| 1. |
- Coe, Anna-Britt, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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How gender hierarchies matter in youth activism : young people's mobilizing around sexual health in Ecuador and Peru
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Youth Studies. - : Routledge. - 1367-6261 .- 1469-9680. ; 16:6, s. 695-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite a growing body of research on youth activism, few studies examine how this intersects with gender. Our study aimed to explore whether and how young activists themselves perceived gender hierarchies as needing to be addressed through their collective action on sexual health in Peru and Ecuador. Using Grounded Theory, qualitative data was collected and analyzed from young activists across four cases. Cases ranged in complexity from a single youth organization operating at the district level to numerous youth organizations articulating at the national level. We linked the GT analysis to a conceptual framework based on Tayor’s (1999) theorizing of gender and social movements. Accordingly, young activists perceived gender, and even class, “race” and age, as salient to their collective actions. These actions corresponded to the social movement concept of mobilizing structures that consist of pre-existing structures, tactics and organizations. Young activists understood gender and other social categories as imbued by power differentials and therefore as social hierarchies, within which their activism was embedded. The paper thereby demonstrates the need for an enhanced conceptual framework for the study of youth activism and its intersection with gender hierarchies.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Holmén, Nathalie, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Functional CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells are enriched in the colonic mucosa of patients with active ulcerative colitis and increase with disease activity.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Inflammatory bowel diseases. - 1078-0998. ; 12:6, s. 447-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Factors determining the extension and degree of inflammation in the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are largely unknown, but CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated to play an important role in suppressing inflammation. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine whether colonic Tregs have suppressive effects on colonic effector T cells in UC and to analyze the association between segmental colonic Treg distribution and disease activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The suppressive activity of colonic CD4+CD25high Tregs from patients with active UC was determined in coculture assays measuring proliferation and cytokine production. The frequency of Tregs and the expression of the Treg marker FOXP3 were analyzed with flow cytometry and RT-PCR in isolated cells and the whole mucosa from patients with active and inactive disease, as well as healthy mucosa. RESULTS: Colonic CD4+CD25high T cells from patients with UC suppressed the proliferation and cytokine secretion of colonic effector CD4+ T cells. Healthy controls but not patients with UC had lower Treg frequencies in the sigmoid than in the ascending colon. Patients with UC with active disease had increased frequency of colonic Tregs. The frequency of Tregs was positively correlated with colonic disease activity and serum C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic CD4+CD25high Tregs are able to suppress colonic effector T cell activity in vitro, and the Treg frequency in the inflamed intestine increases with disease activity in patients with active UC. This suggests that Tregs may be outnumbered by other inflammatory cells or that their suppressive activity may be influenced by the in vivo environment.
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| 4. |
- Wiklund, Maria, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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"He messed me up" : Swedish adolescent girls' experiences of gender-related partner violence and its consequences over time
- 2010
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Ingår i: Violence against Women. - : Sage. - 1077-8012 .- 1552-8448. ; 16:2, s. 207-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article illuminates two Swedish adolescent girls' experiences of living in a violent relationship as teenagers and how this has affected their lives and health over time. Interviews were conducted in a youth health center. A combination of qualitative content analysis and narrative analysis describes violation, stress, trauma, coping, and agency during the period of adolescence and transition into adulthood. Despite Swedish progressive public policies on men's violence against women, teenage girls are exposed to male partners' violation, a severe gendered stressor. There is a need for the development of health policy and gender-responsive interventions geared specifically toward adolescent girls.
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| 5. |
- Wiklund, Maria, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective health complaints in older adolescents are related to perceived stress, anxiety and gender : a cross-sectional school study in Northern Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 12:993
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Adolescent subjective health has become a public health concern in Sweden and worldwide. The purpose of this study is to investigate perceived stress and subjective health complaints among older adolescents.Methods: Data were derived from a school-based survey with a sample consisting of 16–18 year olds (n=1027), boys and girls, in high school grades 1 and 2, from different educational programs in three public high schools within a university municipality in northern Sweden. Perceived stress, self-rated health, subjective health complaints, anxiety, and depression, were measured with a questionnaire including a set of instruments.Results: A large proportion of both girls and boys reported health complaints and perceived stress. There was a clear gender difference; girls reported two to three-fold higher proportions of subjective health complaints such as headache, tiredness and sleeping difficulties, musculoskeletal pain, as well as sadness and anxiety. Pressure and demands correlated strongly with psychosomatic symptoms (r=0.71) and anxiety (r=0.71).Conclusions: The results indicate that subjective health complaints are prevalent during adolescence, especially in girls, and furthermore that perceived stress and demands may be important explanatory factors. Future studies should pay attention to the balance between gender-related demands, perceived control and social support, particularly in the school environment, in order to prevent negative strain and stress-related ill-health. The gender gap in adolescent health needs to be further explored.
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| 6. |
- Öhman, Ann, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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A stimulating, practice-based job facing increased stress : Clinical supervisors’ perceptions of professional role, physiotherapy education and the status of the profession
- 2005
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Ingår i: Advances in Physiotherapy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1403-8196 .- 1651-1948. ; 7:3, s. 114-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to study perceptions of professional role, education and the status of the profession among clinical physiotherapy supervisors. Five focus group discussions were conducted with 15 supervisors attached to four universities in Sweden. Qualitative analyses were carried out using constant comparisons. Triangulation of researchers was used to increase trustworthiness. The supervisors experienced themselves as being in the centre of two competing and changing fields - the academic setting and the clinic in healthcare organization. The contact with students and their updated knowledge base were the most positive aspects of being clinical supervisors. To create a good learning environment for the students was considered important, but lack of time in all aspects of the work created stress and dissatisfaction. Students’ hands-on skills and treatment techniques were regarded to be rather poor and there is too much emphasis on theoretical knowledge and research methods in the curriculum. The physiotherapy profession has potentials to develop in innovative fields such as health promotion and disease prevention outside the hospitals, but healthcare with its hierarchical organization is a hindrance for this development. Collaborative efforts to bridge the gap between university and clinical setting are needed.
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| 7. |
- Öhman, Ann, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Attitudes of novice physiotherapists to their professional role : A gender perspective
- 1998
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Ingår i: Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0959-3985 .- 1532-5040. ; 14:1, s. 23-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most Swedish physiotherapists are women, but an increasing number of men are entering the profession. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine the experience of eight novice physiotherapists. In-depth interviews with four female and four male novice physiotherapists were conducted. The analyses used Grounded Theory and ideal model. Gender, context and time were identified as important analytical categories. Four ideal types, which reflect the attitudes of the novices to the profession, were constructed. The attitudes of the female physiotherapists were used to construct the ideal types called the 'Supervisor' and the 'Treater'. They were patient-oriented and experienced great job satisfaction in their close relationship with patients. They had an open mind as to their future professional activities. The attitudes of the male physiotherapists were used to construct the ideal types called the 'Coach' and the 'Entrepreneur'. They were team-oriented and unsatisfied with team leaders, salaries and organisation. They were choice-decided as to their future professional activities. In the primary health care setting, the physiotherapists wished to cooperate upwards with others in the organisational hierarchy as well as outside the health care organisation. In hospitals, the physiotherapists wished to cooperate horizontally or downwards with others in the hierarchy.
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| 8. |
- Öhman, Ann, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Career choice and professional preferences in a group of Canadian physiotherapy students
- 2002
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Ingår i: Advances in Physiotherapy. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1403-8196 .- 1651-1948. ; 4:1, s. 16-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article focuses on reasons for the career choice and the longitudinal development of attitudes to healthcare work and the physiotherapy profession. The study is part of a larger project on professional development in physiotherapy. A cohort of 60 Canadian physiotherapy students was surveyed on two occasions during their educational programme. The questionnaire was constructed using a theoretical framework about professional socialization. Forty students completed both versions of the questionnaire yielding a response rate of 67%. Seventy-two per cent were women and 28% were men. Job accessibility or economic (25.5%) were the most frequently indicated reasons for the career choice. The most frequently chosen role models were the preceptors in clinical placements (52%). None of the students indicated having a faculty member as a role model. The desire to work in private practice and with adults was ranked highly in both administrations of the questionnaire. Few students regarded home care and community health as preferable healthcare facilities after graduation. Research, managerial work or occupational health were not given as preferable areas of practice. There advantages were statistically significant differences between women and men in their preferences for private practice work and the public sector of healthcare. The results are discussed in relation to gendered division of labour in healthcare and to the development of the profession.
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| 9. |
- Öhman, Ann, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Career choice, professional preferences and gender ? : the case of Swedish physiotherapy students
- 2001
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Ingår i: Advances in Physiotherapy. - : informa plc. - 1403-8196 .- 1651-1948. ; 3:3, s. 94-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to identify reasons for the career choice and professional preferences among students enrolled in the Swedish physiotherapy education. The study design was longitudinal and used a questionnaire administered to a cohort of 273 students in the beginning of the university programme in 1997 as well as at the completion of the programme in 1999, yielding a response rate of 93%. Data were analysed with factor analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. To test the relationship between the factors and outcomes that showed significant effect in the logistic regression analysis, a path analysis was performed. The two most preferred healthcare facilities after graduation were sports medicine clinics and fitness centres. Future work in private practice was highly endorsed by a majority of students. Health promotion was highly valued. Care of elderly and hospital work were not preferred. Significant differences between men and women appeared. Men were more likely to have chosen the programme because of their interest in sports and physical activity. Men were also more choice decided about future professional activities, whereas women were more open for several areas of practice. Men preferred to become the owner of a private clinic and to work with alternative approaches to healthcare, such as fitness training in sports medicine clinics.
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| 10. |
- Öhman, Ann, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Competent women and competing professions : Physiotherapy educators' perceptions of the field
- 1999
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Ingår i: Advances in Physiotherapy. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1403-8196 .- 1651-1948. ; 1:2, s. 59-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Career choices are still strongly gendered in health care professions. In Sweden, physiotherapy is a middle-class women's profession that nowadays also attracts men. Career strategies and professional development in physiotherapy are sparsely studied from a gender perspective. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe and analyse perceptions of individual professional development, physiotherapy education and the profession in general, among a group of women educators in physiotherapy, using a gender theoretical framework and some of Bourdieu's theoretical concepts in the analysis. Thematized in-depth interviews with fourteen educators in physiotherapy were performed. The analysis used the Grounded Theory method of constant comparison. To increase credibility, the study design used triangulation in interviewers and investigators, member checking and reference group checking. Three core categories were identified. The Competent Woman category involves the professional development of the educators, including aspects of competence, success, efficiency and flexibility. Perceptions of femininity and masculinity reflect the symbolic dimension of gender. Femininity is regarded as symbolic capital for empathy and care, while masculinity represents status and power. The core category Theory-Practice Gap describes the isolated position of physiotherapy education in relation to the field of health care. The fragmented and disintegrated professional knowledge base does not facilitate the development of the profession. The core category Profession under Change reflects ideas about physiotherapy in society. Other female health care professions, ongoing societal change and conservative physiotherapy practices constitute a threat to the future development of the field. Visions for future development of the field emphasized the importance of professional competence and engagement in innovative activities in new arenas and new professional roles. The results shed light on the symbolic dimension of gender in a professional field where femininity is connected with academic success, empathy and care, while masculinity is related to business mentality, status and power. Notions of competition include both internal and external factors affecting the field of physiotherapy.
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| 11. |
- Öhman, Ann, 1954-
(författare)
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Profession on the move : Changing conditions and gendered development in physiotherapy
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Physiotherapy in Sweden has developed from a practical, hands-on, assistant job predominantly taught at college level to a university-based academic discipline emphasising evidence-based practice and research. Women are in majority although an increasing number of men have entered the profession. Women and men physiotherapists tend to undertake different career paths. The overall aim of the present thesis was to use a gender perspective to describe and analyse attitudes to the professional role, health care work and the development of the profession among actors engaged in physiotherapy education.A questionnaire was distributed in 1997 to all Swedish physiotherapy students in the second semester of the education (n=273). The same cohort was investigated in 1999 at the completion of the education. The response rate was 93 percent at both occasions. For an international comparison, the same questionnaire was distributed in 1997 and in 1999 to a group of Canadian physiotherapy students in their first and last semesters (n=60). Qualitative research interviews were conducted with 8 novices in physiotherapy and with 14 women educators in academia. Five focus group discussions with clinical supervisors were conducted (10 women and 5 men). Methods used were Grounded theory, factor analysis, logistic regression and path analysis. Feminist theories and Bourdieu's theory of culture constituted a theoretical frameworkFour ideal types were identified among the novices representing attitudes to the professional role. The Treater and The Supervisor were attitudes found among the women, whereas The Coach and The Entrepreneur were attitudes among the men. Type of health care facility was important for their positioning in the organisational hierarchy. Swedish students favour future employment in private practice. Sports medicine clinics and fitness centres are health care facilities highly endorsed, as is health promotion. Neither care of elderly nor hospital work are preferable fields of practice. Research is not favoured. Men students are more likely to have chosen the profession because of their interest in physical activity and sports. They are also more likely to prefer owning a private clinic and working with alternative approaches such as fitness training in sports medicine clinics. Women students are more likely to prefer an employment in private practice. The Canadian men students favour private practice whereas the women prefer the public sector of health care. The academic educators experience a gap between theory and practice which causes conflicting messages to students. Competing professions, emergent societal change and a conservative clinical practice constitute threats to the profession. The uniqueness of professional competency, theoretical development and new arenas such as home rehabilitation, consulting and research constitute a vision for future development of the profession. Masculinity is highly valued for status and power whereas femininity symbolises empathy and caring. The clinical supervisors update their theoretical knowledge base through supervision of students, but claim that students lack hands-on skills. Stress at work, unequal power relations in the hierarchy and restructuring of health care are factors that influence work satisfaction negatively. To conclude, gendered habitus, different symbolic capital and different attitudes towards health care work and development of the profession were found in the sub-fields of physiotherapy.
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| 12. |
- Öhman, Lena, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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B-cell activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
- 2009
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Ingår i: Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. - : Wiley. - 1365-2982. ; 21:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may have a low grade immune activation. However, little is known about the properties of B cells of IBS patients. We therefore investigated activation level and antigen presenting phenotype of blood B cells of IBS patients. We also examined B-cell responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and probiotic bacteria. Blood samples were obtained from 74 IBS patients and 30 healthy subjects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with LPS or an UV-light inactivated bacterial cocktail consisting of the probiotic Gram-positive strains; Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei 19, Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis B612. The phenotype of CD19(+) B cells was investigated by flow cytometry before and after 72 h cell culture. Furthermore, IBS symptom severity was assessed. B cells isolated from blood of IBS patients displayed an amplified activation level as demonstrated by increased cell surface expression of IgG, and also the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. Expression of antigen presenting HLA-DR and costimulatory molecule CD40 on B cells was, however comparable in IBS patients and controls. B cells of IBS patients displayed an impaired ability to increase expression of CD80, but not CD86, in response to both LPS as well as probiotic bacteria stimulations. To conclude, blood B cells of IBS patients have an increased activation level. Bacterial component induced expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80, regarded as important for tolerance induction, is impaired. These data suggest that B-cell antigen presentation in IBS patients is associated with altered capacity of providing costimulation to T cells.
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| 13. |
- Öhman, Lena, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Increased TLR2 expression on blood monocytes in irritable bowel syndrome patients.
- 2012
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Ingår i: European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. - 1473-5687. ; 24:4, s. 398-405
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The understanding of the mechanisms for increased immune activation in subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is incomplete. We hypothesized that monocytes are more activated in patients with IBS than in the healthy population. We therefore examined activation phenotype and cytokine secretion of blood monocytes.
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| 14. |
- Öhman, Lena, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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T-cell activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The American journal of gastroenterology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1572-0241 .- 0002-9270. ; 104:5, s. 1205-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been found to be associated with low-grade immune activation in a subset of patients. We therefore investigated blood and colonic T-cell activity in IBS patients. METHODS: Blood samples were initially obtained from 74 IBS patients and 30 controls. Supplementary blood samples, to confirm data, were taken from another cohort (26 patients and 14 controls). In addition, colonic biopsies were taken from a third cohort (11 patients and 10 controls). Peripheral blood and colonic mononuclear cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. Proliferation, cytokine secretion, and T-cell phenotype were investigated. IBS symptom severity was assessed. RESULTS: IBS patients displayed an activated phenotype with increased frequencies of blood T cells expressing CD69 and integrin beta7/HLA-DR. Anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated blood and colonic T cells from IBS patients proliferated less than T cells from controls. IBS patients had an increased polyclonally stimulated T-cell secretion of IL-1beta, which also weakly correlated with increased bowel habit dissatisfaction. Furthermore, despite normal frequencies of CD25high T cells in the blood of IBS patients, lower blood CD25high T-cell frequencies were modestly correlated with more bowel habit dissatisfaction and increased total IBS symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: IBS patients have an increased frequency of activated T cells, demonstrated by the expression of activation markers and reduced proliferation in response to restimulation in vitro. The increased level of T-cell activation is consistent with the hypothesis of low-grade immune activation in IBS and may also be involved in symptom generation in IBS.
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