| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
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| 4. |
- Kinyoki, DK, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-170X .- 1078-8956. ; 26:5, s. 750-759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic.
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| 7. |
- Sbarra, AN, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 589:7842, s. 415-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.
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| 8. |
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| 10. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence enabled radio propagation for communications – Part I: Channel characterization and antenna-channel optimization
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. - 0018-926X. ; 70:6, s. 3939-3954
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- To provide higher data rates, as well as better coverage, cost efficiency, security, adaptability, and scalability, the 5G and beyond 5G networks are developed with various artificial intelligence techniques. In this two-part paper, we investigatethe application of artificial intelligence (AI) and in particular machine learning (ML) to the study of wireless propagation channels. It firstly provides a comprehensive overview of ML for channel characterization and ML-based antenna-channel optimization in this first part, and then it gives a state-of-the-art literature review of channel scenario identification and channel modeling in Part II. Fundamental results and key concepts of ML for communication networks are presented, and widely used ML methods for channel data processing, propagation channel estimation, and characterization are analyzed and compared. A discussion of challenges and future research directions for ML-enabled next generation networks of the topics covered in this part rounds off the paper.
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| 11. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence enabled radio propagation for communications – Part II: Scenario identification and channel modeling
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. - 0018-926X. ; 70:6, s. 3955-3969
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This two-part paper investigates the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and in particular machine learning (ML) to the study of wireless propagation channels. In Part I, we introduced AI and ML as well as provided a comprehensive survey on ML enabled channel characterization and antenna-channel optimization, and in this part (Part II) we review state-of-the-art literature on scenario identification and channel modeling here. In particular, the key ideas of ML for scenario identification and channel modeling/prediction are presented, and the widely used ML methods for propagation scenario identification and channel modeling and prediction are analyzed and compared. Based on the state-of-art, the future challenges of AI/ML-based channel data processing techniques are given as well.
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| 12. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 16. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bots, Michiel L., et al.
(författare)
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Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurements Do Not Improve Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Individuals With Elevated Blood Pressure The USE-IMT Collaboration
- 2014
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Ingår i: Hypertension. - 1524-4563. ; 63:6, s. 1173-1181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a marker of cardiovascular risk. It is unclear whether measurement of mean common CIMT improves 10-year risk prediction of first-time myocardial infarction or stroke in individuals with elevated blood pressure. We performed an analysis among individuals with elevated blood pressure (ie, a systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg) in USE-IMT, a large ongoing individual participant data meta-analysis. We refitted the risk factors of the Framingham Risk Score on asymptomatic individuals (baseline model) and expanded this model with mean common CIMT (CIMT model) measurements. From both models, 10-year risks to develop a myocardial infarction or stroke were estimated. In individuals with elevated blood pressure, we compared discrimination and calibration of the 2 models and calculated the net reclassification improvement (NRI). We included 17 254 individuals with elevated blood pressure from 16 studies. During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 2014 first-time myocardial infarctions or strokes occurred. The C-statistics of the baseline and CIMT models were similar (0.73). NRI with the addition of mean common CIMT was small and not significant (1.4%; 95% confidence intervals, -1.1 to 3.7). In those at intermediate risk (n=5008, 10-year absolute risk of 10% to 20%), the NRI was 5.6% (95% confidence intervals, 1.6-10.4). There is no added value of measurement of mean common CIMT in individuals with elevated blood pressure for improving cardiovascular risk prediction. For those at intermediate risk, the addition of mean common CIMT to an existing cardiovascular risk score is small but statistically significant.
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| 22. |
- Chen, Shuaifei, et al.
(författare)
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A survey on user-centric cell-free massive MIMO systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Digital Communications and Networks. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-5925 .- 2352-8648. ; 8:5, s. 695-719
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mobile data traffic has been exponentially growing during the last several decades. This was enabled by the densification of the network infrastructure in terms of increased cell density (i.e., Ultra-Dense Network (UDN)) and/or the increased number of active antennas per Access Point (AP) (i.e., massive Multiple-Input Multiple -Output (mMIMO)). However, neither UDN nor mMIMO will meet the increasing demand for the data rate of the Sixth Generation (6G) wireless communications due to the inter-cell interference and large quality-of-service variations. Cell-Free (CF) mMIMO, which combines the best aspects of UDN and mMIMO, is viewed as a key solution to this issue. In such systems, each User Equipment (UE) is served by a preferred set of surrounding APs cooperatively. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art literature on CF mMIMO. As a starting point, the significance and the basic properties of CF mMIMO are highlighted. We then present the canonical framework to discuss the essential details (i.e., transmission procedure and mathematical system model). Next, we provide a deep look at the resource allocation and signal processing problems related to CF mMIMO and survey the up-to-date schemes and algorithms. After that, we discuss the practical issues in implementing CF mMIMO and point out the potential future directions. Finally, we conclude this paper with a summary of the key lessons learned in this field.
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| 23. |
- Chen, Shuaifei, et al.
(författare)
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Energy-Efficient Cell-Free Massive MIMO Through Sparse Large-Scale Fading Processing
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1536-1276 .- 1558-2248. ; 22:12, s. 9374-9389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO) systems serve the user equipments (UEs) by geographically distributed access points (APs) by means of joint transmission and reception. To limit the power consumption due to fronthaul signaling and processing, each UE should only be served by a subset of the APs, but it is hard to identify that subset. Previous works have tackled this combinatorial problem heuristically. In this paper, we propose a sparse distributed processing design for CF mMIMO, where the AP-UE association and long-term signal processing coefficients are jointly optimized. We formulate two sparsity-inducing mean-squared error (MSE) minimization problems and solve them by using efficient proximal approaches with block-coordinate descent. For the downlink, more specifically, we develop a virtually optimized large-scale fading precoding (V-LSFP) scheme using uplink-downlink duality. The numerical results show that the proposed sparse processing schemes work well in both uplink and downlink. In particular, they achieve almost the same spectral efficiency as if all APs would serve all UEs, while the energy efficiency is 2-4 times higher thanks to the reduced processing and signaling.
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| 24. |
- Chen, Shuaifei, et al.
(författare)
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Improving Fairness for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Through Interference-Aware Massive Access
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9545 .- 1939-9359. ; 72:4, s. 5468-5472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO) provides good interference management by coordinating many more access points (APs) than user equipments (UEs). It becomes challenging to determine which APs should serve which UEs with which pilots when the number of UEs approximates the number of APs and far exceeds the number of pilots. Compared to the previous work, a better compromise between spectral efficiency (SE) and implementation simplicity is needed in such massive access scenarios. This paper proposes an interference-aware massive access (IAMA) scheme realizing joint AP-UE association and pilot assignment for CF mMIMO by exploiting the large-scale interference features. We propose an interference-aware reward as a novel performance metric and use it to develop two iterative algorithms to optimize the association and pilot assignment. The numerical results show a prominent advantage of our IAMA scheme over the benchmark schemes in terms of the user fairness and the average SE.
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| 25. |
- Chen, Shuaifei, et al.
(författare)
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Sparse Large-Scale Fading Decoding in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: 2022 IEEE 23RD INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON SIGNAL PROCESSING ADVANCES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (SPAWC). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO) systems are characterized by having many more access points (APs) than user equipments (UEs). A key challenge is to determine which APs should serve which UEs. Previous work has tackled this combinatorial problem heuristically. This paper proposes a sparse large-scale fading decoding (LSFD) design for CF mMIMO to jointly optimize the association and LSFD. We formulate a group sparsity problem and then solve it using a proximal algorithm with block-coordinate descent. Numerical results show that sparse LSFD achieves almost the same spectral efficiency as optimal LSFD, thus achieving a higher energy efficiency since the processing and signaling are reduced.
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| 26. |
- Chen, Shuaifei, et al.
(författare)
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Structured Massive Access for Scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 0733-8716 .- 1558-0008. ; 39:4, s. 1086-1100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How to meet the demand for increasing number of users, higher data rates, and stringent quality-of-service (QoS) in the beyond fifth-generation (B5G) networks? Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is considered as a promising solution, in which many wireless access points cooperate to jointly serve the users by exploiting coherent signal processing. However, there are still many unsolved practical issues in cell-free massive MIMO systems, whereof scalable massive access implementation is one of the most vital. In this paper, we propose a new framework for structured massive access in cell-free massive MIMO systems, which comprises one initial access algorithm, a partial large-scale fading decoding (P-LSFD) strategy, two pilot assignment schemes, and one fractional power control policy. New closed-form spectral efficiency (SE) expressions with maximum ratio (MR) combining are derived. The simulation results show that our proposed framework provides high SE when using local partial minimum mean-square error (LP-MMSE) and MR combining. Specifically, the proposed initial access algorithm and pilot assignment schemes outperform their corresponding benchmarks, P-LSFD achieves scalability with a negligible performance loss compared to the conventional optimal large-scale fading decoding (LSFD), and scalable fractional power control provides a controllable trade-off between user fairness and the average SE.
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| 27. |
- Chen, Shuaifei, et al.
(författare)
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Treating Interference as Noise in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC 2022). - : IEEE. - 9781538683477 - 9781538683484 ; , s. 1385-1390
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- How to manage the interference introduced by the enormous wireless devices is a crucial issue to address in the prospective sixth-generation (6G) communications. The treating interference as noise (TIN) optimality conditions are commonly used for interference management and thus attract significant interest in existing wireless systems. Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO) is a promising technology in 6G that exhibits high system throughput and excellent interference management by exploiting a large number of access points (APs) to serve the users collaboratively. In this paper, we take the first step on studying TIN in CF mMIMO systems from a stochastic geometry perspective by investigating the probability that the TIN conditions hold with spatially distributed network nodes. We propose a novel analytical framework for TIN in a CF mMIMO system with both Binomial Point Process (BPP) and Poisson Point Process (PPP) approximations. We derive the probability that the TIN conditions hold in close form using the PPP approximation. Numerical results validate our derived expressions and illustrate the impact of various system parameters on the probability that the TIN conditions hold.
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| 28. |
- Chen, Shuaifei, et al.
(författare)
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Wireless Caching: Cell-Free versus Small Cells
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC 2021). - : IEEE. - 9781728171227
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Caching popular contents at a large number of access points and edge-clouds is a promising solution to alleviate the increasing backhaul congestion in beyond fifth-generation (B5G) networks. By integrating with cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO), wireless caching can harness their combined virtues, i.e., almost uniform service quality, strong macro-diversity, and reduction of the data traffic from the core network. In this paper, we consider an offline cache-aided scenario with two caching strategies to minimize the total energy consumption (TEC), which are evaluated from the cache hit probability (CHP). The TEC minimization is showed to be NP-complete and, hence, dealt with a proposed greedy algorithm. An adaptive power control policy is proposed to reduce the TEC. We compare CF mMIMO with small cells in terms of the successful content delivery probability (SCDP) and TEC, respectively. The numerical results show that CF mMIMO can offer a much more uniform service, significantly higher SCDP, and lower average TEC when compared to than SC.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Den Ruijter, Hester M., et al.
(författare)
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Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurements in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction A Meta-analysis
- 2012
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Ingår i: JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 1538-3598. ; 308:8, s. 796-803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context The evidence that measurement of the common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) improves the risk scores in prediction of the absolute risk of cardiovascular events is inconsistent. Objective To determine whether common CIMT has added value in 10-year risk prediction of first-time myocardial infarctions or strokes, above that of the Framingham Risk Score. Data Sources Relevant studies were identified through literature searches of databases (PubMed from 1950 to June 2012 and EMBASE from 1980 to June 2012) and expert opinion. Study Selection Studies were included if participants were drawn from the general population, common CIMT was measured at baseline, and individuals were followed up for first-time myocardial infarction or stroke. Data Extraction Individual data were combined into 1 data set and an individual participant data meta-analysis was performed on individuals without existing cardiovascular disease. Results We included 14 population-based cohorts contributing data for 45 828 individuals. During a median follow-up of 11 years, 4007 first-time myocardial infarctions or strokes occurred. We first refitted the risk factors of the Framingham Risk Score and then extended the model with common CIMT measurements to estimate the absolute 10-year risks to develop a first-time myocardial infarction or stroke in both models. The C statistic of both models was similar (0.757; 95% CI, 0.749-0.764; and 0.759; 95% CI, 0.752-0.766). The net reclassification improvement with the addition of common CIMT was small (0.8%; 95% CI, 0.1%-1.6%). In those at intermediate risk, the net reclassification improvement was 3.6% in all individuals (95% CI, 2.7%-4.6%) and no differences between men and women. Conclusion The addition of common CIMT measurements to the Framingham Risk Score was associated with small improvement in 10-year risk prediction of first-time myocardial infarction or stroke, but this improvement is unlikely to be of clinical importance. JAMA. 2012;308(8):796-803 www.jama.com
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Eikendal, Anouk L M, et al.
(författare)
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Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Relates to Cardiovascular Events in Adults Aged
- 2015
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Ingår i: Hypertension. - 1524-4563. ; 65:4, s. 707-707
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although atherosclerosis starts in early life, evidence on risk factors and atherosclerosis in individuals aged <45 years is scarce. Therefore, we studied the relationship between risk factors, common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and first-time cardiovascular events in adults aged <45 years. Our study population consisted of 3067 adults aged <45 years free from symptomatic cardiovascular disease at baseline, derived from 6 cohorts that are part of the USE-IMT initiative, an individual participant data meta-analysis of general-population-based cohort studies evaluating CIMT measurements. Information on risk factors, CIMT measurements, and follow-up of the combined end point (first-time myocardial infarction or stroke) was obtained. We assessed the relationship between risk factors and CIMT and the relationship between CIMT and first-time myocardial infarction or stroke using a multivariable linear mixed-effects model and a Cox proportional-hazards model, respectively. During a follow-up of 16.3 years, 55 first-time myocardial infarctions or strokes occurred. Median CIMT was 0.63 mm. Of the risk factors under study, age, sex, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol related to CIMT. Furthermore, CIMT related to first-time myocardial infarction or stroke with a hazard ratio of 1.40 per SD increase in CIMT, independent of risk factors (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.76). CIMT may be a valuable marker for cardiovascular risk in adults aged <45 years who are not yet eligible for standard cardiovascular risk screening. This is especially relevant in those with an increased, unfavor-able risk factor burden.
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| 35. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 18:5, s. 459-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 36. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
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| 37. |
- Ganda, Anjali, et al.
(författare)
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Mild Renal Dysfunction and Metabolites Tied to Low HDL Cholesterol Are Associated With Monocytosis and Atherosclerosis
- 2013
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Ingår i: Circulation. - 1524-4539. ; 127:9, s. 988-996
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background-The number of circulating blood monocytes impacts atherosclerotic lesion size, and in mouse models, elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol suppress blood monocyte counts and atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that individuals with mild renal dysfunction at increased cardiovascular risk would have reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, high blood monocyte counts, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Methods and Results-To test whether mild renal dysfunction is associated with an increase in a leukocyte subpopulation rich in monocytes that has a known association with future coronary events, we divided individuals from the Malmo Diet and Cancer study (MDC) into baseline cystatin C quintiles (n=4757). Lower levels of renal function were accompanied by higher monocyte counts, and monocytes were independently associated with carotid bulb intima-media thickness cross-sectionally (P=0.02). Cystatin C levels were positively and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels negatively associated with monocyte counts at baseline, after adjustment for traditional risk factors. Several amino acid metabolites tied to low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin resistance measured in a subset of individuals (n=752) by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were independently associated with a 22% to 34% increased risk of being in the top quartile of monocytes (P<0.05). Conclusions-A low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance phenotype occurs in subjects with mild renal dysfunction and is associated with elevated monocytes and atherosclerosis. High blood monocyte counts may represent a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying the strong relationship between cystatin C and cardiovascular risk. (Circulation. 2013; 127: 988-996.)
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Gijsberts, Crystel M, et al.
(författare)
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Race/Ethnic Differences in the Associations of the Framingham Risk Factors with Carotid IMT and Cardiovascular Events.
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical manifestations and outcomes of atherosclerotic disease differ between ethnic groups. In addition, the prevalence of risk factors is substantially different. Primary prevention programs are based on data derived from almost exclusively White people. We investigated how race/ethnic differences modify the associations of established risk factors with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Guan, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Channel Characterization for Intra-Wagon Communication at 60 and 300 GHz Bands
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. - 0018-9545 .- 1939-9359. ; 68:6, s. 5193-5207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 1967-2012 IEEE. In this paper, the intra-wagon channels at 60 and 300 GHz bands are characterized through measurement-validated ray-tracing (RT) simulations. To begin with, an in-house-developed three-dimensional RT simulator is calibrated and validated by a series of millimeter-wave and Terahertz channel measurements inside a high-speed train wagon. Then, the validated RT simulator is used to conduct extensive simulations with different transmitter (Tx) and receiver deployments. At low frequencies, the channel is strongly influenced by the line of sight (LOS), and therefore, is usually classified into LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) regions. However, the simulation results at 60 and 300 GHz bands show that the first-order reflection also imposes a significant impact on the channel characteristics. This motivates us to further classify the NLOS region into light-NLOS (L-NLOS) and deep-NLOS (D-NLOS) according to the existence of the first-order reflection. Through analyzing the area ratios of LOS, L-NLOS, and D-NLOS regions, we evaluate the Tx deployment strategies and suggest the optimum one. Based on RT simulation results, totally 12 cases (three propagation regions with two Tx deployments at two frequencies) are characterized in terms of path loss, shadow fading, root-mean-square delay spread, Rician K-factor, azimuth/elevation angular spread of arrival/departure, cross-polarization ratio, and their cross correlations. All these parameters are fed into the 3GPP-like quasi-deterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa). The good agreement between QuaDRiGa and RT proves that the 13 tables provided in this paper effectively parameterize the intra-wagon scenario for the standard channel model family. These results provide valuable insights into the system design and evaluation for intra-wagon communications.
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| 44. |
- Guan, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Channel Sounding and Ray Tracing for Train-to-Train Communications at the THz Band
- 2019
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Ingår i: 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2019. ; March 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to increase railway capacity for passengers and freight, it is necessary to realize virtual coupling technology through train-to-train (T2T) communications. This T2T link requires large bandwidth for high-data rate and low latency, forming a strong motivation to explore terahertz (THz) band. In this paper, the T2T channel is characterized through ultrawideband (UWB) channel sounding and ray tracing at THz band for the first time. To begin with, a series of T2T channel sounding measurements are performed in a train test center at 300 GHz with 8 GHz bandwidth. Correspondingly, Rician K-factor and root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread are extracted from the measured power-delay profile (PDP). After validated by the measurements, a self-developed ray-tracing (RT) simulator is used to physically interpret the propagation mechanism constitution and significant objects in the target scenario. This provides the first hand information of how the communicating trains themselves influence the T2T channel, and therefore, lays the foundation for channel modeling through extended RT simulations in the future.
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| 45. |
- Guan, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement, simulation, and characterization of train-To-infrastructure inside-station channel at the terahertz band
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology. - 2156-342X .- 2156-3446. ; 9:3, s. 291-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2011-2012 IEEE. In this paper, we measure, simulate, and characterize the train-To-infrastructure (T2I) inside-station channel at the terahertz (THz) band for the first time. To begin with, a series of channel measurements is performed in a train test center at 304.2 GHz with 8 GHz bandwidth. Rician K-factor and root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread are extracted from the measured power-delay profile. With the aid of an in-house-developed ray-Tracing (RT) simulator, the multipath constitution is physically interpreted. This provides the first hand information of how the communicating train itself and the other train on site influence the channel. Using this measurement-validated RT simulator, we extend the measurement campaign to more realistic T2I inside-station channel through extensive simulations with various combinations of transmitter deployments and train conditions. Based on RT results, all cases of the target channel are characterized in terms of path loss, shadow fading, RMS delay spread, Rician K-factor, azimuth/elevation angular spread of arrival/departure, cross-polarization ratio, and their cross correlations. All parameters are fed into and verified by the 3GPP-like quasi-deterministic radio channel generator. This can provide the foundation for future work that aims to add the T2I inside-station scenario into the standard channel model families, and furthermore, provides a baseline for system design and evaluation of THz communications.
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| 46. |
- Guan, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Millimeter-wave communications for smart rail mobility: From channel modeling to prototyping
- 2019
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Ingår i: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, ICC Workshops 2019 - Proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present an integration solution from channel modeling to prototyping, to realize millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications for smart rail mobility. In order to involve the railway features in the channel models, two mmWave channel models are established based on ray-tracing simulations in realistic railway scenarios. Moreover, the challenges raised by mmWave directional network under high mobility is overcome by our solutions concerning handover scheme, random access procedure, and beamforming strategies. By integrating these key enabling technologies, we prototype the mobile hotspot network (MHN) system which realizes 1.25 Gbps downlink data throughput in a subway line with the train speed of 80 km/h.
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| 47. |
- Guan, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Towards realistic high-speed train channels at 5G millimeter-wave band - Part I: Paradigm, significance analysis, and scenario reconstruction
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. - 0018-9545 .- 1939-9359. ; 67:10, s. 9112-9128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The upcoming fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system is expected to support high mobility up to 500 km/h, which is envisioned in particular for high-speed trains. Millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is considered as a key enabler for offering the 'best experience' to highly mobile users. Despite that channel characterization is necessary for the mmWave system design and validation, it is still not feasible to directly do extensive mmWave mobile channel measurements on moving high-speed trains (HST) at a speed up to 500 km/h in the present. Thus, rather than conducting mmWave HST channel sounding directly with high mobility, this study proposes a viable paradigm for realizing the realistic HST channels at the 5G mmWave band. We first propose the whole paradigm. Then, we define the scenario of interest and select the main objects and materials. Afterwards, the electromagnetic and scattering parameters of the materials are measured and estimated between 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz. With this information, the most influential materials are determined through significance analysis. Correspondingly, we reconstruct the three-dimensional mmWave outdoor HST and tunnel scenario models. Through extensive ray-tracing simulations, we determine the main propagation mechanisms in these two scenarios, the channel models based on that are validated by measurements. This verifies the whole paradigm proposed in this paper.
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| 48. |
- Guan, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Towards realistic high-speed train channels at 5G millimeter-wave band - Part II: Case study for paradigm implementation
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. - 0018-9545 .- 1939-9359. ; 67:10, s. 9129-9144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 1967-2012 IEEE. In this paper, we present two case studies for generating realistic high-speed train (HST) channels at fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave (mmWave) band. The first one is the tunnel environment at relatively low 5G mmWave band, 30 GHz band, whereas the second one is the outdoor HST environment at relatively high 5G mmWave band, 90 GHz band. Both case studies include the following steps: ray-tracing simulations, stochastic channel modeling and realization, verification with ray-tracing simulations, and validation with a reduced set of measurements. A profound and insightful conclusion is reached that by employing the proposed paradigm, realistic channels can be realized for the design and evaluation of 5G mmWave communication systems in high-speed railways, even without the support of sufficient channel sounding data.
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| 49. |
- He, Ruisi, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement-based analysis of relaying performance for vehicle-to-vehicle communications with large vehicle obstructions
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC Fall 2016 - Proceedings. - 9781509017010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been widely recognized that relaying is an important method for increasing the reliability and spectral efficiency of communications systems, and it is thus helpful for improving the performance of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems. However, designing and evaluating V2V relay networks require understanding the effect of shadowing, as this critically impacts the performance of the relay system. Even though the theoretic performances of various relaying schemes have been well investigated, there is a lack of empirical test that incorporates realistic shadowing effects. In this paper, we analyze the performance of relaying transmission in V2V scenarios based on measurements in scenarios where shadowing occurs through large vehicles such as buses. We investigate several potential locations for the relay nodes, and the measurements are performed with two static transmitters (TX) and one dynamic receiver (RX). Outage probabilities of several relaying schemes such as multi-hop decode-and-forward, multi-hop amplify-and-forward, and diversity-amplify-and-forward are estimated and discussed based on the measured instantaneous end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is found that: (i) shadowing effect caused by the bus between V2V line-of-sight (LOS) links increases the outage probability for the non-LOS (NLOS) direct transmission; (ii) using relay node on the bus roof can significantly improve transmission, however, a strong shadowing effect may reduces the acceptable communication distance of relaying scheme; and (iii) the diversity-amplify-and-forward relaying scheme generally has the best performance. Our results can be used to design a relay system for V2V communications.
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| 50. |
- He, Ruisi, et al.
(författare)
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Vehicle-to-vehicle channel models with large vehicle obstructions
- 2014
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. ; , s. 5647-5652
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is an en-abler for improved traffic safety and congestion control. As for any wireless system the ultimate performance limit is determined by the propagation channel. A particular point of interest is the shadowing effect of large vehicles such as trucks and buses, as this might affect the communication range significantly. In this paper we present measurement results and model the propagation channel in which a bus acts as a shadowing object between two passenger cars. The measurement setup is based on a WARP FPGA software radio as transmitter, and a Tektronix RSA5106A real-time complex spectrum analyzer as receiver. We analyze the influence of the bus location and car separation distance on the large-scale path loss, shadowing, and small-scale fading. The main effect of the bus is that it is acting as an obstruction creating an additional 15-20 dB attenuation. A Nakagami distribution is found to describe the statistics of the small-scale fading, by using Akaike's Information Criterion and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The distance-dependency of the path loss is analyzed, and a stochastic model is developed to reflect the impact.
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