| 1. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Critical Success Factors in Capturing Knowledge for Retention in IT-Supported Repositories
- 2014
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Ingår i: Information. - : MDPI AG. - 2078-2489. ; 5:4, s. 558-569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, the authors demonstrate the suitability of IT-supported knowledge repositories for knowledge retention. Successful knowledge retention is dependent on whatis stored in a repository and, hence, possible to share. Accordingly, the ability to capture theright (relevant) knowledge is a key aspect. Therefore, to increase the quality in an IT-supported knowledge repository, the identification activity, which starts the capture process, must besuccessfully performed. While critical success factors (CSFs) for knowledge retention andknowledge management are frequently discussed in the literature, there is a knowledge gapconcerning CSFs for this specific knowledge capture activity. From a knowledge retention perspective, this paper proposes a model that characterizes CSFs for the identification activity and highlights the CSFs’ contribution to knowledge retention.
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| 2. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation criteria to increase information quality in electronic knowledge repositories
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). - : Association for Information Systems. - 9780955315923 ; , s. 1814-1825
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge forms an important asset in modern organisations. In order to gain and sustain competitive advantage knowledge has to be managed. One aspect of this is to use Electronic Knowledge Repositories (EKRs) in order to enhance knowledge sharing, reuse and learning. The success of an EKR is dependent on the quality of its content. For knowledge to be stored in an EKR, it has to be captured. One crucial part of the capture process is to evaluate whether the identified knowledge should be incorporated in the EKR or not. Therefore, to increase information quality in an EKR, the evaluation stage of the capture process must be successfully performed. This paper characterizes Critical Success Factors (CSF) for knowledge evaluation and presents six evaluation criteria to guide the evaluation stage in order to increase information quality in EKR:s. In particular we highlight the importance of performing evaluation addressing correctness, relevance, protection and redundancy.
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| 3. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for Preparing Organisations in Developing Countries for Standards-based B2B
- 2008
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Ingår i: Emerging Markets and E-Commerce in Developing Economies. - : IGI Global. - 9781605661001 - 1605661007 - 9781605661018 - 1605661015 - 9781616926250 ; , s. 271-292
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- B2B development has been faster in the developed world comparing to developing countries. This chapter proposes a “tool” for managing CSF in B2B settings. The tool is in the form of guidelines, which are concrete and detailed, and which enable a more clear view of actions needed during the preparation stage of B2B projects. We argue that developing countries seldom have the luxury of affording failure in new B2B ventures, but that they instead must learn from the mistakes already made by the developed countries. Thus, our proposed guidelines are based on an existing framework and experiences made in the developed countries. The guidelines are furthermore discussed with regard to the specific problems and conditions that developing countries face. Much work still remains, and problems still must be resolved. From a global perspective, this is important for all of us!
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| 4. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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How to Apply and Manage Critical Success Factors in Healthcare Information Systems Development?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Systems. - : MDPI. - 2079-8954. ; 11:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies on Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) development projects have traditionally often been limited to retrospectively identifying CSFs in a finished project. In this paper, we focus on how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. Based on a holistic perspective and systems thinking, an inductive research strategy was applied and a single in-depth case study was conducted. The findings include detailed descriptions that contribute to further understanding of how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. The analysis reveals that CSFs must be applied differently and managed on various system levels. Furthermore, it shows how interactions exist between different system levels, both in the case of a specific CSF and between different CSFs on various system levels. Our analysis framework and findings indicate new directions for future research: how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS development projects can now be investigated both in a more holistic way and more in detail. Finally, healthcare practitioners can use the descriptions as practical checklists for guiding them in how to realize situational adaptation of CSFs in HIS projects across different system levels.
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| 5. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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How to Successfully Apply Critical Success Factors in Healthcare Information Systems Development? : A Story from the Field
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Information Systems, Barcelona, Spain 2012. - : Association for Information Systems. - 9788488971548
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies have focused on retrospectively identifying critical success factors (CSFs) for healthcare information system (HIS) development projects. In this paper the central question is how in advance selected CSFs can be applied in the best way. An action research study has been carried out in a large Swedish healthcare organization during 2010 and 2011 where the application of four CSFs has been planned, documented and reflected upon. Challenges are identified that may arise when tailoring general CSFs to situational circumstances. For example, the self-evident CSF of ?having a clear and accepted objective? becomes tricky and complex in practice when facing 15 autonomous boards that all need to support the project. Similar insights are gained for other CSFs. More research is needed to illuminate the complexities of how to apply CSFs. Another important observation is that different CSFs strengthen one another, which implies that they should be applied and analysed in concert rather than isolated. Finally, healthcare practitioners need to be aware that CSFs are very helpful, but that tailoring general CSFs to the unique situation of the HIS development project requires much effort and continuous reflection from a holistic perspective embedded in systems thinking.
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| 6. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing the Quality in IT-supported Knowledge Repositories : Critical Success Factors for Identifying Knowledge
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 5-8 January 2010, Koloa, Kauai, Hawaii. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9780769538693 - 9781424455096 - 9781424455102 ; , s. 3329-3337
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IT-supported knowledge repositories are an important part in Knowledge Management (KM) work. The success of an IT-supported knowledge repository is dependent on what is stored in the repository and hence the ability to capture the right knowledge is a key aspect. Therefore, to increase the quality in an ITsupported Knowledge Repository, the identify activity, which starts the capture process, must be successfully performed. While Critical Success Factors (CSF) for KM and KMS are frequently discussed in the literature, there is a knowledge gap concerning CSF for this specific knowledge capture activity. Based on an interpretive field study and a literature review, this paper proposes and characterizes CSF for the identify activity. For example, we highlight the importance of having organizational knowledge about what knowledge to capture and where to find it, i.e. having knowledge about potential sources of knowledge.
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| 7. |
- Aggestam, Lena
(författare)
-
IT-supported Knowledge Repositories : Increasing their Usefulness by Supporting Knowledge Capture
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Organizations use various resources to achieve business objectives, and for financial gain. In modern business, knowledge is a critical resource, and organizations cannot afford not to manage it. Knowledge Management (KM) aims to support learning and to create value for the organization. Based on three levels of inquiry (why, what, how), work presented in this thesis includes a synthesized view of the existing body of knowledge concerning KM and hence a holistic characterization of KM. This characterization reveals a strong dependency between KM and Learning Organization (LO). Neither of them can be successful without the other. We show that a KM project resulting in an IT-supported knowledge repository is a suitable way to start when the intention is to initiate KM work. Thus, our research focuses on ITsupported knowledge repositories.Large numbers of KM projects fail, and organizations lack support for their KM undertakings. These are the main problems that our research addresses. In order for an IT-supported knowledge repository to be successful, it must be used. Thus, the content of the repository is critical for success. Our work reveals that the process of capturing new knowledge is critical if the knowledge repository is to include relevant and updated knowledge. With the purpose of supporting the capture process, this thesis provides a detailed characterization of the capture process as well as guidance aiming to facilitate the implementation of the capture process in such a way that knowledge is continuously captured, also after the KM implementation project is completed. We argue that the continuous capture of new knowledge which can potentially be stored in the knowledge repository will, in the long term perspective, have a positive influence on the usefulness of the repository. This will most likely increase the number of users of the repository and accordingly increase the number of successful KM projects.All the work presented in this thesis is the result of a qualitative research process comprising a literature review and an empirical study that were carried out in parallel. The empirical study is a case study inspired by action research, which involved participation in the project Efficient Knowledge Management and Learning in Knowledge Intensive Organizations (EKLär).
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Aggestam, Lena
(författare)
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Knowledge Leakage when SMEs Participate in Supply Chains : What Is It About and How Can It Occur?
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science (IJKSS). - : IGI Global. - 1947-8208. ; 7:3, s. 30-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advantages of sharing knowledge when participating in a Supply Chain (SC) are well established in the literature, but the challenge of knowledge leakage, and how to manage it, is still in its infancy. In order to increase the understanding of knowledge leakage, when SMEs participate in SCs, this study describes types of knowledge that may leak away, how they are valued, and how knowledge leakage can occur. The result includes two frameworks that also have shown to be potentially useful for examining the maturity of a specific SME with regard to knowledge leakages when participating in the SC.
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| 10. |
- Aggestam, Lena
(författare)
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Knowledge Losses in the Capturing Process
- 2007
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Ingår i: Managing Worldwide Operations and Communications with Information Technology. - : Idea Group Inc.. - 9781599049298 ; , s. 53-56
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 11. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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LEARNING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE SAME PACKAGE
- 2024
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Ingår i: INTED2024 Proceedings. - : IATED. - 9788409592159 ; , s. 2006-2011
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The critical need for organizations to learn and change is well known. “The ability to learn faster than your competitors is your only lasting competitive advantage” as put by a HR manager. Thus, knowledge is vital, both as a resource and a competitive advantage. The importance of life-long learning and distance education is clear, just as the role of higher education. The aim of this paper is to share academic experiences and lessons learnt concerning performing high quality assessment on-line and at the same time offering a learning opportunity for both teachers and students. This is a big challenge.We performed a case study in an on-going hybrid course. There were 10 students on the course, all professionals and employed and hence performing the course and working at the same time. We used the final course assessment as a case unit, which was performed as structured on-line dialogues between each student individual and the examiner. Data were collected by observations of three students performing and a deep follow-up interview with the examiner responsible. Each dialogue lasted about one hour. To be eligible to participate the student must have prepared a task based on two books and questions aiming to put the literature in comparison as well as in the context of their own employment. The examiner leads the dialogue based on graduate assessment criteria, developed by the examiner. The collected data were inductively analyzed.The analysis reveals advantages that oral individual assessments have concerning quality assurance and at the same time enable learning. The examiner has natural opportunities to ask follow-up questions to stimulate reflections and further learning. The examiner also has opportunities to ask questions that reveal the students’ knowledge and understanding related to the assessment criteria and the syllabus learning outcomes, which is a critical aspect not at least from the perspective of AI and chat-GPT. Since the dialogues are individual, the time perspective is a matter of fact that is often lift as an argument against this type of examination. According to the examiner, this is not a problem if you take all the steps in the examination process into consideration. The total time is more or less equal compared to traditional written examinations. Furthermore, the examiner emphasizes that this form of examination is much more fun.To achieve both quality assessment assurance and learning, the analysis also reveals the importance of a holistic approach, as for example putting the matter of course in the students´ reality as well as the critical interface between the task and the assessment dialogue. It also strengthens the importance of preparing for both the examiner and the student and emphasizes the importance of having a system for continuous follow-up and improvements. Finally, the follow-up interview with the examiner reveals the learning it means by having someone externally observing the performance and then asking relevant questions and having a dialogue afterwards. “It forced me to think and reflect on the work from new perspectives, which is critical for future improvements” as put by the examiner. One piece of advice from the examiner is to include this type of work in the quality assurance system for course development. To reflect on the work was an important input to further increase and develop the course.
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| 12. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Managing Critical Success Factors in a B2B Setting
- 2006
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Ingår i: IADIS International Journal on WWW/Internet. - : IADIS Press. - 1645-7641. ; 4:1, s. 96-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When information systems (IS) are developed and implemented, in any context, a number of success factors determine whether or not the effort will succeed. Attention to success factors helps to avoid some costly mistakes, and speeds up the way change is managed. This paper is focused on how to manage critical success factors (CSF) in organisations involved in standards-based Business-to-Business (B2B), with a focus on organisational CSFs. An existing CSF framework in IS planning is applied theoretically to a B2B setting. Activities in a B2B standards implementation model are compared and matched against the framework. Results show that the framework is suitable for planning B2B implementations, essentially for strategic planning. Based on these results we have developed concrete guidelines to be used in the planning phase by strategic planners. Future work will consist of empirical validation, further detailing the guidelines in order to develop a practically useful ”tool” for managing CSF in a B2B standards implementation.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Seven Types of Knowledge Loss in the Knowledge Capture Process
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2010). - : Association for Information Systems. - 9780620471725 ; , s. Paper 13-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Society is based on knowledge and the availability thereof. Access to knowledge empowers people, and organizations must reuse knowledge to be competitive. The right knowledge to the right person at the right time is important for success, and IT plays an important role in order to achieve this goal, for example in the form of Electronic Knowlege Repositories (EKR). The success of an EKR depends on what is stored therein, and the ability to capture the right knowledge is hence a key aspect. This, however, is a complex issue. The goal of this paper is to identify and describe different types of knowledge loss, seven of which have been identified and characterized. As an example, one knowledge loss shows that not all knowledge can be stored, and critical knowledge elements may therefore be lost when attempting to store it. Some knowledge loss may be desirable, since an organization should not want to store everything. The results contribute to capturing the right knowledge, and hence to successful EKR. The results thus contribute to elevating the competitive power of an organization.
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| 15. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Strategic Knowledge Management Issues when Designing Knowledge Repositories
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS 2007. - : Association for Information Systems. ; , s. 528-539
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge forms an important asset in modern organisations. In order to gain and sustain competitive advantage knowledge has to be managed. One aspect of doing this is to build knowledge repositories. In this paper we extend the strategic knowledge management framework to betters suit the process of constructing knowledge repositories. The extended framework highlights, for example, the impact of organizational culture and the importance of distinguishing between the individual and organizational knowledge processes and relating them to each other. The application of the extended framework to analyze a case in the public health care sector revealed a number of important aspects in the preparation and implementation of a knowledge management project. In particular we highlight the importance of having a strategic vision and making the dual relationship between usage and design explicit when implementing a knowledge repository.
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| 16. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting Knowledge Evaluation to Increase Quality in Electronic Knowledge Repositories
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Knowledge Management. - : IGI Global. - 1548-0666 .- 1548-0658. ; 6:1, s. 23-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge forms an important asset in modern organizations. In order to gain and sustain competitive advantage knowledge has to be managed. One aspect of this is to use Electronic Knowledge Repositories (EKR) to enhance knowledge sharing, reuse and learning. The success of an EKR is dependent on the quality of its content. For knowledge to be stored in an EKR, it has to be captured. One crucial part of the capture process is to evaluate whether the identified knowledge should be incorporated in the EKR or not. Therefore, to increase quality in an EKR, the evaluation stage of the capture process must be successfully carried out. Based on an interpretive field study and an extensive literature review, this paper identifies and characterizes Critical Success Factors (CSF) in the evaluation stage and presents guidance aiming to support implementation of the evaluation stage with the purpose to increase the quality of an EKR. In particular, the guidance supports the decision whether identified knowledge should be stored or not and it highlights the importance of performing evaluation addressing correctness, relevance, protection and redundancy. The characterization of the capture process contributes mainly to KM theory, and the guidance to KM practice.
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| 17. |
- Aggestam, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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The Development and Evaluation of an Animated Video for Pre- and Postoperative Instructions for Patients with Osteoarthritis : A Design Science Research Approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: Geriatrics. - 2308-3417. ; 9:19, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition in the hip or knee joints that develops during a long period of time and sometimes needs hip or knee joint replacement surgery when pain gets too intense for the patient. This paper describes how an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis was designed. The design science research (DSR) approach was followed by creating a web-based animated video. The web-based animated video is used to support surgical departments with education for patients suffering from OA. In the web-based animated video, information about OA surgical treatment and its pre- and post-arrangements was included. The relevance, the rigor, and the design cycles were focused on, with some iterations of and improvements in the animations. Even after implementation, there was a feedback-loop with comments from the surgeons and their patients. Moreover, as more departments will use the web-based animated video, they want to make their special mark on it, so that further changes will be made. This paper presents the design and successful implementation of an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis, tightly linked to the patient journey and the workflow of healthcare professionals. The animated video serves not only as a tool to improve care but also as a basis for further scientific research studies.
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| 18. |
- Aggestam, Lena
(författare)
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Towards a Maturity Model for Learning Organizations – the Role of Knowledge Management
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA'06). - : IEEE. - 0769526411 - 9780769526416 ; , s. 141-145
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organizations of today must learn how to learn in order to become competitive. How an organization reaches maturity clearing this area is not clear. This paper presents an initial version of a maturity model aiming to set directions for how to become a learning organization, and to assist people when discussing where in this process the organization finds itself in. Future work consists of detailing the model and develops guidelines for how to measure maturity.
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| 19. |
- Aggestam, Lena
(författare)
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Wanted : A Framework for IT-supported KM
- 2006
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Ingår i: Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology. - : Idea Group Inc.. - 1599040190 - 9781616921286 - 9781466665361 ; , s. 46-49
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 20. |
- Durst, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding knowledge leakage : a review of previous studies
- 2015
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Ingår i: Vine. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0305-5728 .- 1474-1032. ; 45:4, s. 568-586
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – This paper aims to review research on the topic of knowledge leakage to establish the current body of knowledge and, on this basis, to suggest some promising avenues for future research.Design/methodology/approach – The study consists of a systematic review of 57 refereed empirical articles on knowledge leakage.Findings – The findings contribute to a more holistic view of the topic and complement the study of knowledge management. Additionally, a conceptual framework is proposed that aims at guiding and informing future research activities.Research limitations/implications – This study may not have enabled a complete coverage of all empirical articles in the field of knowledge leakage. Yet, based on the chosen research methodology, it seems reasonable to assume that the review process covered a large share of studies available.Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no systematic literature review on knowledge leakage has previously been published in academic journals.
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| 21. |
- Durst, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Using IT-Supported Knowledge Repositories for Succession Planning in SMEs : How to Deal with Knowledge Loss?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Handbook of Research on Human Resources Strategies for the New Millennial Workforce. - : IGI Global. - 9781522509486 - 1522509488 - 9781522509493 ; , s. 393-406
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of succession planning a huge number of critical knowledge can be at risk. This challenges smaller firms in particular. Based upon this, the chapter intends to highlight the contribution of IT-supported repositories to small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) succession planning as a promising approach to better cope with the risk of knowledge loss. More precisely, the aim of this chapter is to analyze different types of knowledge loss in the capture process with SME succession planning to demonstrate the potentials and deficiencies with IT-supported knowledge repositories. The findings presented in this chapter will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of how to deal with knowledge loss in the capture process when using IT-supported knowledge repositories for SME succession planning.
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| 22. |
- Gudfinnsson, Kristens, et al.
(författare)
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Tackling Lack of Motivation in Aspirational Analytics Companies : SME Examples from the Manufacturing Industry
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Business Intelligence Research. - : IGI Global. - 1947-3591 .- 1947-3605. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Establishing business intelligence analytics (BIA) in small- and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises is a pervasive problem. SME’s - the majority of businesses - play an important role in creating jobs, but research is primarily focused on large corporations. The authors worked with small manufacturing companies at the aspirational capability level but found that their motivation to introduce BIA was low. They had many business challenges but perceived the obstacles (primarily cost and effort) as too great, and their priorities were with operational issues. A two-phase approach based on a well-known analytics maturity model was devised to help raise company motivation. The article describes three studies in different companies using variations of the approach. Comparative analysis of the cases shows that demonstrating a clear path to improved functional efficiency is key to improving motivation, and that simple, easy to learn tools can provide these insights at little cost.
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| 23. |
- Persson, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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How to Disseminate Professional Knowledge in Healthcare : The Case of Skaraborg Hospital
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Cases on Information Technology. - : IGI Global. - 1548-7717 .- 1548-7725. ; 10:4, s. 41-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Undertaking to implement a knowledge management approach is inherently difficult and risky for organizations. This article describes and discusses an implementation of a knowlege management system that took place at Skaraborg Hospital, a group of hospitals in the South West of Sweden. The article describes how the implementation process was carried out. Based on the experiences from this case and some previous cases, the article suggests a number of best practices for implementing a knowledge management approach.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Stirna, Janis, et al.
(författare)
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Building knowledge repositories with enterprise modelling and patterns - From theory to practice
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Fourteenth European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS. - : Association for Information Systems. ; , s. 937-948
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An approach to building knowledge repositories, Enterprise Knowledge Patterns (EKP), has been developed and applied throughout a number of research projects, most recently in the ELEKTRA, HyperKnowledge1 and EKLär projects. The EKP approach combines Enterprise Modelling with organisational patterns. Systematic evaluations of applying the approach have been carried out in two of the projects, while the third project is currently running. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evaluation results and to share practical experiences from building knowledge repositories with Enterprise Modelling and organisational patterns. We discuss issues concerning the knowledge content of pattern based knowledge repositories, the language used to express knowledge in organisational patterns and technology support for storing and retrieving knowledge components. .
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- van Laere, Joeri, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding champion behaviour in a health-care information system development project – how multiple champions and champion behaviours build a coherent whole
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Journal of Information Systems. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0960-085X .- 1476-9344. ; 25:1, s. 47-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Champions are commonly suggested as a means of promoting the adoption of information systems. Since there are many different definitions of the concepts of champion and champion behaviour in the literature, practitioners and researchers may be confused about how to exactly use these concepts. A qualitative analysis of a single case study in a Swedish health-care organisation enabled us to explain how different champion behaviours relate to each other and how multiple champions interact. Combining our rich case observations with an analysis of champion literature reveals how champion behaviours form a coherent and meaningful whole in which networks of different types of champions at different levels in an organisation utilise their network of relations, their knowledge of the organisation and their insight into strategic decision-making politics to time and orchestrate the framing of innovations and the involvement of the right people. In conclusion, championing is a complex performance of contextually dependent collective social interaction, varying over time, rather than a heroic act of one individual promoting an idea. Future studies need to focus more on how the relations between different champions and their behaviours develop across innovations and over time, in order to develop a richer understanding of championing.
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