SwePub - sökning: WFRF:(Abdullah Mukhalad)

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1.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Floods and Flood Protection in Mesopotamia 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 155-173 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Mesopotamia is a land where floods have occurred very frequently. Many destructive floods had been registered by historians, who noted also the food control schemes used in those times. Over history, many structures were built and managed, but this work was taken up again by the General Directorate of Irrigation which was formed in 1917 to manage floods and reduce as much as possible losses, in addition to the development of irrigation works. Plans were made to build a sophisticated flood control and protection system. Several projects were proposed, and since the 1950s they were successfully implemented. Many multipurpose dams were built to mitigate flood conditions in addition to their other functions, such as Mosul Dam, Dokan Dam, Derbendikhan Dam and Haditha Dam. Other projects which were solely planned for flood protection include developing and using natural depressions such as Habbaniyah Lake on the Euphrates River and Tharthar Lake on the Tigris River, to protect Mesopotamia from floods. Moreover, the southern marshes in lower Mesopotamia may be utilized for flood protection. This paper deals only with these natural depressions leaving the dams at the time being.
2.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Irrigation Major Systems on Euphrates River within Mesopotamia 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 199-219 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Euphrates River is one of the two rivers where the civilization and irrigation had started, many major irrigation systems are still operating for centuries. The most important advancement of irrigation within this area happened after 1920s, where new structures were constructed, new canals excavated, new pumps installed, and salt affected lands were reclaimed. The major irrigation projects in along the reach of Euphrates within Mesopotamia are, Great Abu Ghraib, Great Musayab, Hilla Branch projects, Kifl-Shiniafiyah, in addition to many other medium and small size projects. Besides, some important Barrages have been built for controlling water levels of the Euphrates for proper operation, such as Fallujah and Hindiya Barrages. There is a great need for more reclamation in the lower parts of this territory, as well alternatives are needed to avoid discharging saline drainage water to the Euphrates in some projects.
3.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Irrigation projects in Iraq 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 11:2, s. 35-160 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Iraq has a unique irrigation system since the early history, these systems are functioning through many irrigation projects built over `Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Irrigation projects include several categories, which are dams, barrages, canals, drains, pumping stations, regulators, and reservoirs. There are six large dams inside Iraq, 5 are existing in Tigris basin, and one in Euphrates basin, these dams which were built since 1950’s are suffering from several issues, like foundation liquefaction, seismic effects, and others. Tharthar Lake, Habbaniyah Lake, Razzaza Lake, and Southern Marshes are also one of the main projects in Iraq to control flood and storing excess water in some. These lakes serve in protection of the main cities during large floods. There are also many barrages on Tigris and Euphrates, some of these barrages are part of Tharthar and Habbaniyah projects, while others serving the irrigation projects in Mesopotamia. On Euphrates, there are several irrigation projects, where the projects upstream Fallujah city are almost small or medium projects irrigated by pumping. Then, in the rest of Euphrates, there are Great Abu Ghraib project, Great Mussayab, Hilla-Kifil, some small projects, and Kifil-Shinafiyah projects. Also, Hilla branch which is the largest branch in Iraq from Euphrates, where this branch is irrigating several irrigation projects. On Tigris basin, there are Jazeera project irrigated by pumping from Mosul Dam, Kirkuk project that is irrigated from Lesser Zab River, and Diyala are projects. Inside Mesopotamia and over Tigris reach, there are Ishaqi project, Nahrawan project, Middle Tigris projects, Dujailah project, Dalmaj project, and Gharraf Canal projects. In the middle of Mesopotamian plain, Main Outfall Drain was completed in 1992, this grand drain are serving around 6 million donum of farmlands.
4.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Major Irrigation Systems on Tigris River within Mesopotamia 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 175-198 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Several irrigation systems have been built at Tigris River basin within Mesopotamia plain. The upper part of Tigris at Mesopotamia is extensively exploited, and several major projects were constructed since the 1970s. These are Ishaqi, Khalis, Diyala Combined Reach, Nahrawan, Dujailya and Dalmaj. Other projects were partially developed, which are Middle-Tigris, Gharraf projects, Great Amarah and KutButaira. The important barrages in this part are Kut Barrage, as well, as the barrages in Amarah area which are of vital importance for irrigation and navigation. Shaat Al-Arab is one of the most important waterways in Iraq. This river has been suffered from water scarcity and riparian countries actions. Solutions for adaptation to adapt the situation were studied and planned carefully, but still there is need for more work to cope with the situation in Basra area.
5.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Missing rainfall data estimation—an approach to investigate different methods: case study of Baghdad 2022 Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Geosciences. - : Springer. - 1866-7511 .- 1866-7538. ; 15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The missing of the meteorological data in Iraq is common due to malfunction of measuring devices, security status, and human effects. The study tested 17 missing precipitation data estimation methods in Baghdad city as a case study, where, all the surrounding stations around Baghdad experienced the missing of data for various reasons, and some of the missing data are for a full year record. The methods examined in this study are based on different approaches, some of the methods are based upon the distances to the targeted station, others are upon regression factors, and there are also methods that combine several factors. There are also other types of missing data filling methods which depend on imputation and artificial intelligence. The investigation of the most accurate method to find the missing data will assist researchers and decision makers to fill the gap in their analysis in one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of drought and climate changes impacts. Results showed that Expectation Maximization (EM) method utilization has the best results with the least errors, and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method was ranked the second best method. In general, all of the applied methods had resulted acceptable interpolations, and it was clear that the combined methods have low significance on the results in comparison with others. All of these findings are limited to the study area meteorological and spatial conditions.
6.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Soil Salinity of Mesopotamia and the Main Drains 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 221-230 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Since early civilization and the farmers in Mesopotamia are suffering from the soil salinity. This problem had caused the transfer of power from the Sumerians to the Babylonians in ancient history. Great efforts and research have been made since the beginning of the 20th century to overcome this salinity problem. Experts have concluded that the main reason for salinity is the salt content of irrigation water and the shallow saline groundwater derived from the irrigation activities. General schemes were planned, which involve building a new system of drains in parallel to the irrigation network. The backbone of the drainage system in Mesopotamia is the Main Outfall Drain (MOD). Large works such as Musayab Main Drain, Main Outfall Drain, Great Gharraf Drain, East Euphrates Drain were implemented, but there are still large needs for much more work to be done.
7.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Harvesting in Iraq : Status and Opportunities 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:1, s. 199-217 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Water harvesting in Iraq is an old application with limited extent. Western Desert, Jazeera Desert and Eastern Valleys, are the zones were the water harvesting must be employed. Several water harvesting dams in Western Desert had built since 1970s, these dams are intended to provide habitat and recharge of groundwater resources. There is limited opportunity to recharge groundwater in Jazeera area due to existence of gypsum layers. Regarding Eastern Valleys, the experience of building water harvesting dams on the valleys manifested that sediments accumulation is the main obstacle to adapt this solution. Hemrin Hills considered as one of the most intensively eroded areas in Iraq, so, soil conservation and water harvesting development is important. Many small dams were built in mountainous zone in the last two decades, some are important for agriculture expansion, but there is need to evaluate the effects on large dams feeding. North-Eastern parts of Jordan, which has similar natural conditions of Northern Desert, had present a successful example of water harvesting development.
8.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects : Large Storage Dams 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 109-135 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Several dams were built on Tigris, Euphrates, and Tigris tributaries in Iraq. The construction of dams had been done in the second half of 20th century. Of the most critical issues confronting the large storage dams in Iraq are the liquefactions in Mosul Dam foundations, land sliding and earthquake effects in Darbandikhan Dam, and the essential maintenance and rehabilitation requirements almost for all the dams. Absolutely, large storage dams made Iraq surviving from thirst in several occasions. Unfortunately, after 2003, the attention or will are not exist pertaining the building of new or partially built large dams.
9.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects in Iraq : Irrigation Projects on Euphrates 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 169-199 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Euphrates River is distinguished with long existing irrigation projects, which had been developed in the 20th century after centuries of deterioration. One of the major projects a long Euphrates inside Iraq is Great Abu Ghraib Project, which is the largest reclaimed area. Also, Great Musayab Project, Kifl-Shinafiyah Project and Shinafiyah-Nasiriya Project are other major projects. The most important for which Hindiyah Barrage had been built is Hilla Branch that supply many projects on both sides of this branch. Euphrates irrigation projects need a lot of investments to develop the status of the projects and confront the continuous decrease in water quality of the river.
10.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects in Iraq : Reservoirs in The Natural Depressions 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 137-152 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Iraq had suffered for centuries from devastating floods, causing heavy life and property losses and for occasions it demolished the civilizations. Since 1950s, Iraq started to develop several natural depressions to function as escape to mitigate flood waves. The projects of this kind which had developed are: Habbaniyah project, Tharthar project, Schweicha depression and Southern Marshes. The exploitation of these projects comprises building barrages, regulators, and dykes. For Tharthar and Habbaniyah, the diverted water re-used during drought season. Although, these depressions which serve as reservoirs provide invaluable role in flood protection, the construction of the existing and future dams will reduce the feasibility of these projects.
11.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects in Iraq : Main Drains 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 275-281 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Iraq has a unique system of drainage. Soil texture, groundwater depth, water quality and other factors lead to the adaption of getting rid the drainage water away to the sea in order to control water quality. The system of drainage is not completed yet, however, the backbone of the system, which is Main Outfall Drain (MOD) was completed in 1992. Other main drains were completed and connected and others are still in progress of implementation where the most important drain after MOD is Eastern Euphrates Drain.
12.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects in Iraq : Irrigation Projects on Tigris 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 201-230 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Along Tigris River reach inside Iraq, many large and small projects of irrigation were built. These projects depend on gravity flow or pumping. Starting from Jazeera project then small projects downstream Fatah, where these feed by pumping. After Samarra scheme, the important Ishaqi project, then after Baghdad, the projects of Nahrawan, Middle-Tigris and Dalmaj. The most important branch from Tigris is Gharraf Canal, which is not exploited yet, although plans were prepared decades ago. Downstream Kut Barrage, several projects are especially on the right side of Tigris. Finally, Shatt Al-Arab project which has a unique importance as it provide the solution for municipal need and save the orchards of dates in Basra.
13.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects in Iraq : Medium and Small Storage Dams 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 283-289 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Many medium and small dams were built in Iraq. These dams are distributed in three major areas. First is the northern area where many dams built in the period after 2003, even there are some that built in 1980s. Second, is the dams built in the eastern valleys, but these prove to be inefficient due to high rate of sedimentation even in the live storage. Third, is the dams in the western desert. These dams were highly exploited in 1970s and 1980s to harvest as much as possible in this large and promising area and providing the livelihood conditions to settle people. The area has no more projects due to security issues.
14.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects in Iraq : Irrigation Projects on Tigris River Tributaries 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 231-247 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There are five tributaries feeding Tigris River inside Iraq, on these many large and small projects were developed. Two kinds of projects can be distinguished, first the projects of complementary irrigation or semi-rain feed area for agriculture, and example of these projects is Kirkuk, Hawija, Eski-Kalak and small projects in mountainous area. The second group is the projects that depend mainly on irrigation, examples of that are the projects in lower Diyaa. Unfortunately, there was no exploitation of lands enough comparing with the available resources in Great Zab territories.
15.	Abdullah, Mukhalad, et al. (författare) Water Resources Projects in Iraq : Barrages 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:4, s. 153-167 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Barrages are the early water resources structures that were built in the modern history in Iraq. The main function of the barrages to rise the water levels to feed the main canals of irrigation projects. Further, some barrages are functioning as a diversion structures during floods. The first built barrage and still in operation is Kut Barrage which opened in 1939, while the last one is Amarah Barrage that were opened in 2004. Some of the barrages are in good conditions, some are suffering from technical issues, and others especially at the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers getting insufficient maintenance. Generally, the upstream approaches need dredging of the sediments and small islands, and there is a need also for bathymetric survey of the rivers sections near barrages.
16.	Abu-Gullal, Kanaan Abduljabar, et al. (författare) Land Reclamation in Iraq 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 11:2, s. 201-221 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Reclamation in Iraq was known in 1950s, where the problems salinity and water-logging are mainly apparent in the middle and south of Iraq. The early interventions in reclamation sectors was simple, not precise, or calibrated properly, hence, salinization and water-logging aggravated. Since the reclamation activities are time and resources consuming, which may last in several years, these are highlighting the fact that most of the beneficiaries could not afford the conducting of this activity. Therefore, Iraqi government take the decision in 1970s to carry out the reclamation and improve the agricultural processes vertically. There are millions of donums were reclaimed along Iraq. There are key steps adopted to conduct the sophisticated reclamation in order to get rid of salinity, lowering water table to acceptable depths, and prevent future salinization. The reclamation is not just an engineering project, the full reclamation are also may include, rural development, capacities building for operators and beneficiaries, educational development, research development, and social development.
17.	Al-Ansari, Nadhir, 1947-, et al. (författare) Hydrogeology of the Mesopotamian Plain : A Critical Review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 111-124 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Mesopotamian Plain hydrogeologically is a semi-closed basin where most of the groundwater accumulates in the central and southern parts of the plain. However, small part of the groundwater flows out of the basin to the Gulf. This special character has significant effects on the depth and type of the groundwater in the plain. The depth ranges from (<10 – 100)m; however, the depth in the most of the plain ranges from (10 – 20)m. The type of the ground water is mainly salty water with concentrations of (10,000 – 50,000) mg/l; however, in the central part it is even Brine water (> 500,000 mg/l). No fresh groundwater exists in the plain.
18.	Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al. (författare) Desertification and Salinization of the Mesopotamian Plain : A Critical Review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 125-142 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Most of the Mesopotamian Plain is covered by Quaternary sediments among which the flood plain sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the most dominant parts. Aeolian sediments; however, also cover considerable areas at different parts of the plain in forms of sand dunes, sand sheets and Nebkhas. The dunes are the most common form and they are creeping as well as sand sheets in vast areas causing desertification. The main reasons causing this is climate change, abandoning of agricultural areas. Salinization is another significant problem in the plain whereby the affected areas are growing in size and the concentration of the salt in the soil, as well as the groundwater is increasing rapidly. The increase in salinization is due to miss- management of water resources, and the increasing salinity of the surface and ground water which due to the use of irrigation water supplied from Al-Tharthar Depression (lake) and the Main Outfall Drain.
19.	Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al. (författare) Economic Potential of the Mesopotamian Plain : A Critical Review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 143-154 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The main material with economic potential in the plain is the clay. The clay is used for brick production; either with modernized technology or primitive industry. It is also used for cement industry. The creeping sand dunes have decreasing the potentiality of the clay for both uses. Salt is another economic material which is produced from Smawa saltern and other small primitive salt basins. The subsurface oil fields in the plain remain as the main source with economic potential.
20.	Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al. (författare) Geomorphology of the Mesopotamian Plain : A Critical Review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 1-25 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Mesopotamian Plain is part of the large Mesopotamia which extends in Iraq and surrounding countries. The plain is almost flat and vast lowland, which has clearly defined physiographic boundaries with the other surrounding physiographic provinces. From the north and east, it is limited by the Low Amplitude Mountainous Province. From the west, the upper part is limited by Al-Jazira Plain, whereas in the lower part by the Western Desert Province. From the south it is limited by the Southern Desert Province. The plain is a huge accumulational geomorphologic unit, where the fluvial, lacustrine, and Aeolian landforms prevail; the fluvial units being the abundant among others. However, estuarine and marine forms also are developed, but restricted to the extreme south-eastern reaches of the plain. Moreover, some erosional landforms are developed in different places, but are not well expressed. In the central eastern part, large alluvial fans are developed with five stages covering vast areas along the Iraqi – Iranian international borders. The geomorphic units are classified according to origin, geomorphic position, and lithology. Some of the significant features are described with some details.
21.	Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al. (författare) Sea Level Changes in the Mesopotamian Plain and Limits of the Arabian Gulf : A Critical Review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 87-110 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Mesopotamian Plain is a vast almost flat plain which descends in elevation towards southeast until it reaches the sea level along the Gulf shore. The plain covers the central part of Iraq; it is covered totally by different type of Quaternary sediments. Among those sediments, the fluvial flood plain sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with their distributaries are the most prevailing. The two river merge together to form the Shatt (River) Al-Arab which drains into the Gulf. The extensions of the Gulf are a matter of debit, especially between two groups of researchers: geologists and archeologists and even within the same group. We have presented different opinions which have dealt with the Gulf extensions, since the beginning of the last century and until most recent studies. From the presented and discussed data, it is clear that there is no clear and sound data which confirms the actual extensions of the Gulf during Holocene and even Late Pleistocene
22.	Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al. (författare) Stratigraphy of the Mesopotamian Plain : A Critical Review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 27-56 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Mesopotamian Plain is part of the Mesopotamia which extends for vast area bigger than the plain. The Mesopotamian Plain is covered totally by Quaternary sediments among which the fluvial origin is the most prevailing and more specifically the flood plain sediments. The flood plain sediments are Holocene in age, whereas the Pleistocene sediments are restricted to alluvial fan sediments and river terraces. The flood plain sediments cover majority of the Mesopotamian Plain, whereas the alluvial sediments are restricted to the northern eastern, western and southern peripheral parts only. The extreme south-eastern part is covered by the tidal flat and sabkha sediments. Marshes and shallow depressions are also covered by Holocene sediments which are contaminated by Aeolian sediments. However, Aeolian sediments occur in different forms; among them are the sand dunes, sand sheets and Nebkhas. The distal parts of the alluvial fan sediments interfinger with the sheet run off sediments which in turn interfinger with the flood plain sediments. Moreover, the alluvial fan sediments interfinger laterally by other fan sediments or merge laterally together to form Bajada.
23.	Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al. (författare) Tectonics and Neotectonics of the Mesopotamian Plain : A Critical Review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 10:4, s. 57-86 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Mesopotamian Plain is a part of the Mesopotamia Foredeep of the Zagros Foreland Basin and is a part of the Zagros Fold – Thrust Belt. The plain covers the central part of Iraq and extends south eastwards. It is a large continuously subsiding basin since the Upper Miocene (11.62 Ma). The plain is covered by thick Quaternary sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with their tributaries and distributaries. Therefore, the plain shows no structural features on the surface, except a main fault escarpment that extends from south of Al-Najaf city to south of Nasiriya city representing part of Abu Jir Active Fault Zone. However, the rolling topography, in the northern parts of the plain indicates subsurface anticlines that are still growing up, such as Balad, Samarra, Tikrit and Baiji anticlines. Moreover, many buried subsurface anticlines are present in different parts of the plain. All are growing anticlines and have caused continuous shift to the Tigris and Euphrates River and their distributaries indicating Neotectonic activities. The minimum and maximum subsidence amounts in the plain are zero and – 2500 m, respectively.

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