| 1. |
- Acs, Zoltán J., et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship, culture, and the epigenetic revolution : a research note
- 2021
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 56:4, s. 1287-1307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show how the type of alcohol consumed is related to the type of entrepreneurship present for economies in Europe. We differentiate between beer-, wine-, and spirit-drinking countries and distinguish between productive, unproductive, and destructive entrepreneurship. The underlying links do not emerge from drinking per se but rather the drinking habits and taste for beverage types capture deep cultural features and cultural similarities amongst the countries. Societies that prefer to drink beer are closer to each other culturally than those which prefer drinking wine or spirits. Therefore, the taste for alcohol type is merely an instrument in explaining cultural and institutional differences across entrepreneurship. Broadly speaking, beer-drinking countries are characterized by higher shares of productive entrepreneurship, wine-drinking countries with unproductive entrepreneurship, and spirit-drinking countries with destructive entrepreneurship. We discuss mechanisms in which the results are found and highlight a new research agenda, emphasizing the potential role of epigenetics.
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| 2. |
- Acs, Zoltan J., et al.
(författare)
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Growth and entrepreneurship
- 2012
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 39:2, s. 289-300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we suggest that the spillover of knowledge may not occur automatically as typically assumed in models of endogenous growth. Rather, a mechanism is required to serve as a conduit for the spillover and commercialization of knowledge from the source creating it, to the firms actually commercializing the new ideas. In this paper, entrepreneurship is identified as one such mechanism facilitating the spillover of knowledge. Using a panel of entrepreneurship data from 18 countries, we provide empirical evidence that, in addition to measures of Research & Development and human capital, entrepreneurial activity also serves to promote economic growth.
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| 3. |
- Acs, Zoltan J., et al.
(författare)
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Philippe Aghion : recipient of the 2016 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research
- 2017
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 48:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Professor Philippe Aghion is the 2016 recipient of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, consisting of 100,000 Euros and a statuette designed by the internationally renowned Swedish sculptor Carl Milles. He is one of the most influential researchers worldwide in economics in the last couple of decades. His research has advanced our understanding of the relationship between firm-level innovation, entry and exit on the one hand, and productivity and growth on the other. Aghion has thus accomplished to bridge theoretical macroeconomic growth models with a more complete and consistent microeconomic setting. He is one of the founding fathers of the pioneering and original contribution referred to as Schumpeterian growth theory. Philippe Aghion has not only contributed with more sophisticated theoretical models, but also provided empirical evidence regarding the importance of entrepreneurial endeavours for societal prosperity, thereby initiating a more nuanced policy discussion concerning the interdependencies between entrepreneurship, competition, wealth and growth.
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| 4. |
- Acs, Zoltan J., et al.
(författare)
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The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship
- 2009
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 32:1, s. 15-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.
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| 5. |
- Acs, Zoltan, et al.
(författare)
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The Entrepreneruship-Philanthropy Nexus : Implication for internationalization
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper examines how Sweden and the United States have been impacted by philanthropicactivities, commercialization of university-based knowledge and internationalentrepreneurship. The analysis comprises a detailed case study of Swedish and U.S.universities, as well as a statistical analysis of the impact of philanthropy on economicgrowth. The results show that the United States has prompted a university system based oncompetition and variety, with an emphasis on philanthropy, promoting knowledge creation.International entrepreneurship has been an important mechanism by which this knowledge isglobalized leading to increased economic growth. Conversely, Swedish universities werecharacterized by less commercialized R&D and weak links to the commercial sector, rootedtraditionally in dependence on tax-financed and homogenous university structure. TheSwedish model has begun to change with important implications for development in smallerdomestic markets. The analysis has important implications for knowledge creation as asource of economic growth through international entrepreneurship taking advantage ofglobalization, especially for smaller countries.
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| 6. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Donationer och tillväxt : finns det några samband?
- 2004. - 1
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Ingår i: Sista fracken inga fickor har.. - Stockholm : SNS. - 9171509399 - 9789171509390 ; , s. 101-139
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den svenska, skattebaserade modellen är utsatt för betydande påfrestningar. Går det att långsiktigt bibehålla omfattning och kvalitet på de offentligt organiserade verksamheterna när skattebaserna blir allt rörligare? Den anglosaxiska världen har löst detta genom att förmögenheter förväntas återföras till samhället genom donationer. Innan det är dags för den sista ”fracken” – kistan – är det snarare regel än undantag att donera delar av förmögenheten.I boken visas att donationer bidrar till att ny kunskap utvecklas och kommersialiseras, driver på tillväxt samt ökar resurser och mångfald i forskningen. Dessutom stärker donationer legitimiteten för marknaden och det kapitalistiska systemet. Det är dags att ändra det svenska samhällskontraktet!
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| 7. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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THE KNOWLEDGE FILTER, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores the relationship between knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth in the United States over the last 150 years. According to the “new growth theory,” investments in knowledge and human capital generate economic growth via spillovers of knowledge. But the theory does not explain how or why spillovers occur, or why large investments in R&D do not always result in economic growth. What is missing is “the knowledge filter” - the distinction between general knowledge and economically useful knowledge. Also missing is a mechanism (such as entrepreneurship) converting economically relevant knowledge into economic activity. This paper shows that the unprecedented increase in R&D spending in the United States during and after World War II was converted into economic activity via incumbent firms in the early postwar period and increasingly via new ventures in the last few decades.
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| 8. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
-
The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. While the prevailing view in the entrepreneurship literature is that opportunities are exogenous, the most prevalent theory of economic growth suggests that opportunities are endogenous. This paper bridges the gap between the entrepreneurship and economic growth literatures by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers that give rise to opportunities to be identified and exploited by entrepreneurs.
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| 9. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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The missing link : knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth
- 2010
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 34:2, s. 105-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intellectual breakthrough contributed by the new growth theory was the recognition that investments in knowledge and human capital endogenously generate economic growth through the spillover of knowledge. However, endogenous growth theory does not explain how or why spillovers occur. This paper presents a model that shows how growth depends on knowledge accumulation and its diffusion through both incumbents and entrepreneurial activities. We claim that entrepreneurs are one missing link in converting knowledge into economically relevant knowledge. Implementing different regression techniques for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during 1981 to 2002 provides surprisingly robust evidence that primarily entrepreneurs contributed to growth and that the importance of entrepreneurs increased in the 1990s. A Granger test confirms that causality goes in the direction from entrepreneurs to growth. The results indicate that policies facilitating entrepreneurship are an important tool to enhance knowledge diffusion and promote economic growth.
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| 10. |
- Carlsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth : a historical review
- 2009
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 18:6, s. 1193-1229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the relationship between knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth in the United States over the last 150 years. Distinguishing between general knowledge and economically useful knowledge, we examine the changes over time in the locus and content of new knowledge creation: the role of universities, particularly engineering schools and land-grant universities, industrial laboratories, and corporate research and development (R&D) laboratories prior to World War II. The practical orientation of US academic R&D and the close research interaction between academia and industry are noted. We study the unprecedented increase in R&D spending in the United States during and after World War II and how it was converted into economic activity via incumbent firms in the early postwar period and increasingly via new ventures in the last few decades.
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| 11. |
- Carlsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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The Knowledge Filter, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 18, s. 1193-1229
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the relationship between knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth in the United States over the last 150 years. According to the “new growth theory,” investments in knowledge and human capital generate economic growth via spillovers of knowledge. But the theory does not explain how or why spillovers occur, or why large investments in R&D do not always result in economic growth. What is missing is “the knowledge filter” - the distinction between general knowledge and economically useful knowledge. Also missing is a mechanism (such as entrepreneurship) converting economically relevant knowledge into economic activity. This paper shows that the unprecedented increase in R&D spending in the United States during and after World War II was converted into economic activity via incumbent firms in the early postwar period and increasingly via new ventures in the last few decades.
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| 12. |
- Erezyilmaz, Deniz F., et al.
(författare)
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Expression of the Pupal Determinant broad during Metamorphic and Neotenic Development of the Strepsipteran Xenos vesparum Rossi
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4, s. e93614-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Derived members of the endoparasitic order Strepsiptera have acquired an extreme form of sexual dimorphism whereby males undergo metamorphosis and exist as free-living adults while females remain larviform, reaching sexual maturity within their hosts. Expression of the transcription factor, broad (br) has been shown to be required for pupal development in insects in which both sexes progress through metamorphosis. A surge of br expression appears in the last larval instar, as the epidermis begins pupal development. Here we ask if br is also up-regulated in the last larval instar of male Xenos vesparum Rossi (Stylopidae), and whether such expression is lost in neotenic larviform females. We clone three isoforms of br from X. vesparum (Xv'br), and show that they share greatest similarity to the Z1, Z3 and Z4 isoforms of other insect species. By monitoring Xv'br expression throughout development, we detect elevated levels of total br expression and the Xv'Z1, Xv'Z3, and Xv'Z4 isoforms in the last larval instar of males, but not females. By focusing on Xv'br expression in individual samples, we show that the levels of Xv'BTB and Xv'Z3 in the last larval instar of males are bimodal, with some males expressing 3X greater levels of Xv'br than fourth instar femlaes. Taken together, these data suggest that neoteny (and endoparasitism) in females of Strepsiptera Stylopidia could be linked to the suppression of pupal determination. Our work identifies a difference in metamorphic gene expression that is associated with neoteny, and thus provides insights into the relationship between metamorphic and neotenic development.
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| 13. |
- Stone, Graham N., et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for widespread cryptic sexual generations in apparently purely asexual Andricus gallwasps
- 2008
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Ingår i: Molecular Ecology. - 0962-1083 .- 1365-294X. ; 17:2, s. 652-665
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) are one of seven major animal taxa that commonly reproduce by cyclical parthenogenesis (CP). A major question in research on CP taxa is the frequency with which lineages lose their sexual generations, and diversify as purely asexual radiations. Most oak gallwasp species are only known from an asexual generation, and secondary loss of sex has been conclusively demonstrated in several species, particularly members of the holarctic genus Andricus. This raises the possibility of widespread secondary loss of sex in the Cynipini, and of diversification within purely parthenogenetic lineages. We use two approaches based on analyses of allele frequency data to test for cryptic sexual generations in eight apparently asexual European species distributed through a major western palaearctic lineage of the gallwasp genus Andricus. All species showing adequate levels of polymorphism (7/8) showed signatures of sex compatible with cyclical parthenogenesis. We also use DNA sequence data to test the hypothesis that ignorance of these sexual generations (despite extensive study on this group) results from failure to discriminate among known but morphologically indistinguishable sexual generations. This hypothesis is supported: 35 sequences attributed by leading cynipid taxonomists to a single sexual adult morphospecies, Andricus burgundus, were found to represent the sexual generations of at least six Andricus species. We confirm cryptic sexual generations in a total of 11 Andricus species, suggesting that secondary loss of sex is rare in Andricus.
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