| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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Activities of compassion : How owner entrepreneurs develop a sustainable organization
- 2020
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Ingår i: Academy of Management: Proceedings. - : Academy of Management.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- What series of activities do entrepreneurs engage in that lead to a compassionate organization? And What role does spirituality have for the activities of compassion? Drawing on spirituality and compassion as a conceptual lenses and a single case study from Pakistan, we find that through activities of compassion, grounded in the spiritual beliefs, owner entrepreneurs can develop a sustainable organization. Besides, we identify a set of activities and build an activity model of a sustainable organization. This study contributes to the literature on compassion, spirituality, and sustainable entrepreneurship.
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| 3. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurial exit in family firm portfolios
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, January 2014 (Meeting Abstract Supplement), 15060. - : Academy of Management.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore the process of entrepreneurial exit in a sample of five family firm portfolios from Pakistan. Our aim is to understand how entrepreneurial exit occurs in family firm portfolios and why family firm owners exit from some satellites and not from others. The emergent insights of this study through observing total number of 25 exits, portrays that due to emotional depth family firm owners manifest a strong attachment toward their core business and refrain from exiting from it. This tendency persists across generations. By doing so, family firm owners tend to exit from satellites, regardless to the fact that they are successful or not, to save the core business. Furthermore, they are more likely to exit from satellites ventured with external parties, not directly managed by the family and/or founded by distant relatives.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Akhter, Naveed
(författare)
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Exit
- 2024
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Ingår i: Elgar Encyclopedia of Family Business. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781800888715 - 9781800888722 ; , s. 171-172
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The entry discusses the business exit in the context of family firms. Business exit is as important as business entry, but it has received much less attention in management and entrepreneurship in general and family business context in particular. Exiting a business in family firms poses more significant challenges for the owners’ managers because emotional attachment is at the core of family firms. The entry highlights; why exit is vital in family firms, how it happens at different levels, the modes of exit, and the challenges for family owners.
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| 6. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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Exit and Resource Management in a Family Business Portfolio
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Family Business Groups. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031132056 - 9783031132087 - 9783031132063 ; , s. 65-79
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Exit is a vital element of the entrepreneurial process. It becomes explicitly more multifaceted in family business portfolios due to the complex nature of the business portfolios. Research on family business portfolios has explored the role of resources. However, there is a dearth of studies on how family business portfolios manage resources through exited businesses. Drawing on the case study research approach and following cases from Pakistan, our study led us to report three key insights: (1) Family owners re-direct the resources back to the business portfolio while exiting subsequent businesses to restructure their overall portfolio; (2) They manage resources to provide the next generation with the opportunity to start businesses that follow their passion and renew the business portfolio with a new set of ideas; (3) They manage resources through recycling of the family business portfolios in times of crisis, enabling the business to withstand critical times.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Akhter, Naveed
(författare)
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Family business portfolios : Enduring entrepreneurship and exit strategies
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation examines how family business portfolios endure across time and investigates the entrepreneurial strategies that they engage in. The goal of this dissertation is addressed through five appended papers in which I have argued for the importance of business families owning multiple firms, that is, portfolio entrepreneurship. Portfolio entrepreneurship plays a central role in economic development as it is a prevalent phenomenon in developed and emerging economies. However, despite its importance, there is currently very little research on portfolio entrepreneurship, especially in the context of family firms.In so doing, I study nine business families owning multiple businesses in Pakistan. I conducted in-depth interviews with family owners and employees; the interviews were supplemented with other sources of data such as observations and archival material. When studying questions such as how a portfolio is built-up across generations, how and why business families exit and, when they exit, which businesses they choose to exit from, I draw on insights from the literature on portfolio entrepreneurship, business exit, family firms, socioemotional wealth, sensemaking, compassion and social identity theory in the five papers.The dissertation addresses the calls for studies on portfolio entrepreneurship in the context of family firms by examining the process through which a portfolio is constructed by studying performance and exit related issues. In other words, it examines both the growth and the contraction of portfolios. The study offers several contributions. First, it contributes to studies on enduring entrepreneurship by investigating how business families last across time despite encountering difficult situations and declining business. Second, the study contributes to the portfolio entrepreneurship literature by elucidating how portfolios are built across generations and the roles of both growth and contractions while addressing processual and contextual issues.Third, the study contributes to the business exit literature by looking at the exit process in a family business context and exploring multiple exits. This isunique, as it is, to the best of my knowledge, the first study on business exits looking at multiple exit in the context of family firms. Fourth, the study also contributes to the literature on family firms by exploring how and why business families refrain from exiting from their core legacy business and how their emotions influence the exit process.Finally, the study contributes to context-related issues. The study adds to the literature on contextualization and addresses the call for more context-specific studies in entrepreneurship scholarship. This dissertation is focused on context-based factors considering the spatial and social context, where the former has been undertaken by taking an emerging economy and country context as the setting, while the latter refers to the relational and emotional ties within family firms. In addition to its theoretical contributions, this dissertation has important implications for practice. The dissertation brings to the fore some promising and unique ways in which entrepreneurship endures across time and context through the transgenerational transmission of entrepreneurship and insights into how business families behave in a declining business situation. Additionally, this study offers insights for family owners and managers on how to address the dilemma of continued entrepreneurship, that is, how to encourage and foster enduring entrepreneurship in organizations, in particular in the context of family firms.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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Growing, Developing, and Performing Family Business Groups : Introduction to the Handbook
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Family Business Groups. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031132056 - 9783031132087 - 9783031132063 ; , s. 1-12
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Family business groups (FBGs) are a fascinating phenomenon. They exist everywhere under different names and guises (Parada et al., Academia Revista Latinoamericana De Administración 20:19-30, 2016; Tu et al., Business Horizons 45:39-46, 2002). Their emergence and development showcase the dynamics of families in business and the decisions they proactively, or reactively, take to business opportunities or institutional and contextual challenges. More recent accounts underscore that we are just beginning to understand how they grow, develop, and perform over time (Rosa, P., Rautiainen, M., Pihkala, T., Parada, M. J., and Discua Cruz, A. (2019). Conclusions: Researching family business groups: Lessons learned and avenues for further research. In The family business group phenomenon (pp. 387-395). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.).
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| 14. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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Harvest and after : Entrepreneurial recycling in family firm portfolios
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Entrepreneurial exit is an integral component of the entrepreneurial process. Yet entrepreneurs often fail to realize the gains from their harvesting activities (Dehlen et al., 2012). This study extends our understanding of entrepreneurial recycling which allows a firm to re-allocate and re-invest the harvested resources (Mason & Harrison, 2006). Although entrepreneurial recycling is viewed as an important element of the post exit process (DeTienne & Chirico, 2013), with few exceptions there is little research present on this phenomenon. This is especially interesting in the case of a special breed of entrepreneurs called portfolio entrepreneurs (DeTienne, 2010; Rosa, 1998) who own multiple businesses simultaneously and undertake multiple exits as compare to entrepreneurs who start and harvest a single venture only (MacMillan, 1986). Theoretical and empirical research suggests that the context of family firms has a profound impact on portfolio entrepreneurship as well as on entrepreneurial recycling strategies (Carter & Ram, 2003).
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| 15. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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If we cannot have it then no one should : Shutting down versus selling in family business portfolios
- 2015
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Ingår i: Academy of Management Proceedings, January 2015 (Meeting Abstract Supplement) 15764, 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates exit patterns in family business portfolios in times of declining performance. Drawing on social identity theory and a sample of six family business portfolios from Pakistan, we reveal that business families often prefer shutting down satellite portfolio firms rather than selling them. This is found to be mainly driven by the identity fit of the family and the satellite business and the desire to restart it at a later point in time. This study contributes to literature on portfolio entrepreneurship, business exit, and long-term success and endurance of family firms.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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If we can't have it, then no one should : Shutting down versus selling in family business portfolios
- 2016
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Ingår i: Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. - : Wiley. - 1932-4391 .- 1932-443X. ; 10:4, s. 371-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How does a business family manage its business portfolio in times of declining performance to sustain the portfolio's long-term endurance? Drawing on social identity theory and six family business portfolios from Pakistan, we find that business families may prefer to shut down a satellite business rather than sell it, which is primarily driven by identity considerations. In addition, the family's goal to recycle the assets, the aim to restart the business later, and the increasing decline in performance are important contingency factors. This study contributes to the literature on portfolio entrepreneurship, business exit, and the enduring entrepreneurship of family firms.
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| 18. |
- Akhter, Naveed
(författare)
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Kinship and the family business
- 2015
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Ingår i: Theoretical perspectives on family businesses. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781783479658 - 9781783479665 ; , s. 175-190
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this chapter is to review and synthesise the prior work on kinship in family firms and to open up future research avenues for this interesting and important topic. The study shows that kinship is highly relevant in family firms by revisiting the concept of family and kinship as well as the definition of family firms. This chapter explores important aspects related to family firms, such as continuity of generations, succession, inheritance and resource provision and links these to kinship. These aspects are identified as four functions of kinship and indicate the possible research gaps, thereby suggesting future kinship research avenues.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Akhter, Naveed
(författare)
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Portfolio entrepreneurship in family firms : Taking stock and moving forward
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Portfolio entrepreneurship is a critical but relatively unexplored aspect of entrepreneurship literature. In particular, little research exists on portfolio entrepreneurship in the context of family firms. Existing literature on portfolio entrepreneurship in the context of family firms tends to have multiple research gaps which are unaddressed. To this end, we explore the extant literature on portfolio entrepreneurship in general and portfolio entrepreneurship in the context of family firms in particular and bring forth three future research areas. First, we examine how triggers and motivations to indulge in portfolio entrepreneurship are relevant and important for family firms. Second, we explore the role of different settings for the exploration of the portfolio family firms. Third, we argue that performance and outcome results are important aspects to have a closer look at the growth and survival of portfolio family firms.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Akhter, Naveed, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the Dynamics of FBGs : Avenues for Further Research
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Family Business Groups. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031132056 - 9783031132087 - 9783031132063 ; , s. 619-630
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main interest of this book has dealt with the inherent strengths of FBGs, widening our understanding of their sustainability, competitiveness, and development. This book highlights that research conducted on the internal dynamics of FBGs is sparse. The phenomenon has remained severely understudied around the world.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Chirico, Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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Commitment escalation to a failing family business
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of small business management (Print). - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0047-2778 .- 1540-627X. ; 56:3, s. 494-512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The overarching intent of this manuscript is to heighten awareness to the concept of commitment escalation as it bears on a failing family business. Specifically, drawing on the concept of emotional ownership, together with self-justification arguments, we a) identify factors considered to be most forceful in contributing to the presence of commitment escalation and thus, resistance to change in a failing family business (i.e., emotional ownership, feeling of responsibility, investment of capital, temporal distance from the founder’s business, individualism/collectivism), and b) model these related factors in a form that can serve heuristically to stimulate future empirical research capable of testing for the construct validity of commitment escalation in a family business context. We present potential items that may be useful for future scholars in measuring our constructs of interest as they relate to a failing family business.
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| 38. |
- Fitz-Koch, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Portfolio Entrepreneurship as Pathway for Positive Identity Development in Family Businesses
- 2019
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Ingår i: Academy of Management Proceedings. - : Academy of Management.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on identity theories and entrepreneurial identity, we examine how multiple identities relate and change across generation in the pursuit of portfolio entrepreneurship in the family business context. Using an inductive, qualitative approach based on multiple case study design of 12 farming business families, we discover that next generation family members engage in new business creation to build a positive work identity, that is to experience multiple identities as compatible with one another. We develop a process model that contribute towards our understanding of how next generation family members organize their multiple identities, which results in identity change over generations. A positive relationship between multiple identities leads moreover to beneficial outcomes such as positive emotions and finding meaningfulness in work. Our findings have implications for the literature on entrepreneurial identity, portfolio entrepreneurship and family business.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Kanwal, Sehrish, et al.
(författare)
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Poly-thiourea formaldehyde based anticorrosion marine coatings on type 304 stainless steel
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier. - 2238-7854. ; 9:2, s. 2146-2153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) encapsulated poly-thiourea formaldehyde (PTF) (10 wt%) coating was developed in an epoxy-polyamine matrix and their anticorrosion studies on Type SS304 stainless steel substrate have been conducted using electrochemistry techniques. The compact and hydrophobic shell wall of PTF proved to be a potent shell wall material for HMDI encapsulation. The effect of temperature and pH values was found to be decisive factor in the synthesis of microcapsules. The PTF microcapsules were synthesized in acidic condition with a pH value of 3. Over 90% of the core fraction is retained in water after 21 days immersion. However, core content decreased with increasing temperature. The capsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electron microscopic analysis depicts the uniform morphology of coating with a particle size in the range of 1.08 μm–22.06 μm. The vibrational band at 2271 cm−1 attributed to NCO signal further endorses the successful encapsulation of HMDI into the PTF capsules. Electrochemical testing on steel specifies the appreciable anticorrosion performance of the synthesized poly thiourea formaldehyde (PTF) coating against artificial sea water.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Lesage, Xavier, et al.
(författare)
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Dialectic of emancipation and control : towards a critical approach to coaching practices in business incubators
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Principal TopicIncubators at their best of abilities embrace the practices to not only foster the entrepreneurial initiatives, but also influence the activities and outcomes of the incubated entrepreneurs (Apa et al., 2017). Nevertheless, the support function of coaching is not always appropriate, especially when it comes to guiding and helping the incubated entrepreneurs to successfully overcome the adversities. In a typical incubator setting, novice entrepreneurs go through phases of doubt that make them reluctant to continue the entrepreneurial adventure. Yet, despite the importance of the role of coaching as the support function of the incubators, there is a dearth of studies on the coaching practices that incubators adopt and their influence on the incubated entrepreneurs. This research aims at questioning the coaching practices of business incubators. Specifically, we ask: 1) how the coaching practices of the incubators impact the attitudes of novice entrepreneurs to live up to the expectations of the success of the start-ups and; 2) why some novice entrepreneurs are more likely to be successful than others under the coaching practices of the incubators.MethodOur research design is a longitudinal multiple case study reflexive approach. The research setting is entrepreneurial incubated start-ups at a business school in France. We followed project leaders of 62 start-ups, over a 5-year period (October 2012 – April 2017) of observations. We purposefully sampled cases of incubated start-ups, from which we have extreme cases of 10 successful ventures and 10 failed ventures, we labelled these cases as ‘winners’ and “losers”.Findings and ImplicationsMultiple insights emerge from the study. First, we observed that the incubated novice entrepreneurs adopt both causal and effectual behaviors. Our data showed that the so-called incubated entrepreneurs labelled as ‘winners’ provided concrete illustrations of the difficulties experienced under this implacable logic of control, further improvising to embark on the logic of emancipation. Meanwhile the incubated entrepreneur labelled as ‘losers’ suggested that the control should be put ‘in good hands’ and ‘to good use’. It calls for a genuine change – we call it emancipation - in the way the coaches are accompanying the entrepreneurs throughout the development of their own ventures.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Lorenzo, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Why are some family firms not innovative? : Innovation barriers and path dependence in family firms
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-5221 .- 1873-3387. ; 38:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although scholars have recognized the importance of innovation in family firms, the literature on family firm innovation tends to generally depict family firms as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’ for innovation, or focus on the factors with the potential to positively stimulate family firm innovation. Drawing on path dependence theory, this study focuses specifically on what family-specific barriers work against innovation in family firms. To that end, we follow a qualitative theory-building approach due to the limited amount of extant theory, and study a sample of four family businesses headquartered in Spain and Uruguay. The related propositions and theoretical contributions emerging from our study are shared in the concluding section.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Mushtaq, Irrum, et al.
(författare)
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Engineering electroactive and biocompatible tetra(aniline)-based terpolymers with tunable intrinsic antioxidant properties in vivo
- 2020
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Ingår i: Materials science & engineering. C, biomimetic materials, sensors and systems. - : Elsevier. - 0928-4931 .- 1873-0191. ; 108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Under different pathological conditions, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause substantial damage to multiple organs. To counter these ROS levels in multiple organs, we have engineered highly potent novel terpolymers. We found that combination of FDA-approved polyethylene glycol, fumaric acid moieties and electroactive tetra(aniline) by varying the content of tetra(aniline) results into a novel drug composition with biologically active tunable intrinsic antioxidant properties. To test tunable intrinsic antioxidative properties of these engineered novel terpolymers, we used alloxan to induce diabetes in rats where ROS generation is known to be higher. The systemic administration of terpolymers to the diabetic rats showed strong electroactive antioxidant behavior which normalized ROS levels, enzymatic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase, but also reduced glutathione. As a proof-of-principle, we here show TANI based novel drug composition of terpolymers with tunable intrinsic antioxidant effects confirmed in multiple organs.
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| 49. |
- Nazir, Uzma, et al.
(författare)
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Biferrocenyl Schiff bases as efficient corrosion inhibitors for an aluminium alloy in HCl solution : a combined experimental and theoretical study
- 2020
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 10:13, s. 7585-7599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The corrosion inhibitive capabilities of some ferrocene-based Schiff bases on aluminium alloy AA2219-T6 in acidic medium were investigated using Tafel polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), weight loss measurement, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. The influence of molecular configuration on the corrosion inhibition behavior has been explored by quantum chemical calculation. Ferrocenyl Schiff bases 4,4′-((((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))bisferrocene (Fcua), 4,4′-((((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-1,4-phenylene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))bisferrocene (Fcub) and 4,4′-((((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2-ethoxy-1,4-phenylene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))bisferrocene (Fcuc) have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies. These compounds showed a substantial corrosion inhibition against aluminium alloy in 0.1 M of HCl at 298 K. Fcub and Fcuc showed better anticorrosion efficiency as compared with Fcua due to the electron donating methoxy and ethoxy group substitutions, respectively. Polarization curves also indicated that the studied biferrocenyl Schiff bases were mixed type anticorrosive materials. The inhibition of the aluminium alloy surface by biferrocenyl Schiff bases was evidenced through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. Semi-empirical quantum mechanical studies revealed a correlation between corrosion inhibition efficiency and structural functionalities.
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| 50. |
- Nazir, Uzma, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and theoretical insights into the corrosion inhibition activity of novel Schiff bases for aluminum alloy in acidic medium
- 2019
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 9:62, s. 36455-36470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three novel Schiff bases, namely N-(4-((4-((phenylimino)methyl)phenoxy)methoxy)benzylidene)benzenamine (UA), N-(3-methoxy-4-((2-methoxy-4-((phenylimino)methyl)phenoxy)methoxy)benzylidene)benzenamine (UB), and N-(3-ethyl-4-((2-ethyl-4-((phenylimino)methyl)phenoxy)methoxy)benzylidene)benzenamine (UC), were synthesized and their structures were elucidated through diverse spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, GC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The corrosion inhibition effect of these Schiff bases on aluminum alloy AA2219-T6 in acidic medium was explored using weight loss, Tafel polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Theoretical quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory were employed to determine the adsorption site. It was found that inhibition efficiencies increase with an increase in the inhibitor concentration. Tafel plots showed that these Schiff bases function as mixed inhibitors. Adsorption of the Schiff bases on aluminum followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the value of showed a dominant chemical mechanism. FT-IR and SEM techniques were used to investigate the surface morphology. The compounds showed a substantial corrosion inhibition for aluminum alloy in 0.1 M HCl at 298 K. UB and UC exhibited superior anticorrosion efficiency compared to UA originating from the electron-donating methoxy and ethoxy group substitutions, respectively. There was found to be good correlation between molecular structure and inhibition efficiencies.
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