| 1. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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All else equal : Examining treatment bias and stereotypes based on patient ethnicity and socioeconomic status using in-hospital cardiac arrest clinical vignettes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Heart and Lung. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0147-9563 .- 1527-3288. ; 63, s. 86-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Research on ethnic and socioeconomic treatment differences following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) largely draws on register data. Due to the correlational nature of such data, it cannot be concluded whether detected differences reflect treatment bias/discrimination – whereby otherwise identical patients are treated differently solely due to sociodemographic factors. To be able to establish discrimination, experimental research is needed. Objective: The primary aim of this experimental study was to examine whether simulated IHCA patients receive different treatment recommendations based on ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES), holding all other factors (e.g., health status) constant. Another aim was to examine health care professionals’ (HCP) stereotypical beliefs about these groups. Methods: HCP (N = 235) working in acute care made anonymous treatment recommendations while reading IHCA clinical vignettes wherein the patient's ethnicity (Swedish vs. Middle Eastern) and SES had been manipulated. Afterwards they estimated to what extent hospital staff associate these patient groups with certain traits (stereotypes). Results: No significant differences in treatment recommendations for Swedish versus Middle Eastern or high versus low SES patients were found. Reported stereotypes about Middle Eastern patients were uniformly negative. SES-related stereotypes, however, were mixed. High SES patients were believed to be more competent (e.g., respected), but less warm (e.g., friendly) than low SES patients. Conclusions: Swedish HCP do not seem to discriminate against patients with Middle Eastern or low SES backgrounds when recommending treatment for simulated IHCA cases, despite the existence of negative stereotypes about these groups. Implications for health care equality and quality are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Descriptive social norms and charitable giving : the power of local norms
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By conducting a field experiment, we examined whether conveying descriptive social norms (e.g., “this is what most people do”) leads to more charitable giving compared to industry standard appeals. Moreover, we examined whether people are more likely to conform to the local norms of one’s immediate environment than to more global norms extending beyond one’s local environment. University students received a charity organization’s information brochure and were asked for a monetary contribution. An experimental descriptive norm manipulation was embedded in the brochure. We found that providing people with descriptive norms increased charitable giving substantially compared with industry standard altruistic appeals (control condition). Moreover, conveying local norms were more effective in increasing charitable giving than conveying global norms. Practical implications for charity organizations and marketing are proposed.
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| 3. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminatory cardiac arrest care? : Patients with low socioeconomic status receive delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation and are less likely to survive an in-hospital cardiac arrest
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 42:8, s. 861-869
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) face widespread prejudice in society. Whether SES disparities exist in treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is unclear. The aim of the current retrospective registry study was to examine SES disparities in IHCA treatment and survival, assessing SES at the patient level, and adjusting for major demographic, clinical, and contextual factors.Methods and results: In total, 24 217 IHCAs from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were analysed. Education and income constituted SES proxies. Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, comorbidity, heart rhythm, aetiology, hospital, and year, primary analyses showed that high (vs. low) SES patients were significantly less likely to receive delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (highly educated: OR = 0.89, and high income: OR = 0.98). Furthermore, patients with high SES were significantly more likely to survive CPR (high income: OR = 1.02), to survive to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome (highly educated: OR = 1.27; high income: OR = 1.06), and to survive to 30 days (highly educated: OR = 1.21; and high income: OR = 1.05). Secondary analyses showed that patients with high SES were also significantly more likely to receive prophylactic heart rhythm monitoring (highly educated: OR = 1.16; high income: OR = 1.02), and this seems to partially explain the observed SES differences in CPR delay.Conclusion: There are clear SES differences in IHCA treatment and survival, even when controlling for major sociodemographic, clinical, and contextual factors. This suggests that patients with low SES could be subject to discrimination when suffering IHCA.
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| 4. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Does physical pain impair abstract thinking?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 29:6, s. 748-754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to think abstractly constitutes a fundamental dimension of human cognition. Although abstraction has been extensively studied, its emotional and affective antecedents have been largely overlooked. One experiment was conducted to examine whether physical pain affects abstraction. Drawing on Construal Level Theory [Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, 440–463] and Loewenstein’s [(1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 272–292] visceral factors theory, we hypothesised that pain impairs abstraction because pain constricts people’s mental horizons and lead to a concrete, inward-focus toward oneself in the here and now. Physical pain was manipulated between subjects (N = 150). The participants either kept their left hand immersed in cold (painful) water or neutral (painless) water while we measured abstract versus concrete behaviour identification, categorisation, and perceptual processing. Bayesian statistical analyses indicate substantial evidence against the hypothesis that pain impairs abstraction. In contrast to many other previously studied cognitive outcomes (e.g. attention), abstraction appears to be largely immune to acute, experimentally induced pain.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnicity and obesity: Evidence of automatic work performance stereotypes in Sweden
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using the Implicit Association Test, we investigate whether employers and students possess implicit and explicit negative attitudes and implicit perform-ance stereotypes toward Arab-Muslim men relative to native Swedish men. We also examine if employers and students have implicit and explicit performance stereotypes toward obese individuals relative to people of normal weight. The results demonstrate that employers and students both implicitly and explicitly associate Arab-Muslim men with less work performance. Also, they have more implicit negative attitudes toward this ethnic group. Obese individuals are both implicitly and explicitly associated with less work performance compared with normal-weight individuals.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Etnicitet och övervikt: implicita arbetsrelaterade fördomar i Sverige
- 2007
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Särbehandling i anställningsprocessen av specifika grupper, såsom personer med en bakgrund i Mellanöstern och överviktiga, har traditionellt ansetts bero på ett medvetet val från arbetsgivarens sida. Forskning inom social kognition tyder dock på att denna särbehandling skulle kunna ske omedvetet, påverkat av arbetsgivarens omedvetna (implicita) fördomar. I den här studien har studenter och arbetsgivare genomfört tre olika implicita associationstester i syfte att mäta deras implicita attityder och prestationsstereotyper gentemot arabmuslimska män relativt infödda svenska män och deras implicita prestationsstereotyper gentemot överviktiga relativt normalviktiga. Resultaten visar att studenter och arbetsgivare på implicit nivå associerar arabmuslimska män och överviktiga med lägre prestation jämfört med infödda svenska män och normalviktiga män, samt har en mer negativ implicit attityd gentemot arabmuslimska män jämfört med infödda svenska män.
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| 10. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in implicit moral orientation associations : The justice and care debate revisited
- 2011
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Ingår i: Current Research in Social Psychology. - 1088-7423. ; 17, s. 10-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Employing new measures (Implicit Association Test) to study the classic issue of moralorientations, we predicted and found gender differences in implicit associations to the conceptsof justice and care. Specifically, we found that men more strongly associate justice vs. care withimportance and with themselves than women. However, participants’ explicit ratings did notreveal any clear patterns of gender differences, which is consistent with previous studies.Implications for social psychological theory and research on morality are discussed.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Intersected groups and discriminatory everyday behavior : Evidence from a lost email experiment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1864-9335 .- 2151-2590. ; 52:6, s. 351-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- De-racialization research suggests that depicting members of ethnic minority groups as gay leads to less stereotypic perceptions oftheir ethnic group. However, whether the consequences of de-racialization translate into real-world behavior is unclear. In a large “lost letter” field experiment (N = 6,654) where an email was ostensibly sent to the wrong recipient by mistake, we investigate whether the relative impact of signaling gayness (vs. heterosexuality) differs for Arab (minority) versus Swedish (majority) senders. The results show clear evidence of ethnic discrimination where Arab (minority) senders receive fewer replies (prosocial response) than Swedish (majority) senders. However, there is no evidence indicating that Arab senders would receive a lower penalty for revealing gayness. Implications for multiple categorization research are discussed.
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| 13. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Look at yourself! : Visual perspective influences moral judgment by level of mental construal
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1864-9335 .- 2151-2590. ; 44:1, s. 42-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research (Libby, Shaeffer, & Eibach, 2009) has established that a third-person (external) visual perspective elicitsmore abstract processing than a first-person (inner) perspective. Because many moral principles constitute abstract psychological constructs,we predicted that they should weigh more heavily when people adopt a third-person visual perspective. In two experiments weshow that a third- (vs. first-) person visual perspective leads to harsher judgments of one’s own morally questionable actions. Moreover,we demonstrate that this effect can be partially explained by level of mental construal. The present research suggests that simple visualperspective techniques may be used to promote moral behavior.
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| 14. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Look at yourself!: Visual perspective influences moral judgment through level of mental construal
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2590 .- 1864-9335. ; 44:1, s. 42-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research (Libby et al., 2009) has established that a third-person (outside) visual perspective elicits more abstract processing than a first-person (inside) perspective. Because many moral principles constitute abstract psychological constructs, we predicted that they should weigh more heavily when people adopt a third-person visual perspective. In two experiments we show that a third- (vs. first-) person visual perspective leads to harsher judgments of one’s own morally questionable actions. Moreover, we demonstrate that this effect can be partially explained by level of mental construal. The present research suggests that simple visual perspective techniques may be used to promote moral behavior.
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| 15. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Moral concerns are greater for temporally distant events and are moderated by value strength
- 2009
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Ingår i: Social cognition. - : Guilford. - 0278-016X .- 1943-2798. ; 27:2, s. 261-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present research examines the impact of temporal distance on moral concerns in situations where selfish motives clash with altruistic considerations. Drawing upon Construal Level Theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003) which posits that abstract, high-level features of events and social values take on more weight with greater temporal distance, we hypothesized that moral concerns should be higher for temporally distant situations. The results from five experiments supported this conjecture. People indicated they would be more likely to choose altruistic over selfish behaviors, reported they would feel more guilty about engaging in selfish behavior, thought acting selfishly would be more immoral, and were more likely to commit to altruistic behavior when thinking about distant versus near future events. Moreover, as predicted, temporal distance primarily enhanced moral concerns among individuals with high moral value strength. Support was also obtained in favor of the assumption that value salience was responsible for the temporal distance effect on moral concerns. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Pain here and now : physical pain impairs transcendence of psychological distance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - : Dove Medical Press Ltd. - 1178-7090. ; 12, s. 961-968
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The ability to traverse psychological distance by going beyond the experienced reality of the self, here and now, is fundamental for effective human functioning. Yet, little is known about how physical pain affects transcendence of psychological distance. Using a construal level theory framework of psychological distance, the current research examines the hypothesis that pain impairs people's ability to traverse any kind of psychological distance whether it be temporal, social, and spatial distance, or the hypothetical. Methods: Using the cold pressor test, 151 participants participated in an experiment where they were either induced with acute pain (treatment group) or no pain (control group) while completing a battery of questions measuring to what extent their current thoughts were transcending psychological distance. Results: The results were largely consistent with the hypothesis. Relative to the control group, pain induced participants showed significantly less transcendence of past temporal distance, social distance, spatial distance, and the hypothetical. Furthermore, greater self-reported pain intensity was significantly associated with less transcendence of temporal (past and future), social, and spatial distance. Conclusion: Physical pain impairs the ability to traverse psychological distance. The research has practical implications for the pain clinic and for pain-afflicted individuals in everyday life.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal construal and moral motivation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Handbook of moral motivation: Theories, models, applications. - Rotterdam : Sense Publishers. - 9789462092730 - 9789462092754 ; , s. 181-196
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 20. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal Distance and Moral Concerns: Future Morally Questionable Behavior is Perceived as More Wrong and Evokes Stronger Prosocial Intentions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0197-3533 .- 1532-4834. ; 31:1, s. 49-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior research on temporal construal has shown that core values become more salient when people think about distant- as compared to near-future events. The present research shows that greater temporal distance of an event also results in greater moral concern. More specifically, it was found that people make harsher moral judgments of others' distant-future morally questionable behavior than near-future morally questionable behavior. Moreover, it was shown that people increasingly attribute distant vs. near future behavior to abstract dispositional relative to concrete situational causes, and that this attribution bias is partially responsible for the temporal distance effect on moral judgments.
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| 21. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal distance and moral concerns: Future morally questionable behavior is seen as more wrong and evokes stronger prosocial intentions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-4834 .- 0197-3533. ; 31:1, s. 49-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior research on temporal construal has shown that core values become more salient when people think about distant- as compared to near-future events. The present research shows that greater temporal distance of an event also results in greater moral concern. More specifically, it was found that people make harsher moral judgments of others' distant-future morally questionable behavior than near-future morally questionable behavior. Moreover, it was shown that people increasingly attribute distant vs. near future behavior to abstract dispositional relative to concrete situational causes, and that this attribution bias is partially responsible for the temporal distance effect on moral judgments.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Agerström, Jens
(författare)
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Temporal Distance and Morality : Moral Concerns Loom Larger in the Distant Future
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this dissertation was to examine whether the temporal distance of moral events affects the moral judgments and decisions people make in response to those events. Drawing upon Construal Level Theory (CLT; Trope & Liberman, 2003) which posits that the distant future is represented at a higher, more abstract level of mental construal than the near future, and that high-level mental construals shift attention to core values and higher-order principles, the main proposition of this dissertation was that people would show greater moral concerns in response to distant future events than near future events. Additionally, based on the assumption that certain moral values (e.g., justice) are more abstractly construed than others (e.g., care), it was predicted that more abstract moral principles should receive more weight with greater temporal distance from moral dilemmas. Study I examined whether people’s mental representations and resolutions of moral dilemmas are increasingly based on abstract principles of fairness, and rights (justice morality) than on human relations, responsibilities, and context dependent factors (care morality) when the same dilemmas are framed in a distant as compared to near future time perspective. On a general level, this prediction was not supported since only females, and not males, showed the anticipated increase in justice-oriented moral judgments and reasoning when contemplating distant vs. near future dilemmas, raising the question whether the notions of justice and care are construed at different levels of abstraction by the genders. In Study II the main goal was to test the prediction that people would react more negatively to and thus attribute greater moral blame to other individuals who fail to act altruistically in the distant vs. near future. The results from several experiments using different scenarios and manipulations of temporal distance supported this conjecture. Furthermore, consistent with CLT, temporally distant actions were found to be increasingly attributed to abstract, dispositional causes relative to concrete, situational causes, and this partially accounted for the greater moral blame attributed to distant future actions. Extending this logic, it was further predicted that distant future altruistic behavior would be perceived as more praiseworthy than near future altruistic behavior. This prediction was also supported (Experiment 4). Study III examined the effect of temporal distance on moral concerns in situations where selfish motives clash with altruistic concerns. As predicted, the results from five experiments showed that people indicated they would be more prone to choose altruistic over selfish behaviors, reported they would feel more guilty about engaging in selfish behavior, thought acting selfishly would be more immoral, and were more likely to actually commit to altruistic behavior when thinking about distant vs. near future events. Moreover, as predicted, temporal distance primarily enhanced moral concerns among individuals high in moral value strength. Support was further obtained in favor of the CLT-derived assumption that moral value salience would be responsible for the temporal distance effect on moral concerns. Practical and theoretical implications of the present dissertation are discussed.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of social gender norms on parental leave uptake intentions : Evidence from two survey experiments on prospective fathers and mothers
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 55:53, s. 6277-6293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how social gender norms influence parental leave uptake intentions by conducting two separate survey experiments on prospective fathers (N = 877) and mothers (N = 882) in the UK. In a between-subjects design, we manipulate social gender norms by varying information on the average number of days that other fathers and mothers stay at home to take care of a child during the first year after childbirth. We find that when prospective parents (both genders) are exposed to the low staying-home-with-children norm, they plan less parental leave uptake compared to the control (no norm) group. When exposed to the high staying-home-with-children norm, men (but not women) plan more parental leave uptake compared to the control group. We discuss policy implications and suggest directions for future studies.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of temporal distance on justice and care morality
- 2010
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 51, s. 46-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary goal of this study was to examine whether changes in the temporal distance of a moral dilemma affect how it is perceived and subsequently resolved. Based on Construal Level Theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003), it was predicted that the relative weight of abstract justice features should increase and the relative weight of concrete care features should decrease with temporal distance. The results showed that females became increasingly justice-oriented with greater temporal distance. However, this was not the case for males who were unaffected by temporal distance. This interaction was conceptually replicated in a follow-up experiment in which abstraction was manipulated directly by a mindset manipulation. The present results suggest that temporal distance is a contextual factor that can alter the extent to which moral judgments and reasoning are based on justice and care, although this effect seems to be moderated by gender.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest : does patient ethnicity matter?
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-5151 .- 1873-1953.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS : Previous research on racial/ethnic disparities in relation to cardiac arrest has mainly focused on black vs. white disparities in the USA. The great majority of these studies concerns out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The current nationwide registry study aims to explore whether there are ethnic differences in treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), examining possible disparities towards Middle Eastern and African minorities in a European context.METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective registry study, 24 217 patients from the IHCA part of the Swedish Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were included. Data on patient ethnicity were obtained from Statistics Sweden. Regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of ethnicity on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) delay, CPR duration, survival immediately after CPR, and the medical team's reported satisfaction with the treatment. Middle Eastern and African patients were not treated significantly different compared to Nordic patients when controlling for hospital, year, age, sex, socioeconomic status, comorbidity, aetiology, and initial heart rhythm. Interestingly, we find that Middle Eastern patients were more likely to survive than Nordic patients (odds ratio = 1.52).CONCLUSION: Overall, hospital staff do not appear to treat IHCA patients differently based on their ethnicity. Nevertheless, Middle Eastern patients are more likely to survive IHCA.
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| 32. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Using descriptive social norms to increase charitable giving : The power of local norms
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-4870 .- 1872-7719. ; 52, s. 147-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a field experiment, we examined whether conveying descriptive social norms (e.g., "this is what most people do") increases charitable giving. Additionally, we examined whether people are more likely to conform to the local norms of one's immediate environment than to more global norms extending beyond one's local environment. University students received a charity organization's information brochure and were asked for a monetary contribution. An experimentaldescriptive norm manipulation was embedded in the brochure. We found that providing people with descriptive norms increased charitable giving substantially compared with industry standard altruistic appeals (control condition). Moreover, conveying local norms were more effective in increasing charitable givingthan conveying global norms. Practical implications for charity organizations and marketing are proposed.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Warm and competent Hassan = Cold and incompetent Eric: A Harsh equation of real-life hiring discrimination
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Little is known about how individuating information about job applicants influences ethnic discrimination. In the present field experiment, we sent out 5,636 job applications varying how Swedish (in-group) and Arab (out-group) applicants presented themselves in terms of two fundamental dimensions of social judgment: warmth and competence. Results indicate substantial discrimination where Arab applicants receive fewer invitations to job interviews. Furthermore, conveying a warmer or more competent personality increases invitations. However, appearing both warm and competent seems to be especially important for Arab applicants. In conclusion, the results show that Arab applicants need to appear warmer and more competent than Swedish applicants to be invited equally often. The practical importance of signaling warmth and competence in labor market contexts is discussed.
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| 35. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Warm and competent Hassan = cold and incompetent Eric: A harsh equation of real-life hiring discrimination
- 2012
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-4834 .- 0197-3533. ; 34:4, s. 359-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a field experiment, we sent out 5,636 job applications varying how Swedish (in-group) and Arab (out-group) applicants presented themselves in terms of two fundamental dimensions of social judgment: warmth and competence. Results indicate substantial discrimination where Arab applicants receive fewer invitations to job interviews. Conveying a warmer or more competent personality increases invitations. However, appearing both warm and competent seems to be especially important for Arab applicants. Arab applicants need to appear warmer and more competent than Swedish applicants to be invited equally often. The practical importance of signaling warmth and competence in labor market contexts is discussed.
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| 36. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-
(författare)
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Why does height matter in hiring?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 52, s. 35-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research shows the existence of a height premium in the workplace with tall individuals receiving more benefits across several domains (e.g., earnings) relative to short people. The current study probes deeper into the height premium by focusing on the specific favorable traits, attributes, and abilities tall individuals are presumed to have, ultimately giving these individuals an advantage in hiring. In an experiment, we made a male job applicant taller or shorter by digitally manipulating photographs, and attached these to job applications that were evaluated by professional recruiters. We find that in the context of hiring a project leader, the height premium consists of increased perceptions of the candidate's general competence, specific job competency (including employability), and physical health, whereas warmth and physical attractiveness seem to matter less. Interestingly, physical height predicted recruiters' hiring intentions even when statistically controlling for competence, warmth, health, and attractiveness.
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| 37. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Why does height matter in hiring?
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although previous research has established that physical height matters in hiring contexts, it is less clear through which channels height exerts its effect. The current research examines several potential components of the height premium: warmth, competence, job competency for a leadership position, physical health, and attractiveness. We made target individuals taller or shorter by digitally manipulating photographs, and attached these to job applications that were evaluated by real recruiters. The results show that in the context of hiring a project leader, the height premium consists of increased perceptions of the candidate's general competence, job competency, and health, whereas warmth and attractiveness seem to matter less.
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| 38. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Why people with an eye toward the future are more moral: The role of abstract thinking
- 2013
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-4834 .- 0197-3533. ; 35:4, s. 373-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do future-oriented people show greater moral concern than present-oriented people? Consistent with Construal Level Theory (CLT; Trope & Liberman, 2003), we find that future-oriented people construe morally relevant actions at a higher level of abstraction, which clarifies their larger implications. Importantly, we show that level of construal partially explains the relationship between individual differences in temporal orientation and moral judgments. These findings support CLT and contribute to our understanding of moral psychology, as they are the first to show how individual differences pertaining to psychological distance relate to abstract thinking and moral judgments.
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| 39. |
- Al-Dury, Nooraldeen, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics and outcome among 14,933 adult cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest : A nationwide study with the emphasis on gender and age.
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Journal of Emergency Medicine. - : Elsevier. - 0735-6757 .- 1532-8171. ; 35:12, s. 1839-1844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To investigate characteristics and outcome among patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) with the emphasis on gender and age.METHODS: Using the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, we analyzed associations between gender, age and co-morbidities, etiology, management, 30-day survival and cerebral function among survivors in 14,933 cases of IHCA. Age was divided into three ordered categories: young (18-49years), middle-aged (50-64years) and older (65years and above). Comparisons between men and women were age adjusted.RESULTS: The mean age was 72.7years and women were significantly older than men. Renal dysfunction was the most prevalent co-morbidity. Myocardial infarction/ischemia was the most common condition preceding IHCA, with men having 27% higher odds of having MI as the underlying etiology. A shockable rhythm was found in 31.8% of patients, with men having 52% higher odds of being found in VT/VF. After adjusting for various confounders, it was found that men had a 10% lower chance than women of surviving to 30days. Older individuals were managed less aggressively than younger patients. Increasing age was associated with lower 30-day survival but not with poorer cerebral function among survivors.CONCLUSION: When adjusting for various confounders, it was found that men had a 10% lower chance than women of surviving to 30days after in-hospital cardiac arrest. Older individuals were managed less aggressively than younger patients, despite a lower chance of survival. Higher age was, however, not associated with poorer cerebral function among survivors.
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| 40. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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A closer look at the discrimination outcomes in the IAT literature
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 57:4, s. 278-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To what extent the IAT (Implicit Association Test, Greenwald et al., 1998) predicts racial and ethnic discrimination is a heavily debated issue. The latest meta-analysis by Oswald et al. (2013) suggests a very weak association. In the present meta-analysis, we switched the focus from the predictor to the criterion, by taking a closer look at the discrimination outcomes. We discovered that many of these outcomes were not actually operationalizations of discrimination, but rather of other related, but distinct, concepts, such as brain activity and voting preferences. When we meta-analyzed the main effects of discrimination among the remaining discrimination outcomes, the overall effect was close to zero and highly inconsistent across studies. Taken together, it is doubtful whether the amalgamation of these outcomes is relevant criteria for assessing the IAT's predictive validity of discrimination. Accordingly, there is also little evidence that the IAT can meaningfully predict discrimination, and we thus strongly caution against any practical applications of the IAT that rest on this assumption. However, provided that the application is thoroughly informed by the current state of the literature, we believe the IAT can still be a useful tool for researchers, educators, managers, and students who are interested in attitudes, prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination.
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| 41. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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A closer look at the discrimination outcomes in the IAT literature
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To what extent the IAT predicts racial and ethnic discrimination is a heavily debated issue.The latest meta-analysis by Oswald et al. (2013) suggests a very weak association. In the present meta-analysis, we took a closer look at the discrimination outcomes, and found that many of the outcomes were unsuitable operationalizations of discrimination. Furthermore, we found virtually no overall discrimination for the IAT to predict. Hence, the IAT has not yet been given a chance to prove its true worth. Indeed, evaluating the predictive validity of the IAT against these outcomes is similar to evaluating raincoats on sunny days; we should not besurprised if the raincoats receive a bad score, but this does not invalidate their usefulness in rainy weather. Given the current state of affairs, it would thus be premature if researchers, educators, and managers simply were to remove the IAT from their toolbox.
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| 42. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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A Primer on the benefits of differential treatment analysis when predicting discriminatory behavior
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Quantitative Methods for Psychology. - Ottawa : University of Ottawa. - 2292-1354. ; 14:3, s. 193-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A central question in social psychology is to what extent individual differences in attitudes, prejudices, and stereotypes can predict discriminatory behavior. This is often studied by simply regressing a measure of behavior toward a single group (e.g., behavior toward Black people only) onto the predictors (e.g., attitude measures). In the present paper, we remind researchers that an analysis focusing on predicting the differential treatment (e.g., behavior towards Black people vs. White people) has a higher conceptual validity and will result in more informative effect sizes. The paper is concluded with a list of suggestions for future research on the link between attitudes, prejudices, stereotypes and discrimination.
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| 43. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Backlash and hiring : A field experiment on agency, communion, and gender
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender stereotypes describe women as communal and men asagentic. Laboratory based research (Rudman & Glick 1999; 2001)suggests that trying to disconfirm such descriptive genderstereotypes (e.g., women self-promoting their agency), entails therisk of hiring discrimination due to violation of prescriptive genderstereotypes: a backlash. To examine whether backlash occurs whenapplying for real jobs, we conducted a field experiment. Gender,agency and communion were manipulated in the personal profile of5,562 applications sent to 3,342 job openings on the Swedish labormarket. The dependent variable was whether the applicationresulted in an invitation to a job interview or not. The results do notoffer any support for the backlash hypothesis at this stage in therecruitment process.
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| 44. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Methodological issues in predicting discrimination from attitudes, prejudices, and stereotypes
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A central question for social psychologists is to what extent attitudes, prejudice, and stereotypes are precursors of ethnic and racial discrimination. Operationalized, this question can be framed as the extent measures of such constructs predict differential treatment of individuals from one group compared to a comparison group. Yet, in the literature, it is common to substitute this operationalization for a simpler one: measures predicting behavior toward a single group. We argue that this simpler operationalization lacks validity and yields uninformative effect sizes. We provide several suggestions on how to include, and make most use of, comparison groups, when predicting discrimination.
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| 45. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Testing for backlash in hiring : A field experiment on agency, communion,and gender
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It has been suggested that women (men) who appear agentic (communal) when applying for jobs suffer a backlash in the form of reduced chances of being hired. However, the evidence of backlash is mainly restricted to simulated hiring decisions with undergraduates as participants. To examine whether backlash occurs when men and women apply for real jobs in the labor market, we conducted a field experiment. Gender, agentic and communal traits were manipulated in the applications. Whether or not the applications resulted in a job interview invitation constituted the dependent variable. We find no evidence of backlash, suggesting that women are not punished for presenting themselves as agentic in their job applications, nor are men punished for appearing communal.
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| 46. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Testing for backlash in hiring: A field experiment on agency, communion and gender.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Personnel Psychology. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2190-5150 .- 1866-5888. ; 13:4, s. 204-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender stereotypes describe women as communal and men as agentic. Laboratory-based research (Rudman & Glick, 1999, 2001) suggests that trying to disconfirm such descriptive gender stereotypes (e.g., women self-promoting their agency), entails the risk of hiring discrimination due to violation of prescriptive gender stereotypes: a backlash. To examine whether backlash occurs when applying for real jobs, we conducted a field experiment. Gender, agency, and communion were manipulated in the personal profile of 5,562 applications sent to 3,342 job openings on the Swedish labor market. The dependent variable was whether the application resulted in an invitation to a job interview or not. The results do not offer any support for the backlash hypothesis at this stage in the recruitment process.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Erenel, Asuman
(författare)
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Essays on Parental Leave : The Influence of Social Gender Norms, Gender-Role Stereotypes, and Parental Child Gender Bias
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three essays on parental leave uptake and other parental behaviors, investigating the effects of social gender norms, gender-role stereotypes, and parental child gender bias.Essay 1 (co-authored with Jens Agerström and Magnus Carlsson): We investigate how social gender norms influence parental leave uptake intentions by conducting two separate survey experiments on prospective fathers (N = 877) and mothers (N = 882) in the UK. In a between-subjects design, we manipulate social gender norms by varying information on the average number of days that other fathers and mothers stay at home to take care of a child during the first year after childbirth. We find that when prospective parents (both genders) are exposed to the low staying-home-with-children norm, they plan less parental leave uptake compared to the control (no norm) group. When exposed to the high staying-home-with-children norm, men (but not women) plan more parental leave uptake compared to the control group. We discuss policy implications and suggest directions for future studies.Essay 2: In many countries, the majority of parental leave (PL) is disproportionately taken by mothers, leading to gender inequalities in the labor market and effects on children's outcomes. Thus, it is important to understand the underlying factors behind this disparity. This paper aims to investigate the role of gender-role stereotypes in the uptake of PL by fathers and mothers. A sample of 1021 Swedish parents (521 fathers and 500 mothers) was surveyed to assess and measure both implicit and explicit stereotypes to explore the relationship between gender-role stereotypes and reported PL uptake. For mothers, the results clearly show that higher levels of gender-role stereotypes (both implicit and explicit) are associated with a greater share of PL uptake. For fathers, the results indicate weak evidence that higher levels of implicit gender-role stereotypes are associated with lower PL uptake, while no association is found with explicit stereotypes. The implications for policy and directions for future research are discussed.Essay 3: This paper investigates parental child gender bias in Sweden by studying the impact of having a male (vs. female) firstborn child on various parental behavioral outcomes using Swedish microdata covering a 26-year period. The findings show no or small effects of the sex of the child on parental outcomes. Thus, the behavior of Swedish parents is by and large unaffected by the sex of their firstborn child. Results suggest that, in Sweden, factors other than parental child gender bias are likely more important to focus on in promoting gender equality in society.
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| 49. |
- Gunnarsson, Helena E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Clinical pain, abstraction, and self-control : being in pain makes it harder to see the forest for the trees and is associated with lower self-control
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - Auckland : Dove Medical Press. - 1178-7090. ; 11, s. 1105-1114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Although abstract thinking is a fundamental dimension of human cognition, it has received scant attention in research on pain and cognition. We hypothesized that physical pain impairs abstraction, because when people experience pain at high intensity levels, attention becomes concretely focused on the self in the here and now, where little else matters than finding relief for the pain they are currently experiencing. We also examined the relationship between pain and self-control, predicting that pain would debilitate self-control. Patients and methods: Abstraction and self-reported self-control were assessed in 109 patients with musculoskeletal pain. The influence of specific pain qualities, such as pain intensity, pain interference with daily activities, pain duration, and pain persistence, was examined. Furthermore, we assessed other factors (e.g., anxiety, depression, and fatigue) that could be assumed to play a role in the pain experience and in cognitive performance. Results: Higher pain intensity and persistence were associated with less abstract thinking. Furthermore, self-control decreased with greater pain intensity, persistence, and self-reported pain interference with daily activities. Self-reported depressive symptoms mediated the overall relationship between pain and self-control. Conclusion: Abstraction is compromised in patients reporting higher pain intensity and persistence. Different dimensions of pain also predict lower self-control although depression seems to account for the relationship between overall pain and self-control. The current study is the first to report an association between clinical musculoskeletal pain and abstraction. The results suggest that pain patients may suffer from a broader range of cognitive disadvantages than previously believed.
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| 50. |
- Gunnarsson, Helena E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Impaired psychomotor ability and attention in patients with persistent pain : a cross-sectional comparative study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - 1178-7090. ; 9, s. 825-835
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aims: Patients with pain have shown cognitive impairment across various domains. Although the pain qualities vary among patients, research has overlooked how cognitive performance is affected by the duration and persistence of pain. The current study sought to fill this gap by examining how qualitatively different pain states relate to the following cognitive functions: sustained attention, cognitive control, and psychomotor ability. Patients and methods: Patients with musculoskeletal pain in primary care were divided into three pain groups: acute pain (duration <3 months), regularly recurrent pain (duration >3 months), and persistent pain (duration >3 months). These groups were then compared with healthy controls. The MapCog Spectra Test, the Color Word Test, and the Grooved Pegboard Test were used to measure sustained attention, cognitive control, and psychomotor ability, respectively. Results: Patients with persistent pain showed significantly worse sustained attention and psychomotor ability compared with healthy controls. The acute pain group showed a significant decrease in psychomotor ability, and the regularly recurrent pain group showed a significant decrease in sustained attention. These results remained unchanged when age, education, and medication were taken into account. Conclusion: Persistent musculoskeletal pain seems to impair performance on a wider range of cognitive tasks than acute or regularly recurrent pain, using pain-free individuals as a benchmark. However, there is some evidence of impairment in psychomotor ability among patients with acute pain and some impairment in sustained attention among patients with regularly recurrent pain.
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