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- Garpenstrand, H, et al.
(författare)
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Human fear conditioning is related to dopaminergic and serotonergic biological markers
- 2001
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Ingår i: BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE. - 0735-7044. ; 115:2, s. 358-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological markers for acquisition and extinction of fear conditioning were studied in 40 individuals selected for displaying either good or poor acquisition of fear conditioning, as estimated by the skin conductance response. Participants with a short se
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- Kendler, K. S., et al.
(författare)
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The development of fears from early adolesence to young adulthood : a multivariate study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - 0033-2917 .- 1469-8978. ; 38:12, s. 1759-1769
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Common fears change over development. Genetic and environmental risk factors for fears are partly shared across fears and partly fear-specific. The nature of the changes in common and fear-specific genetic and environmental risk factors over time is unknown.Method. Self-reported fears were obtained at ages 13-14, 16-17 and 19-20 from 2404 twins in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. A multivariate longitudinal twin analysis was conducted with Mx.Results. Eighteen individual items formed four fear factors: animal, blood-injury, situational, and social. The best-fit model had no quantitative or qualitative sex effects or shared environmental effects, but included a strong common factor with a stable cross-time Structure with highest loadings on situational and lowest loadings on social fears. New common and fear-specific genetic risk factors emerged over development. With increasing age, genetic effects declined in overall importance and became more fear-specific. Cross-time continuity in specific genetic effects was highest for animal and lowest for social fears. Social fears had a 'burst' of specific genetic effects in late adolescence. Individual-specific environmental factors impacted both on the general fear factor and on specific fears. Compared to genetic effects, the impact of the unique environment was more time-specific.Conclusions. Genetic and environmental risk factors for individual fears are partly mediated through a common fear factor and are partly fear-specific in their effect. The developmental pattern of these risk factors is complex and dynamic with new common and specific genetic effects arising in late adolescence and early adulthood.
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- Olsson, Bob, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Extreme Stability of Chitotriosidase in Cerebrospinal Fluid makes it a Suitable Marker for Microglial Activation in Clinical Trials
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimers Disease. - : IOS Press. - 1387-2877 .- 1875-8908. ; 32:2, s. 273-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microglia is thought to be important in Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the usefulness of the microglial marker chitotriosidase in clinical trials. Chitotriosidase was analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer's disease patients on acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEI) and in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients before and after natalizumab treatment. Chitotriosidase activity was extremely stable during treatment with the non-inflammatory drug AChEI. However, the immunomodulatory treatment with natalizumab led to lower chitotriosidase activity. Thus, chitotriosidase may be useful in clinical trials where microglia is targeted or as a safety biomarker in other trials where the brain is a bystander organ.
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- Wesnes, K., et al.
(författare)
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Computerized cognition assessment during acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment in Alzheimer's disease
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1600-0404 .- 0001-6314. ; 122:4, s. 270-277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives - Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) has become a standard clinical trials outcome for cognition, but has been recognized as deficient in areas including coverage of cognitive domains, sensitivity and standardization. Computerized test batteries may address some of these issues. The cognitive drug research computerized assessment (CDR) system is validated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study was designed to further evaluate validity in relation to ADAS-Cog, mini mental state examination (MMSE) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and psychometric properties, in a population of Alzheimer's patients on stable anticholinesterase treatment. Materials and methods - Patients completed cognition assessments, CSF and blood sampling at baseline and 6 months later. Data for 65 patients were evaluated. Results - The CDR system demonstrated good psychometric properties in this population. Measures of psychomotor speed showed possible sensitivity to decline over 6 months. Conclusions - There are a number of methodological problems with current cognition assessment methodology for clinical trials. Computerized measures and in particular millisecond reaction time measures, may address many of these issues.
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- Wesnes, KA, et al.
(författare)
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Nabilone produces marked impairments to cognitive function and changes in subjective state in healthy volunteers
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). - : SAGE Publications. - 1461-7285 .- 0269-8811. ; 24:11, s. 1659-1669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the acute cognitive and subjective effects of nabilone 1—3 mg in healthy male volunteers. The Cognitive Drug Research computerised system (CDR system) was used to assess changes in attention, working and episodic memory. In addition, a number of self-ratings were conducted including those of mood, alertness and perceived drug effects. Impairments to attention, working and episodic memory and self-ratings of alertness were evident. Volunteers also experienced a number of subjective drug effects. These data demonstrate that acute doses of nabilone in the range 1—3 mg produce clear cognitive and subjective effects in healthy volunteers, and therefore they may be used as reference data in the future study of peripherally acting cannabinoids believed to be free from such effects.
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- Wesnes, KA, et al.
(författare)
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Norms for healthy adults aged 18-87 years for the Cognitive Drug Research System: An automated set of tests of attention, information processing and memory for use in clinical trials
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). - : SAGE Publications. - 1461-7285 .- 0269-8811. ; 30:3, s. 263-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) System is a set of nine computerized tests of attention, information processing, working memory, executive control and episodic memory which was designed for repeated assessments in research projects. The CDR System has been used extensively in clinical trials involving healthy volunteers for over 30 years, and a database of 7751 individuals aged 18–87 years has been accumulated for pre-treatment data from these studies. This database has been analysed, and the relationships between the various scores with factors, including age, gender and years of full-time education, have been identified. These analyses are reported in this paper, along with tables of norms for the various key measures from the core tasks stratified by age and gender. These norms can be used for a variety of purposes, including the determination of eligibility for participation in clinical trials and the everyday relevance of research findings from the system. In addition, these norms provide valuable information on gender differences and the effects of normal ageing on major aspects of human cognitive function.
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- Wiig, E H, et al.
(författare)
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The stability of AQT processing speed, ADAS-Cog and MMSE during acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment in Alzheimer's disease
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0001-6314 .- 1600-0404. ; 121:3, s. 186-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To explore the longitudinal stability of measures of cognition during treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AchEI) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cognitive status was measured in a cohort of 60 patients at 6 months after initiation of treatment with AchEI (baseline) and after an additional 6 months of treatment (endpoint). A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), and MMSE were administered concurrently. RESULTS: Correlations (rho) between age and AQT processing speed were non-significant, but were significant for ADAS-Cog and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). AQT and ADAS-Cog means did not differ significantly between baseline and endpoint. There was a small, significant reduction in MMSE point scores. Measures of stability (Spearman's rho) were moderate-to-high for all tests. Means for subgroups did not differ as a function of medication type. CONCLUSIONS: AQT processing speed, ADAS-Cog, and MMSE measures proved stable during the second 6 months of treatment with AChEI.
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