction with the 4th International VGB Workshop on Operating Experience with Fluidized Bed Firing Systems; Hamburg; Germany; 13 May 2008 through 16 May 2008. - 9783930400577 ; , s. Paper 14_13-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- High levels of alkali chlorides in the flue gas can cause enhanced deposit formation and superheater corrosion during combustion of biofuels. These alkali chlorides mainlyoriginate from potassium chloride (KCl). A challenge during combustion of biofuels is to simultaneously reduce NOx and KCl. The ChlorOut concept has been developed by Vattenfallto minimise deposit formation and corrosion. It consists of IACM, an instrument for on-line measurements of gaseous alkali chlorides, and a sulphate-containing additive that converts alkali chlorides to less corrosive alkali sulphates. The sulphate-containing additive is oftenammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, and, therefore, a significant NOx reduction is also achieved.This paper presents the results from a comparison of the conventional SNCR additives (ammonia or urea) and (NH4)2SO4 for reduction of NOx and/or KCl during combustion in a CFB boiler. The fuel consisted of either a mixture of wood chips and wood pellets with added PVC or with straw pellets. Of special interest was the influence of sulphation of KCl in parallel to the reduction of NO and if these processes interact. The results show that there are rather small differences in performance concerning NOx reduction between the additives.
|
|
| 3. |
- Kassman, Håkan, 1962, et al.
(författare)
-
Nitrogen Containing Additives for Simultaneous Reduction of KCl and NOx during Biomass Combustion in a CFB Boiler
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, May, 13 - 16, 2008, Hamburg, Germany.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- High levels of alkali chlorides in the flue gas can cause enhanced deposit formation and superheater corrosion during combustion of biofuels. These alkali chlorides mainly originate from potassium chloride (KCl). A challenge during combustion of biofuels is to simultaneously reduce NOx and KCl. The ChlorOut concept has been developed by Vattenfall to minimise deposit formation and corrosion. It consists of IACM, an instrument for on-line measurements of gaseous alkali chlorides, and a sulphate-containing additive that converts alkali chlorides to less corrosive alkali sulphates. The sulphate-containing additive is often ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, and, therefore, a significant NOx reduction is also achieved. This paper presents the results from a comparison of the conventional SNCR additives (ammonia or urea) and (NH4)2SO4 for reduction of NOx and/or KCl during combustion in a CFB boiler. The fuel consisted of either a mixture of wood chips and wood pellets with added PVC or with straw pellets. Of special interest was the influence of sulphation of KCl in parallel to the reduction of NO and if these processes interact. The results show that there are rather small differences in performance concerning NOx reduction between the additives.
|
|
| 4. |
- Zhao, Dongmei, 1963, et al.
(författare)
-
Emissions of Mercury and Cadmium when Co-Firing Municipal Sewage Sludge and/or Waste Pellets with Biomass in a CFB Boiler
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) are the two most toxic heavy metals listed among trace elements. Emission limit values for these exist when burning waste in European Union (EU)countries. These emission limits are also valid for the case of co-combustion of waste fractions with a clean biomass as wood chips originating from stem wood. This has been studied in the 12MWth boiler located at Chalmers University of Technology by means of co-combustion of municipal sewage sludge and/or sorted, crushed and pre-dried waste pellets from IcoPower in the Netherlands. As base fuel a clean biomass was used consisting of only stem wood in the form of wood chips. Emissions of Hg and Cd were measured in the stack. An evaluation was also made of the importance of a highly efficient textile bag filter for the prevention of these emissions. Due to higher concentrations of Hg and Cd in the waste fuel streams, higher loading of Hg and Cd into the boiler was attained. The distribution of Hg and Cd into the outgoing flue-gas and fly ash streams was also determined.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
