| 1. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminatory cardiac arrest care? : Patients with low socioeconomic status receive delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation and are less likely to survive an in-hospital cardiac arrest
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 42:8, s. 861-869
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) face widespread prejudice in society. Whether SES disparities exist in treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is unclear. The aim of the current retrospective registry study was to examine SES disparities in IHCA treatment and survival, assessing SES at the patient level, and adjusting for major demographic, clinical, and contextual factors.Methods and results: In total, 24 217 IHCAs from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were analysed. Education and income constituted SES proxies. Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, comorbidity, heart rhythm, aetiology, hospital, and year, primary analyses showed that high (vs. low) SES patients were significantly less likely to receive delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (highly educated: OR = 0.89, and high income: OR = 0.98). Furthermore, patients with high SES were significantly more likely to survive CPR (high income: OR = 1.02), to survive to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome (highly educated: OR = 1.27; high income: OR = 1.06), and to survive to 30 days (highly educated: OR = 1.21; and high income: OR = 1.05). Secondary analyses showed that patients with high SES were also significantly more likely to receive prophylactic heart rhythm monitoring (highly educated: OR = 1.16; high income: OR = 1.02), and this seems to partially explain the observed SES differences in CPR delay.Conclusion: There are clear SES differences in IHCA treatment and survival, even when controlling for major sociodemographic, clinical, and contextual factors. This suggests that patients with low SES could be subject to discrimination when suffering IHCA.
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| 2. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Does physical pain impair abstract thinking?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 29:6, s. 748-754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to think abstractly constitutes a fundamental dimension of human cognition. Although abstraction has been extensively studied, its emotional and affective antecedents have been largely overlooked. One experiment was conducted to examine whether physical pain affects abstraction. Drawing on Construal Level Theory [Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, 440–463] and Loewenstein’s [(1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 272–292] visceral factors theory, we hypothesised that pain impairs abstraction because pain constricts people’s mental horizons and lead to a concrete, inward-focus toward oneself in the here and now. Physical pain was manipulated between subjects (N = 150). The participants either kept their left hand immersed in cold (painful) water or neutral (painless) water while we measured abstract versus concrete behaviour identification, categorisation, and perceptual processing. Bayesian statistical analyses indicate substantial evidence against the hypothesis that pain impairs abstraction. In contrast to many other previously studied cognitive outcomes (e.g. attention), abstraction appears to be largely immune to acute, experimentally induced pain.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in implicit moral orientation associations : The justice and care debate revisited
- 2011
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Ingår i: Current Research in Social Psychology. - 1088-7423. ; 17, s. 10-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Employing new measures (Implicit Association Test) to study the classic issue of moralorientations, we predicted and found gender differences in implicit associations to the conceptsof justice and care. Specifically, we found that men more strongly associate justice vs. care withimportance and with themselves than women. However, participants’ explicit ratings did notreveal any clear patterns of gender differences, which is consistent with previous studies.Implications for social psychological theory and research on morality are discussed.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Intersected groups and discriminatory everyday behavior : Evidence from a lost email experiment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1864-9335 .- 2151-2590. ; 52:6, s. 351-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- De-racialization research suggests that depicting members of ethnic minority groups as gay leads to less stereotypic perceptions oftheir ethnic group. However, whether the consequences of de-racialization translate into real-world behavior is unclear. In a large “lost letter” field experiment (N = 6,654) where an email was ostensibly sent to the wrong recipient by mistake, we investigate whether the relative impact of signaling gayness (vs. heterosexuality) differs for Arab (minority) versus Swedish (majority) senders. The results show clear evidence of ethnic discrimination where Arab (minority) senders receive fewer replies (prosocial response) than Swedish (majority) senders. However, there is no evidence indicating that Arab senders would receive a lower penalty for revealing gayness. Implications for multiple categorization research are discussed.
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| 7. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Look at yourself! : Visual perspective influences moral judgment by level of mental construal
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1864-9335 .- 2151-2590. ; 44:1, s. 42-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research (Libby, Shaeffer, & Eibach, 2009) has established that a third-person (external) visual perspective elicitsmore abstract processing than a first-person (inner) perspective. Because many moral principles constitute abstract psychological constructs,we predicted that they should weigh more heavily when people adopt a third-person visual perspective. In two experiments weshow that a third- (vs. first-) person visual perspective leads to harsher judgments of one’s own morally questionable actions. Moreover,we demonstrate that this effect can be partially explained by level of mental construal. The present research suggests that simple visualperspective techniques may be used to promote moral behavior.
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| 8. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Pain here and now : physical pain impairs transcendence of psychological distance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - : Dove Medical Press Ltd. - 1178-7090. ; 12, s. 961-968
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The ability to traverse psychological distance by going beyond the experienced reality of the self, here and now, is fundamental for effective human functioning. Yet, little is known about how physical pain affects transcendence of psychological distance. Using a construal level theory framework of psychological distance, the current research examines the hypothesis that pain impairs people's ability to traverse any kind of psychological distance whether it be temporal, social, and spatial distance, or the hypothetical. Methods: Using the cold pressor test, 151 participants participated in an experiment where they were either induced with acute pain (treatment group) or no pain (control group) while completing a battery of questions measuring to what extent their current thoughts were transcending psychological distance. Results: The results were largely consistent with the hypothesis. Relative to the control group, pain induced participants showed significantly less transcendence of past temporal distance, social distance, spatial distance, and the hypothetical. Furthermore, greater self-reported pain intensity was significantly associated with less transcendence of temporal (past and future), social, and spatial distance. Conclusion: Physical pain impairs the ability to traverse psychological distance. The research has practical implications for the pain clinic and for pain-afflicted individuals in everyday life.
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| 9. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal construal and moral motivation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Handbook of moral motivation: Theories, models, applications. - Rotterdam : Sense Publishers. - 9789462092730 - 9789462092754 ; , s. 181-196
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of social gender norms on parental leave uptake intentions : Evidence from two survey experiments on prospective fathers and mothers
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 55:53, s. 6277-6293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how social gender norms influence parental leave uptake intentions by conducting two separate survey experiments on prospective fathers (N = 877) and mothers (N = 882) in the UK. In a between-subjects design, we manipulate social gender norms by varying information on the average number of days that other fathers and mothers stay at home to take care of a child during the first year after childbirth. We find that when prospective parents (both genders) are exposed to the low staying-home-with-children norm, they plan less parental leave uptake compared to the control (no norm) group. When exposed to the high staying-home-with-children norm, men (but not women) plan more parental leave uptake compared to the control group. We discuss policy implications and suggest directions for future studies.
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| 11. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest : does patient ethnicity matter?
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-5151 .- 1873-1953.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS : Previous research on racial/ethnic disparities in relation to cardiac arrest has mainly focused on black vs. white disparities in the USA. The great majority of these studies concerns out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The current nationwide registry study aims to explore whether there are ethnic differences in treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), examining possible disparities towards Middle Eastern and African minorities in a European context.METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective registry study, 24 217 patients from the IHCA part of the Swedish Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were included. Data on patient ethnicity were obtained from Statistics Sweden. Regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of ethnicity on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) delay, CPR duration, survival immediately after CPR, and the medical team's reported satisfaction with the treatment. Middle Eastern and African patients were not treated significantly different compared to Nordic patients when controlling for hospital, year, age, sex, socioeconomic status, comorbidity, aetiology, and initial heart rhythm. Interestingly, we find that Middle Eastern patients were more likely to survive than Nordic patients (odds ratio = 1.52).CONCLUSION: Overall, hospital staff do not appear to treat IHCA patients differently based on their ethnicity. Nevertheless, Middle Eastern patients are more likely to survive IHCA.
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| 12. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Using descriptive social norms to increase charitable giving : The power of local norms
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-4870 .- 1872-7719. ; 52, s. 147-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a field experiment, we examined whether conveying descriptive social norms (e.g., "this is what most people do") increases charitable giving. Additionally, we examined whether people are more likely to conform to the local norms of one's immediate environment than to more global norms extending beyond one's local environment. University students received a charity organization's information brochure and were asked for a monetary contribution. An experimentaldescriptive norm manipulation was embedded in the brochure. We found that providing people with descriptive norms increased charitable giving substantially compared with industry standard altruistic appeals (control condition). Moreover, conveying local norms were more effective in increasing charitable givingthan conveying global norms. Practical implications for charity organizations and marketing are proposed.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Warm and competent Hassan = cold and incompetent Eric: A harsh equation of real-life hiring discrimination
- 2012
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-4834 .- 0197-3533. ; 34:4, s. 359-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a field experiment, we sent out 5,636 job applications varying how Swedish (in-group) and Arab (out-group) applicants presented themselves in terms of two fundamental dimensions of social judgment: warmth and competence. Results indicate substantial discrimination where Arab applicants receive fewer invitations to job interviews. Conveying a warmer or more competent personality increases invitations. However, appearing both warm and competent seems to be especially important for Arab applicants. Arab applicants need to appear warmer and more competent than Swedish applicants to be invited equally often. The practical importance of signaling warmth and competence in labor market contexts is discussed.
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| 15. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-
(författare)
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Why does height matter in hiring?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 52, s. 35-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research shows the existence of a height premium in the workplace with tall individuals receiving more benefits across several domains (e.g., earnings) relative to short people. The current study probes deeper into the height premium by focusing on the specific favorable traits, attributes, and abilities tall individuals are presumed to have, ultimately giving these individuals an advantage in hiring. In an experiment, we made a male job applicant taller or shorter by digitally manipulating photographs, and attached these to job applications that were evaluated by professional recruiters. We find that in the context of hiring a project leader, the height premium consists of increased perceptions of the candidate's general competence, specific job competency (including employability), and physical health, whereas warmth and physical attractiveness seem to matter less. Interestingly, physical height predicted recruiters' hiring intentions even when statistically controlling for competence, warmth, health, and attractiveness.
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| 16. |
- Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Why people with an eye toward the future are more moral: The role of abstract thinking
- 2013
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-4834 .- 0197-3533. ; 35:4, s. 373-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do future-oriented people show greater moral concern than present-oriented people? Consistent with Construal Level Theory (CLT; Trope & Liberman, 2003), we find that future-oriented people construe morally relevant actions at a higher level of abstraction, which clarifies their larger implications. Importantly, we show that level of construal partially explains the relationship between individual differences in temporal orientation and moral judgments. These findings support CLT and contribute to our understanding of moral psychology, as they are the first to show how individual differences pertaining to psychological distance relate to abstract thinking and moral judgments.
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| 17. |
- Al-Dury, Nooraldeen, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics and outcome among 14,933 adult cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest : A nationwide study with the emphasis on gender and age.
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Journal of Emergency Medicine. - : Elsevier. - 0735-6757 .- 1532-8171. ; 35:12, s. 1839-1844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To investigate characteristics and outcome among patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) with the emphasis on gender and age.METHODS: Using the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, we analyzed associations between gender, age and co-morbidities, etiology, management, 30-day survival and cerebral function among survivors in 14,933 cases of IHCA. Age was divided into three ordered categories: young (18-49years), middle-aged (50-64years) and older (65years and above). Comparisons between men and women were age adjusted.RESULTS: The mean age was 72.7years and women were significantly older than men. Renal dysfunction was the most prevalent co-morbidity. Myocardial infarction/ischemia was the most common condition preceding IHCA, with men having 27% higher odds of having MI as the underlying etiology. A shockable rhythm was found in 31.8% of patients, with men having 52% higher odds of being found in VT/VF. After adjusting for various confounders, it was found that men had a 10% lower chance than women of surviving to 30days. Older individuals were managed less aggressively than younger patients. Increasing age was associated with lower 30-day survival but not with poorer cerebral function among survivors.CONCLUSION: When adjusting for various confounders, it was found that men had a 10% lower chance than women of surviving to 30days after in-hospital cardiac arrest. Older individuals were managed less aggressively than younger patients, despite a lower chance of survival. Higher age was, however, not associated with poorer cerebral function among survivors.
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| 18. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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A Primer on the benefits of differential treatment analysis when predicting discriminatory behavior
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Quantitative Methods for Psychology. - Ottawa : University of Ottawa. - 2292-1354. ; 14:3, s. 193-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A central question in social psychology is to what extent individual differences in attitudes, prejudices, and stereotypes can predict discriminatory behavior. This is often studied by simply regressing a measure of behavior toward a single group (e.g., behavior toward Black people only) onto the predictors (e.g., attitude measures). In the present paper, we remind researchers that an analysis focusing on predicting the differential treatment (e.g., behavior towards Black people vs. White people) has a higher conceptual validity and will result in more informative effect sizes. The paper is concluded with a list of suggestions for future research on the link between attitudes, prejudices, stereotypes and discrimination.
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| 19. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Backlash and hiring : A field experiment on agency, communion, and gender
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender stereotypes describe women as communal and men asagentic. Laboratory based research (Rudman & Glick 1999; 2001)suggests that trying to disconfirm such descriptive genderstereotypes (e.g., women self-promoting their agency), entails therisk of hiring discrimination due to violation of prescriptive genderstereotypes: a backlash. To examine whether backlash occurs whenapplying for real jobs, we conducted a field experiment. Gender,agency and communion were manipulated in the personal profile of5,562 applications sent to 3,342 job openings on the Swedish labormarket. The dependent variable was whether the applicationresulted in an invitation to a job interview or not. The results do notoffer any support for the backlash hypothesis at this stage in therecruitment process.
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| 20. |
- Erenel, Asuman
(författare)
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Essays on Parental Leave : The Influence of Social Gender Norms, Gender-Role Stereotypes, and Parental Child Gender Bias
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three essays on parental leave uptake and other parental behaviors, investigating the effects of social gender norms, gender-role stereotypes, and parental child gender bias.Essay 1 (co-authored with Jens Agerström and Magnus Carlsson): We investigate how social gender norms influence parental leave uptake intentions by conducting two separate survey experiments on prospective fathers (N = 877) and mothers (N = 882) in the UK. In a between-subjects design, we manipulate social gender norms by varying information on the average number of days that other fathers and mothers stay at home to take care of a child during the first year after childbirth. We find that when prospective parents (both genders) are exposed to the low staying-home-with-children norm, they plan less parental leave uptake compared to the control (no norm) group. When exposed to the high staying-home-with-children norm, men (but not women) plan more parental leave uptake compared to the control group. We discuss policy implications and suggest directions for future studies.Essay 2: In many countries, the majority of parental leave (PL) is disproportionately taken by mothers, leading to gender inequalities in the labor market and effects on children's outcomes. Thus, it is important to understand the underlying factors behind this disparity. This paper aims to investigate the role of gender-role stereotypes in the uptake of PL by fathers and mothers. A sample of 1021 Swedish parents (521 fathers and 500 mothers) was surveyed to assess and measure both implicit and explicit stereotypes to explore the relationship between gender-role stereotypes and reported PL uptake. For mothers, the results clearly show that higher levels of gender-role stereotypes (both implicit and explicit) are associated with a greater share of PL uptake. For fathers, the results indicate weak evidence that higher levels of implicit gender-role stereotypes are associated with lower PL uptake, while no association is found with explicit stereotypes. The implications for policy and directions for future research are discussed.Essay 3: This paper investigates parental child gender bias in Sweden by studying the impact of having a male (vs. female) firstborn child on various parental behavioral outcomes using Swedish microdata covering a 26-year period. The findings show no or small effects of the sex of the child on parental outcomes. Thus, the behavior of Swedish parents is by and large unaffected by the sex of their firstborn child. Results suggest that, in Sweden, factors other than parental child gender bias are likely more important to focus on in promoting gender equality in society.
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| 21. |
- Gunnarsson, Helena E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Clinical pain, abstraction, and self-control : being in pain makes it harder to see the forest for the trees and is associated with lower self-control
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - Auckland : Dove Medical Press. - 1178-7090. ; 11, s. 1105-1114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Although abstract thinking is a fundamental dimension of human cognition, it has received scant attention in research on pain and cognition. We hypothesized that physical pain impairs abstraction, because when people experience pain at high intensity levels, attention becomes concretely focused on the self in the here and now, where little else matters than finding relief for the pain they are currently experiencing. We also examined the relationship between pain and self-control, predicting that pain would debilitate self-control. Patients and methods: Abstraction and self-reported self-control were assessed in 109 patients with musculoskeletal pain. The influence of specific pain qualities, such as pain intensity, pain interference with daily activities, pain duration, and pain persistence, was examined. Furthermore, we assessed other factors (e.g., anxiety, depression, and fatigue) that could be assumed to play a role in the pain experience and in cognitive performance. Results: Higher pain intensity and persistence were associated with less abstract thinking. Furthermore, self-control decreased with greater pain intensity, persistence, and self-reported pain interference with daily activities. Self-reported depressive symptoms mediated the overall relationship between pain and self-control. Conclusion: Abstraction is compromised in patients reporting higher pain intensity and persistence. Different dimensions of pain also predict lower self-control although depression seems to account for the relationship between overall pain and self-control. The current study is the first to report an association between clinical musculoskeletal pain and abstraction. The results suggest that pain patients may suffer from a broader range of cognitive disadvantages than previously believed.
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| 22. |
- Gunnarsson, Helena E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Is clinical, musculoskeletal pain associated with poorer logical reasoning?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Pain Reports. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 2471-2531. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: It has been hypothesized that pain disrupts system 2 processes (eg, working memory) presumed to underlie logicalreasoning. A recent study examining the impact of experimentally induced pain on logical reasoning found no evidence of an effect.Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine whether clinical pain, which is qualitatively different from experimental pain, wouldlower the ability to reason logically.Methods: Ninety-six participants completed a questionnaire containing 3 different logical reasoning tasks (the cognitive reflectiontest, the belief bias syllogisms task, and the conditional inference task), questions about pain variables (present pain intensity, painintensity during the last 24 hours, the influence of pain on daily activities, pain duration, and pain persistence), questions about otherpain-related states (anxiety, depression, and fatigue), and pain-relieving medication. Correlations between the logical reasoningtasks and the pain variables were calculated.Results: For 2 of the 3 logical reasoning tasks (the cognitive reflection test and the belief bias syllogisms task), clinical pain wasunrelated to logical reasoning. Performance on context-free logical reasoning showed a significant negative correlation with presentpain intensity, but not with the other pain variables.Conclusion: This finding that logical reasoning ability is largely unrelated to clinical pain is highly consistent with previous researchon experimentally induced pain. Pain should probably not constitute a significant barrier to logical reasoning in everyday life.
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| 23. |
- Gunnarsson, Helena E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Pain and social cognition : Does pain lead to more stereotyped judgments based on ethnicity and age?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Pain. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 1877-8860 .- 1877-8879. ; 20:3, s. 611-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Aims: Previous research on pain and cognition has largely focused on non-social cognitive outcomes (e.g., attention, problem solving). This study examines the relationship between pain and stereotyping, which constitutes a fundamental dimension of social cognition. Drawing on dual process theories of cognition, it was hypothesized that higher levels of pain would increase stereotyped judgments based on ethnicity and age. The hypothesis was tested in conjunction with experimentally induced pain (Study 1) and clinical pain (Study 2).Methods: In Study 1, experimental pain was induced with the cold pressor method on a between-subjects basis. Participants (N=151) completed a judgment task that assessed to what extent they relied on stereotypes (ethnic and age) when estimating other people’s cognitive performance. In Study 2, 109 participants with clinical, musculoskeletal pain completed the same stereotype judgment task. Correlations between stereotyped judgments and various pain qualities (intensity, interference with daily activities, duration, and persistence) were performed.Results: In Study 1, pain induced participants did not form significantly more stereotyped judgments compared to pain-free participants. However, higher reported pain intensity was associated with more ethnically stereotyped judgments. In study 2, there were no significant correlations between different aspects of clinical pain and stereotyped judgments.Conclusion: The results provide little support for the hypothesis that pain increases stereotyped judgments. This was the case for both experimentally induced pain and clinical pain. The present study is the first to investigate the link between pain and stereotyping, suggesting that stereotypical judgments may be a social cognitive outcome that is relatively unaffected by pain.Practical implications: The results have practical implications for the clinic, for example, where chronic pain patients may not have greater difficulties interacting with health care professionals that are members of a stereotyped social group (e.g., ethnic).
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| 24. |
- Gunnarsson, Helena E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Thinking abstractly about one’s physical pain : can abstraction reduce sensitivity to painful stimuli?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nordic Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1901-2276 .- 1904-0016. ; 76:1, s. 134-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether people think less abstractly when they experience physical pain has been examined in previous research. However, the reverse causal possibility—that abstraction reduces sensitivity to painful stimuli—does not appear to have been empirically tested. The aim of this study was to investigate whether abstraction reduces sensitivity to painful stimuli. Using the cold pressor method, university students (N = 205) were exposed to experimental pain. Participants were randomly assigned to an abstract mindset, concrete mindset, cognitive distraction (control task), or no task (control) condition. As a manipulation of abstraction, participants focused on why they felt pain (abstract condition) versus how they felt pain (concrete condition). Pain endurance and pain intensity were evaluated. The abstract mindset condition did not show significantly lower pain sensitivity compared with the other experimental conditions. We found no evidence suggesting that abstract thinking would reduce pain sensitivity. The effectiveness of other techniques that induce abstraction, such as third-person (versus first-person) self-talk should be examined in future research. Since experimentally induced pain in healthy participants differs from clinical pain, whether abstract thinking may reduce pain sensitivity in chronic pain patients should also be examined.
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| 25. |
- Heath, Amanda J., 1972-
(författare)
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Addressing equality and diversity in the workplace through recruitment materials : an equality monitoring approach
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) statements have been used as part of diversity management in human resources for some time and research suggests they are generally perceived positively and can increase organizational attraction in underrepresented groups, thus promoting diversity and inclusion. The main aim of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the effects of a particular diversity management practice called equality monitoring (EM) and investigate public perceptions of EM and effects on behaviour such as applications, intentions to pursue a job and organizational attraction. EM is the practice of collecting data on protected characteristics (such as age, ethnicity etc.), and using it to promote inclusion or for anti-discrimination purposes.Study I examined perceptions of EM-use in an employment context. A cross-sectional survey looked at group differences of UK ethnic group and gender, and examined if perceptions and attitudes towards EDI were moderated by perceived previous experiences of employment discrimination. Results revealed that ethnic minority respondents and women were more positive about EM and had more positive attitudes towards EDI. History of discrimination was a moderator only for White males, where perceptions of previous discrimination in employment led to less positive ratings of EM and attitudes towards EDI. In a comparison between the UK responses and those from a small Swedish sample, UK respondents gave higher ratings, but both groups had positive attitudes towards EM.Study II reports two experiments sampling majority and minority UK ethnic groups and presented job advertisements manipulated for the presence of an industry-standard (I-S) EDI statement with or without EM statements and a control condition with no EDI information. The effects were measured on organizational attraction on three subscales: general attractiveness, prestige, and job-pursuit intention. The I-S plus EM condition resulted in the highest prestige ratings across the sample, and stronger job-pursuit intentions in the ethnic minority group. In the second experiment, the effects of framing conditions on EM information were tested. The inclusion of any EDI information positively influenced ratings, but ratings dipped for ethnic minority respondents when an EM statement was provided without explanation for why data collection is being performed.Study III was a largescale field experiment and survey on job applicants of a Swedish county council in which job advertisements were presented with no EDI statement, an I-S statement or an EM statement and were rolled out over separate 5-month periods. A second group of occupations received no changes to the usual job advertisements and served as a control group. The effects were measured on share of job applications from foreign-born and female job applicants and on average applicant age, but no effects of the interventions were found. In a subset of job applicants, survey responses showed no effects of statements on rated organizational attraction or commitment to EDI. However, perceptions of EM were positive across the sample and tended to be highest in groups protected in discrimination law.While the present data cannot say whether statements have an effect on the number of applicant applications, they may boost aspects of attraction especially in some disadvantaged groups. Importantly, results demonstrate that EM does not detract from attraction and is generally perceived positively when it is explained to potential job seekers, even by Swedish respondents unfamiliar with EM. This is consistent with the introduction of EM more extensively to comply with obligations under EU and UN anti-discrimination directives. More research is recommended to understand the effects of EDI initiatives in diversity management across different groups and contexts in real world settings.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Heath, Amanda J., et al.
(författare)
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Is employer collection of diversity data attractive to potential job seekers? Ethnicity and sex differences and a UK-Sweden comparison
- 2023
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Ingår i: Personnel review. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0048-3486 .- 1758-6933. ; 52:7, s. 1900-1915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Many organisations monitor statistics on the background of job applicants to inform diversity management, a practice known as equality monitoring (EM). The study examines perceptions of EM and employers that use it. Additionally, it aims to assess potentially salient group differences in attitudes towards EM, focussing on perceived history of employment discrimination, ethnicity, sex, and a comparison between the UK and Sweden - two countries which differ extensively in EM prevalence. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional self-report survey assessed attitudes toward EM, attraction to employers using it, pro-equality and diversity attitudes, perceived history of employment discrimination and background characteristics (e.g. ethnicity and sex), and compared a UK and Sweden sample (N = 925). Findings The results reveal positive perceptions of EM overall. Although no differences were observed between UK ethnic majority and minority respondents, White British men rate employers using EM as less attractive with increasing levels of perceived past discrimination. Women have more positive perceptions than men. Finally, the UK sample rated EM more positively than the Sweden sample. Originality/value Despite EM being widespread, the study is the first to investigate detailed perceptions of it, making group and country comparisons. Results support the use of EM in HRM but highlight the need for clear communication to avoid confusion with positive discrimination, which is perceived negatively in some majority group members, and to allay fears of data misuse. Recommendations are made for future implementation.
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| 28. |
- Heath, Amanda J., et al.
(författare)
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What adds to job ads? The impact of equality and diversity information on organizational attraction in minority and majority ethnic groups
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0963-1798 .- 2044-8325. ; 96:4, s. 872-896
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior research suggests that job search activities of underrepresented groups are sensitive to diversity cues in recruitment materials, but less is known about the impact of different types of cues. Despite widespread use, employment equality monitoring (EM), or data collection on legally protected characteristics (like gender or ethnic background), has received scant empirical attention. Two experiments used fictitious job advertisements to examine the effects of a strong equality/diversity/inclusion (EDI) value statement and descriptions of EM use by employers. In Study 1, we found that advertisements containing an EDI statement and a statement of EM together produced the highest ratings of organizational prestige, and, in minority respondents, stronger job-pursuit intentions. Study 2 examined various framing conditions of EM using a between-subjects design. The inclusion of any EDI information was positively received, but minority ethnicity respondents were less positive when an EM statement was provided without an explanation for why it is done. The practical implications are that both value statements and EM information together could help increase attraction among jobseekers from underrepresented groups, with potential to contribute to diversity branding. However, minority groups are still sceptical of employer EDI credibility and employers must do more than talk the talk.
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| 29. |
- Israelsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A more conservative test of sex differences in the treatment and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heart & Lung. - : Elsevier. - 0147-9563 .- 1527-3288. ; 58, s. 191-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies investigating sex disparities related to treatment and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) have produced divergent findings and have typically been unable to adjust for outstanding confounding variables.Objectives: The aim was to examine sex differences in treatment and survival following IHCA, using a comprehensive set of control variables including e.g., age, comorbidity, and patient-level socioeconomic status. Methods: This retrospective study was based on data from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Statistics Sweden. In the primary analyses, logistic regression models and ordinary least square regressions were estimated.Results: The study included 24,217 patients and the majority (70.4%) were men. In the unadjusted analyses, women had a lower chance of survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) attempt, at hospital discharge (with good neurological function) and at 30 days (p<0.01). In the adjusted regression models, female sex was associated with a higher chance of survival after the CPR attempt (B = 1.09, p<0.01) and at 30-days (B = 1.09, p<0.05). In contrast, there was no significant association between sex and survival to discharge with good neurological outcome. Except for treatment duration (B=-0.07, p<0.01), no significant associations between sex and treatment were identified.Conclusions: No signs of treatment disparities or discrimination related to sex were identified. However, women had a better chance of surviving IHCA compared to men. The finding that women went from having a survival disadvantage (unadjusted analysis) to a survival advantage (adjusted analysis) attests to the importance of including a comprehensive set of control variables, when examining sex differences.
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| 30. |
- Lindersson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Reassessing the impact of descriptive norms on charitable giving
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1465-4520 .- 1479-103X. ; 24:1, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The usefulness of conveying descriptive norms (“this is what most people do”) for prosocial purposes such as environmental conservation and charitable giving has recently been called into question. Two experiments (N = 748) evaluated the hypothesis that descriptive norms increase people's intentions to donate to charity. Overall, the results supported this hypothesis. Another aim was to examine the robustness of the local norm superiority effect that proposes that the local norms of one's immediate environment are superior to other descriptive norms (global and social identity norms). This hypothesis was not supported. The results suggest that differences between different types of norms are likely to be small.
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| 31. |
- Nordhall, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Future-oriented people show stronger moral concerns
- 2013
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Ingår i: Current Research in Social Psychology. - 1088-7423. ; 19, s. 52-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has shown that moral concerns weigh more heavily when people areexperimentally induced to think about the distant vs. near future. The current researchdemonstrates that this also applies to people whose thinking is intrinsically and generallyoriented toward the future rather than the present. More specifically, we show that people with afuture time perspective are more condemning of others who transgress ethical rules and that theyare more committed to follow ethical rules themselves. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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| 32. |
- Sinclair, Samantha, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Social Norms Influence Young People’s Willingness to Take the COVID-19 Vaccine?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Health Communication. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1041-0236 .- 1532-7027. ; 38:1, s. 152-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although young adults are not at great risk of becoming severely ill with COVID-19, their willingness to get vaccinated affects the whole community. Vaccine hesitancy has increased during recent years, and more research is needed on its situational determinants. This paper reports a preregistered experiment (N = 654) that examined whether communicating descriptive social norms – information about what most people do – is an effective way of influencing young people’s intentions and reducing their hesitancy to take the COVID-19 vaccine. We found weak support for our main hypothesis that conveying strong (compared to weak) norms leads to reduced hesitancy and stronger intentions. Furthermore, norms did not produce significantly different effects compared to standard vaccine information from the authorities. Moreover, no support was found for the hypothesis that young people are more strongly influenced by norms when the norm reference group consists of other young individuals rather than people in general. These findings suggest that the practical usefulness of signaling descriptive norms is rather limited, and may not be more effective than standard appeals in the quest of encouraging young adults to trust and accept a new vaccine.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Sinclair, Samantha, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Does expertise and thinking mode matter for accuracy in judgments of job applicants’ cognitive ability?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 61:4, s. 484-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present research examined the role of thinking mode for accuracy in recruiters and laypeople’s judgments of applicants’ cognitive ability. In Study 1, students who relied on their intuition were somewhat less accurate. In Study 2, an experimental manipulation of thinking mode (intuitive vs analytical) revealed no apparent differences in accuracy. Moreover, there were no differences in accuracy or agreement between recruiters and laypeople. Examination of the use of specific resume content suggested that intuitive thinking corresponds to basing one’s judgments more on the way that applicants present themselves in their personal letter and less on diagnostic biographical information such as SAT scores. The findings point to the possibility that professional recruiters may not possess intuitive expertise in this context.
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| 35. |
- Sinclair, Samantha, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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“If others are honest, I will be too” : Effects of social norms on willingness to fake during employment interviews
- 2021
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Ingår i: Personnel Assessment and Decisions. - : Bowling Green State University. - 2377-8822. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Applicant faking in employment interviews is a pressing concern for organizations. It has previously been suggested that subjective norms may be an important antecedent of faking, but experimental studies are lacking. We report a preregistered experiment (n = 307) where effects of conveying descriptive social norms (information about what most applicants do) on self-reported willingness to fake were examined. While we observed no difference between the faking norm condition and the control condition, in which no norm was signaled, participants in the honesty norm condition reported lower willingness to fake compared to those in both the faking norm condition and the control condition. The latter supports the idea that conveying honesty norms may be an effective means of reducing faking, although future research needs to evaluate its usefulness in real employment interviews.
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| 36. |
- Sinclair, Samantha, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Judging Job Applicants by Their Politics : Effects of Target–Rater Political Dissimilarity on Discrimination, Cooperation, and Stereotyping
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Journal of Social and Political Psychology. - : PsychOpen. - 2195-3325. ; 11:1, s. 75-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite well-known problems associated with political prejudice, research that examines effects of political dissimilarity in organizational contexts is scarce. We present findings from a pre-registered experiment (N = 973, currently employed) which suggest that both Democrats and Republicans negatively stereotype and discriminate against job applicants with a political orientation that is dissimilar to their own. The effects were small for competence perceptions, moderate for hiring judgments, and large for warmth ratings and willingness to cooperate and socialize with the applicant. The effects of political orientation on hiring judgments and willingness to cooperate and socialize were mediated by stereotype content, particularly warmth. Furthermore, for all outcomes except competence judgments, Democrats discriminated and stereotyped applicants to a larger extent than Republicans did. These findings shed light on the consequences of applicants revealing their political orientation and have implications for the promotion of diversity in organizations.
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| 37. |
- Sinclair, Samantha, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Tolerating the Intolerant : Does Realistic Threat Lead to Increased Tolerance of Right-Wing Extremists?
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of Social and Political Psychology. - Trier, Germany : PsychOpen Gold. - 2195-3325. ; 10:1, s. 35-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research suggests that threat can bolster anti-immigration attitudes, but less is known about the effects of threat on ideological tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that realistic threats — tangible threats to e.g., the safety or financial well-being of one’s group — bolster support for right-wing extremists. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 200) learned that crime and unemployment rates were either increasing (high threat condition) or remaining the same (low threat condition). Consistent with our hypothesis, higher threat lead to a significant increase in tolerance for right-wing, but not left-wing, extremists. In a second, pre-registered extended replication experiment (N = 385), we added a baseline (no threat) condition. Additionally, attitudes to immigrants were examined as a mediator. This experiment produced non-significant threat effects on tolerance of right-wing extremists. Overall, the current research provides weak support for the hypothesis that realistic threats have asymmetric effects on tolerance of political extremists. However, consistent with previous research, people were more tolerant of extremists within their own ideological camp.
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| 38. |
- Strinić, Andrea, 1992-
(författare)
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Multiple categorization in hiring : The stereotype content model perspective
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hiring discrimination research has predominantly focused on labor market outcomes based on one or two group memberships, most commonly ethnicity and gender. The main aim of the doctoral dissertation is to explore warmth and competence perceptions associated with multiple demographic group membership and how they may affect evaluations and behavior in a workplace and hiring context.Study I relies on the stereotype content model (SCM, Fiske et al., 2002) to explore how employees perceive intersections of demographic groups on universal dimensions of social perception (warmth and competence). Namely, the intersection of ethnicity (Arab/Swedish), gender (male/female), age (30-year-old/55-year-old), and sexual orientation (gay/heterosexual). Results show that when stigmatized group categories are added to one another, this does not necessarily produce additive negative effects.Study II addressed perceptions of 22 common occupations in Sweden (e.g., Mechanic, Surgeon). Results show that warmth and competence can account for perceptions of the pre-selected occupations with a five-cluster solution found most descriptive of the data.Study III uses a modernized version of the “lost letter” technique (Milgram et al., 1965) and experimentally tests how ethnic discrimination is affected by signals of gender and sexual orientation. We sent out 6 654 emails as a job opportunity follow-up which ostensibly reached the wrong recipient, and measured the number of returned emails notifying the sender of the mistake. We find evidence of ethnic discrimination, with Arabs receiving fewer replies than Swedes. No discrimination based on sexual orientation or intersectional effects were found.Study IV had the main aim of testing whether matching stereotype content of job position and intersected group membership (gender and sexual orientation) in terms of warmth and competence affects the job suitability evaluations of job seekers. The results show no evidence of matching effects operating, as the gay job seekers, regardless of job position or gender, receive higher job suitability ratings than their straight counterparts.Further research should address whether there is an ongoing positive attitude change towards gay groups and whether the positive perceptions affect behavioral outcomes. I conclude that intersecting categories generates important knowledge on the perception and treatment of groups at work.
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| 39. |
- Strinic, Andrea, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple group membership : warmth and competence perceptions in the workplace
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of business and psychology. - : Springer. - 0889-3268 .- 1573-353X. ; 36, s. 903-920
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What kinds of stereotypes are evoked when employers review a job application from a 55-year-old Arab woman? Most previous research on stereotypes has focused on single demographic group categories (e.g., race or gender) rather than on their combinations, even though people inevitably belong to multiple group categories simultaneously. The current study examines how different combinations of demographic group categories (ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and age) are perceived in the context of the workplace, with a focus on two fundamental dimensions of social perception: warmth and competence. The results reveal interesting interactions among the studied demographic group categories such that when stigmatized group categories are added to one another, it does not necessarily produce additive negative effects on warmth and competence perceptions. Rather, one category that is perceived negatively in isolation (e.g., homosexuality) can offset the negative impact of another stigmatized category (e.g., Arab ethnicity). Practical implications for stereotyping and discrimination in the workplace are discussed.
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| 40. |
- Strinic, Andrea, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational stereotypes : professionals' warmth and competence perceptions of occupations
- 2022
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Ingår i: Personnel review. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0048-3486 .- 1758-6933. ; 51:2, s. 603-619
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of the current study is to investigate occupational stereotypes among a professionalsample of recruiters and other employees on the two fundamental dimensions of warmth and competence.Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a survey to collect professionals' (mostly recruiters') ratings of preselected occupations. Participants were asked to rate warmth and competenceattributes. Factor and cluster analysis were employed to investigate the two-dimensional structure of thewarmth/competence space and how and whether occupations cluster as predicted by the stereotype contentmodel (SCM).Findings – Almost all occupations showed a clear two-factorial structure, corresponding to the warmth/competence dimensions. A five-cluster solution was deemed appropriate as depicting how occupations disperseon these dimensions. Implications for stereotyping research, the design of hiring discrimination experiments,and HRM are discussed.Originality/value – In contrast to previous related research, in which participants select the includedoccupations themselves, the authors included prespecified common occupations, which should be importantfor representativeness. In addition, previous research has been conducted in the United States, while theauthors conduct this study in a European context (Sweden). Finally, instead of studying students orparticipants with unspecified work experience, the authors focus on professionals (mostly recruiters).
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| 41. |
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