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Sökning: WFRF:(Al Ansari Nadhir)

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1.
  • Al-Bahrani, Hussein Shakir, et al. (författare)
  • Groundwater detection and classification using remote sensing and GIS in Najaf, Iraq
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier. - 2352-801X. ; 19
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Due to the shortage of fresh surface water caused by climate change, groundwater has become a vital water supply for household, agricultural, and industrial use. Alternative methods for determining groundwater depth, amount, and quality at a lower cost and less effort are critical. This study aims to determine the depth and kind of groundwater in Najaf City, Iraq, using Aqua detector remote sensing device. Thirty-nine sample locations were chosen in rural and urban regions to cover the city’s 441.23 square kilometres. Five geographic models of groundwater depth and type were created using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method in ArcGIS software. The results indicate that groundwater is available across the study region, beginning at 100 m and lower depths. Additionally, it has been found that the nature of groundwater fluctuates with the location and depth. The findings of this study aid in selecting wells locations and depths in the study region that generate maximum quality and quantity of groundwater.
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2.
  • Ahmadlou, Mohammad, et al. (författare)
  • Flood susceptibility mapping and assessment using a novel deep learning model combining multilayer perceptron and autoencoder neural networks
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Flood Risk Management. - UK : John Wiley & Sons. - 1753-318X. ; 14:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Floods are one of the most destructive natural disasters causing financial dam-ages and casualties every year worldwide. Recently, the combination of data-driven techniques with remote sensing (RS) and geographical information sys-tems (GIS) has been widely used by researchers for flood susceptibility map-ping. This study presents a novel hybrid model combining the multilayerperceptron (MLP) and autoencoder models to produce the susceptibility mapsfor two study areas located in Iran and India. For two cases, nine, and twelvefactors were considered as the predictor variables for flood susceptibility map-ping, respectively. The prediction capability of the proposed hybrid model wascompared with that of the traditional MLP model through the area under thereceiver operating characteristic (AUROC) criterion. The AUROC curve for theMLP and autoencoder-MLP models were, respectively, 75 and 90, 74 and 93%in the training phase and 60 and 91, 81 and 97% in the testing phase, for Iranand India cases, respectively. The results suggested that the hybridautoencoder-MLP model outperformed the MLP model and, therefore, can beused as a powerful model in other studies for flood susceptibility mapping.
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3.
  • Al-Ani, Ibrahim Abdulrazak, et al. (författare)
  • Multi criteria decision making to optimize the best runoff control measures for the Haditha Dam Reservoir, Iraq
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Hydrology. - : International Association for Environmental Hydrology. - 1058-3912 .- 1996-7918. ; 28
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In Iraq, the two dominating surface water sources are Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in which some dams constructed on both of them forming reservoirs. The Haditha Dam reservoir is one of the most essential sources of drinking, irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation in Anbar State, Western Iraq. Besides, the reservoir is a unique habitat with a wide spectrum of biodiversity. The objective of this study is to investigate and monitor the water quality in Haditha Dam reservoir and introduce Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) as a means to highlight the best runoff control measures depending on selected criteria and criteria weights. Experts were interviewed for the selection of criteria and for the assignment of the weight factor and scores. Four criteria from three categories such as technical, economic and environmental aspects were selected. Results from this study indicated that a the difference in TSS and Turbidity between the dry and wet seasons necessitates the installation of runoff control measures. It was found that the soil binders, sediment basin and diversion channel are the best alternatives for controlling erosion, sediment and drainage respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed very strong decisions made by the experts for the technical, economic and environmental criteria.
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4.
  • Al-Fawzy, Ali Mekki, et al. (författare)
  • Detention and Release in Stepped Gabion Weir: Case of Four Steps
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Recent Innovation in Engineering ICRIE 2023, University of Duhok, College of Engineering, 13th – 14th September 2023. - : University of Garmian. ; , s. 439-452
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The problem of water scarcity can be noticed clearly in the lined canals which provide the irrigation networks. Using porous structures like gabion weirs contributes as a part solution to this problem. In the current study, a laboratory flume was used to calculate the water depths upstream and downstream of the stepped gabion weir that is to be put inside it at a certain distance, and this flume comes with dimensions of 10 m long by 0.30 m wide and 0.50 m height. While the tested hydraulic model of the weir was built with dimensions of 0.30 m width by 0.40 m maximum height, and five lengths with different total distance of 0.88, 0.96, 1.08, 1.12, and 1.20 m respectively. The used gravel samples to fill the gabions were of monosize query gravel with diameters ranging between 0.0095-0.0140, 0.0140-0.0190, 0.0190-0.0250, 0.0250-0.0375, and 0.0375-0.0500 m in a respective way. While the values of discharge, measured during the experiments were in the range of 0.0007-0.0150 m3/s, and a total of 175 trial tests. This study achieved that the detention depth value decreases by increasing the diameter of the gravel sample used, but there is no effect of the gravel sample on the value of release depth, the different illustrated formulas for the detention and release depths maybe can be used usefully for design and scheduling actions in the field where it gave a reasonable matching between the measured and the calculated values of the studied depths, and finally, the errors percentage in an average value for both detention and release tested values were 5.278% and -0.265% respectively
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5.
  • Al-Maliki, Laheab A. Jasem, et al. (författare)
  • Bearing Capacity Map for An-Najaf and Kufa Cities Using GIS
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10:5, s. 262-269
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An-Najaf province is situated in south-western part of Iraq. It is 70 meters above the sea level in the dry desert environment. The city is considered as one of the most important cities in Iraq, facing a fast population growth and continuous development in constructions such as residential complexes, hotels, bridges and shopping malls. Soil investigation data for An-Najaf Province (An-Najaf and Kufa cities) from 464 boreholes drilled by the National Centre for Construction Laboratories & Researches (NCCLR)/Babylon laboratory were used in this research. The data were analysed and possessed using Excel program then represented on the Geographical Information System (GIS) program by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) tool to create an allowable bearing capacity map for the soil at depths 0 - 2 meters. The allowable bearing capacity is one of the most important soil characteristics to be considered when making a database for An-Najaf city soil. Geographical Information System GIS program enables to create reliable database for any characteristic and it is one of the best programs to produce an accurate map and allow ease in dealing with it. Those maps cover all the studied areas and by using contour lines, approximate values for no-data areas can be obtained. The results show that the allowable bearing capacity range is 5 - 20 Ton/m2 for both An-Najaf and Kufa cities. Kufa city has the range 5 - 9 Ton/m2. An-Najaf city has the range 7 - 18 at the center, 8 - 10 Ton/m2 at the north eastern part, 7 - 14 Ton/m2 for the north western part, 6 - 12 Ton/m2 at the south eastern and 12 - 19 Ton/m2 at the south western.
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6.
  • Al-Mamoori, Sohaib Kareem, et al. (författare)
  • Chloride, Calcium Carbonate and Total Soluble Salts Contents Distribution for An-Najaf and Al-Kufa Cities’ Soil by Using GIS
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. - : Springer. - 0960-3182 .- 1573-1529. ; 37:3, s. 2207-2225
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The main objective of the paper is to create geotechnical maps for three soil chemical properties in An-Najaf and Kufa cities’ soil by utilizing of GIS tools. This properties are the chloride concentration, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and total soluble salts where they affect the durability of reinforced structural elements. This paper provides an easy accurate way to represent soil properties levels for different depths of soil and create reliable database that will help engineers and decision makers. The data included in this paper were collected for (464) boreholes with depths up to 35 m distributed on residential areas in all of An-Najaf and Kufa cities. Arc-Map of GIS 10.2.1 was used to produce the maps. It has been concluded that chloride content in the soil of the study area range from - 0.01 to 0.99% and with an average of 0.5. The maximum value found in at depth 4–6 m while the minimum value found in location at depth 4–6, 8–10 and 14–16 m. The chloride content in most of An-Najaf province has exceeded the permissible limit and for all, this required taking percussions to protect foundations. While calcium carbonate content in the soil of the study area range from 53 to 0.18 and with an average of 26.6. The maximum and the minimum values found at depth 4–6 m. Calcium carbonate content is within the permissible limits in most locations except in some locations.
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7.
  • Al-Mamoori, Sohaib Kareem, et al. (författare)
  • Horizontal and Vertical Geotechnical Variations of Soils According to USCS Classification for the City of An-Najaf, Iraq Using GIS
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. - Switzerland : Springer. - 0960-3182 .- 1573-1529. ; 38:2, s. 1919-1938
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The unified soil classification system (USCS) first proposed by Casagrande and subsequently developed by the Army Corps of Engineers. It widely used in many building codes and books. An-Najaf city is the most important city in Iraq due to its religious and spiritual value in the Muslim world, so it is fast expanding and continuous developing city in Iraq. The data from 464 boreholes in the study area for depths of 0–26 m have been used. 13 Soil samples were collected from each borehole with 13 depths level (0–26) m with 2 m intervals. The USCS was applied to the soil samples from 13 depth levels borehole. This research aims to create a geodatabase for soil properties for An-Najaf. The ArcGIS 10.5 software was used to interpolate the spatial data to produce 33 geotechnical maps for fine soil, coarse soil and USCS for 13 depth levels. For numerical soil data, Ordinary Kriging has been used for interpolation mapping of Fine and Coarse percentage data for each depth. For non-numerical (nominal) soil data (USCS class), the Indicator Kriging method is used. The results show that the coarse soil occupied 85–95% for depth 0–16 m and consist of (SP, SP-SM, SM) while fine soil occupied 5–15% consisting of (OL, CH, ML) subsequently, this soil when compacted has a permeability of pervious to semi impervious, good shearing strength, low to very low compressibility and acceptable workability as a construction material. The results also show that after 16 m depths until 26 m, the fine soil percentage increased to 40% with a coarse soil percentage of 60%, indicating changes in soil characteristics as the permeability became semi-pervious to impervious, fair shearing strength, medium compressibility and fair workability as a construction material. The study results will provide help and saving time, efforts and money in preliminary engineering designs.
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8.
  • Al-Rawabdeh, Abdullah, et al. (författare)
  • Modeling the risk of groundwater contamination using modified DRASTIC and GIS in Amman-Zerqa basin, Jordan
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Central European Journal of Engineering. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1896-1541 .- 2081-9927. ; 4:3, s. 264-280
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Amman-Zerqa Basin (AZB) is the second largest groundwater basin in Jordan with the highest abstraction rate, where more than 28% of total abstractions in Jordan come from this basin. In view of the extensive reliance on this basin, contamination of AZB groundwater became an alarming issue. This paper develops a Modified DRASTIC model by combining the generic DRASTIC model with land use activities and lineament density for the study area with a new model map that evaluates pollution potential of groundwater resources in AZB to various types of pollution. It involves the comparison of modified DRASTIC model that integrates nitrate loading along with other DRASTIC parameters. In addition, parameters to account for differences in land use and lineaments density were added to the DRASTIC model to reflect their influences on groundwater pollution potential. The DRASTIC model showed only 0.08% (3 km2) of the AZB is situated in the high vulnerability area and about 30% of the basin is located in the moderately vulnerable zone (mainly in central basin). After modifying the DRASTIC to account for lineament density, about 87% of the area was classified as having low pollution potential and no vulnerability class accounts for about 5.01% of the AZB area. The moderately susceptible zone covers 7.83% of the basin’s total area and the high vulnerability area constitutes 0.13%. The vulnerability map based on land use revealed that about 71% of the study area has low pollution potential and no vulnerability area accounts for about 0.55%, whereas moderate pollution potential zone covers an area of 28.35% and the high vulnerability class constitutes 0.11% of AZB. The final DRASTIC model which combined all DRASTIC models shows that slightly more than 89% of the study area falls under low pollution risk and about 6% is considered areas with no vulnerability. The moderate pollution risk potential covers an area of about 4% of AZB and the high vulnerability class constitutes 0.21% of the basin. The results also showed that an area of about 1761 km2 of bare soils is of low vulnerability, whereas about 28 km2 is moderately vulnerable. For agriculture and the urban sector, approximately 1472 km2 are located within the low vulnerability zone and about 144 km2 are moderately vulnerable, which together account for about 8% of the total agriculture and urban area. These areas are contaminated with human activities, particularly from the agriculture. Management of land use must be considered when changing human or agricultural activity patterns in the study area, to reduce groundwater vulnerability in the basin. The results also showed that the wells with the highest nitrate levels (81-107 mg/l) were located in high vulnerable areas and are attributed to leakage from old sewage water.
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9.
  • Hani Al-Tamimi, Ahmed, et al. (författare)
  • Urban uses change an analytical study using geographic information systems/Kufa city as a model
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1916. ; 9:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Change is considered a prominent feature of urban areas because of the various services and functions in cities, with complex functional relations. The study aims to build an informational foundation for urban planners and designers on the effects resulting from the imbalance in the organization and proportions of urban land uses, which in turn affects the performance of its functions in the city and its changes, and thus the necessity of using modern technologies to identify and define urban problems in cities, especially those related to land uses. An analytical approach to the research was taken, adopting geographic information systems as a tool for research by studying the reality of the region and determining the changes occurring from the functional side for the periods of 2,003,200,820,132,018. These periods witnessed substantial development and changes at the city and country levels. Through the results of the study, the changes were identified, remedies suggested, positive aspects were strengthened, and negative phenomena were reduced. The conclusions reached by the study indicate that planning for the use of the land is a very important practical aspect of achieving the needs of the population and limiting the noncultural aspects of expansion. Deliberate and planned change can generate positive results and vice versa.
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10.
  • Jasim, Ihsan Abbas, et al. (författare)
  • Do the population density and coverage rate of transit affect the public transport contribution?
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1916. ; 9:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The article tried to study the public transport role as one of the means that contribute to sustainable urban development by investigating the effect of the coverage rate for public transport on the number of those who use public transport in the neighbourhoods of Kut city. This article investigates the link between public transportation and supportive urban design trends. The research spatial and temporal limits are represented by the municipal boundaries Al-Kut city, which are shown in the master plan of the city for the period 2008–2012. The results showed a positive but weak relationship between public transport (variable factor) and the proportion of public transport coverage and population density (independent factors). These factors do not explain the apparent, which is confirmed by the high Bo value and its great reliability, and this result is inconsistent with the hypothesis that states a positive effect between public transport and the coverage rate. However, this relationship is abnormal and indicates an imbalance in the distribution of land uses and the provision of services in the structure of Kut city. Furthermore, it is a negative indicator of the city’s structure, where a good and efficient structure requires a strong relationship. As for public transport passengers, they seem to be restricted by this for poor services.
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11.
  • Kareem, Sabreen L., et al. (författare)
  • Optimum location for landfills landfill site selection using GIS technique: Al-Naja city as a case study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1916. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solid waste is one of the leading environmental problems affecting human lives. Selecting a landfill where waste is disposed of is a complicated issue that related to many factors and regulations. In this study, the optimal sanitary landfill site for An-Najaf city was assessed using the GIS and weight criteria method. Eight appropriate criteria were selected, which are: urban area, rivers, roads, soil types, elevation, wind, slope, and archaeological, historical and religious sites. Moreover, the weighting of the criteria by using experts’ opinion and previous similar literature. The “weighted overlay tool” is then applied to get a map of the significance index for selected landfill sites. Seven suitable sites with an area of 177,762,986 m2 and form 0.62% from the total city area can accommodate the solid waste generated for a period, not less than ten years10 years.
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12.
  • Kareem, Sabreen L., et al. (författare)
  • Water quality assessment and phosphorus effect using water quality indices : Euphrates River- Iraq as a case study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier. - 2352-801X. ; 14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Most rivers in developing countries are facing water contamination problem. Therefore, saving water quality by complying with the industrial, drinking, and agricultural allowable standard limits has been difficult. This study aims to assess Shatt Al-Kufa water quality as one branch of the Euphrates River by calculating three types of water quality indices in two cases, excluding and including the phosphate (PO4) consentration, as it was the parameter that most met the standard. The used water quality indices are the Weight Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI), the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI) and the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI). Fifteen parameters were analyzed, including pH value, Biological Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Orthophosphate, Sulphate, Nitrate, Alkalinity, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen, Calcium and Total Dissolved Solids. The results show that the average WAWQI for three stations, including PO4, were 33.79, 43.75 and 37.62, which is good water. However, in excluding PO4, the water quality was characterized as very poor depending on the resulting values (86.62, 88.86 and 91.91, respectively). The CCMEWQI values for three stations were 63.83, 60.40 and 55.69, including PO4, so the water quality was fair and marginal. According to OWQI, the water quality for three stations was very poor in two cases since the OWQI value less than 59. Pearson correlation shows a good link, especially total hardness and total dissolved solids with salt.
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13.
  • Name, Ihsan Abbas Jasim, et al. (författare)
  • Spatial analyses model for the public transportation and the urban form relationship
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0094-243X .- 1551-7616. ; 2655:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The lack of analys is tools that respond to spatial heterogeneity and the failure to adopt them as tools to assess problems, and the low life quality of Iraqi c ities represent this study's problem. Hence, this study aims to analyze the relationship b etween public transportation and urban form patterns using spatial analys is and shed light on the contribution of spatial analysis as practical planning tools to increase the public transport contribution. The importance of the study can be summarised in the following two reasons; the first is the adoption of a new model for spatial analyzes, which is weighted geographical regression. The second reason is the attempt to activate public transport. Therefore, it should be known that makes public transportation more attractive to the user, both for new areas and future development. The study hypothesis includes that spatial analyzes are more appropriate tools for studying spatial phenomena and are compatible with postmodernity. Finally, the current study introduced a demographic and good urban design that fac ilitates the residents' access to public transport services.
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14.
  • Al-Ansari, Nadhir, 1947-, et al. (författare)
  • Mosul Dam Problem and Stability
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 13:3, s. 105-124
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mosul Dam is located on the River Tigris about 60 km northwest Mosul in Iraq. It is the biggest dam where its storage capacity reaches 11.11 billion cubic meters at normal operational level (330 m. above sea level). The dam was constructed on alternating beds of karistified limestone, gypsum and marl. This dam suffered from water seepage under its foundation since its operation in 1986. Grouting operations were implemented since that time to overcome this problem. This seepage is believed to be due to dissolution of gypsum beds under the foundation, which was not carefully considered by the designers. It was recommended by the international board of experts that the water level should be kept at or below 319 m.a.s.l. to minimize damages in case of the failure of the dam. ISIS occupied the dam site on 8 August 2014 and it was seized back from the hands of ISIS on the 16th of the same month. They did plenty of damage despite the short period they occupied the area. After that, the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources rebuilt the damaged parts and used new grouting and maintenance program. Now, the dam looks very safe at 319 m water level at its reservoir. In addition, the impounding was raised 325 m.a.s.l. for few days and nothing abnormal was noticed. 
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15.
  • Al Bayaty, Majd, et al. (författare)
  • Riparian Management and Nutrients Distribution in Different Zones of Euphrates Riverbanks
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. - : International Information and Engineering Technology Association. - 1755-7437 .- 1755-7445. ; 18:1, s. 1-10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The dynamic of nutrient cycling is a critical factor in riparian regions. It is essential to understand the behaviour of riparian areas in the maintenance and management river ecosystem. Sediment load, nutrients, and pathogens are transported to water bodies through land drainage and riverside flow. The classification of environmental agencies was poor for them. In this study, a qualitative investigation was implemented to determine the relationship between these practices and variations in nutrient retention for several types of riverbank soil. Also, the riverbank soils were including soil covered by wild reed plants. All the field works were along the Euphrates River in three locations. Moreover, study the variation in the content of vegetation riverbank soils from nitrogen, organic matter (OM), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and PH. The results presented that riverbanks consider important locations for nutrient retention. Whilst agricultural activities have minimized the content of soil of OM (30%), N (49%), and K (3%), in subsurface soil but not so great lowering in surface layers. In contrast, management practices and human activities such as burning caused an apparent increase of OM (4%), N (77%), and a clear reduction in P (12%) content at both surface and subsurface layers of soil. Under all circumstances, riverbank soils showed a relative increase of nutrients at wet toe-slopes. Furthermore, it is noted that riparian vegetation and aquatic plants played a significant role by causing critical changes in riparian sides or even contrary effects on riverbank management practices and destruction of natural soil nutrient conditions. Thus, it should be carefully considered when evaluating the ecological impacts of riparian disturbances.
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16.
  • Al Maliki, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Chemometric Methods to Predict of Pb in Urban Soil from Port Pirie, South Australia, using Spectrally Active of Soil Carbon
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0010-3624 .- 1532-2416. ; 49:11, s. 1370-1383
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A total of 73 soil samples were initially analyzed for lead (Pb) concentration as an indicator of the environment impact of smelter activity in the Port Pirie, South Australia. Chemometric techniques were used to assess the ability of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to predict soil Pb using spectrally active soil characteristics such as soil carbon (C). The result indicated a strong linear relationship between log-transformed data of soil Pb and spectral reflectance in the range between 500 and 612 nm with R2 = 0.54 and a low root-mean-square error (RMSEv = 0.38) for the validation mode with an acceptable ratio of performance to deviation and ratio of error range (1.6 and 7.7, respectively). This study suggested that NIR spectroscopy based on auxiliary spectrally active components is a rapid and noninvasive assessment technique and has the ability to determine Pb contamination in urban soil to be useful in environmental health risk assessment.
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17.
  • Al Maliki, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Comparison between inductively coupled plasma and X-ray fluorescence performance for Pb analysis in environmental soil samples
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 76:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Comparison of two conventional analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for measuring Pb concentrations in soil samples was achieved using field and laboratory work. Seventy-three samples were collected from urban areas surrounding the large lead smelter at South Australia, as an indicator of the environment impact of smelter activity. Soil Pb concentrations were determined using hand-held XRF analyser under laboratory conditions. ICP-MS analysis on digested soils (using a microwave-assisted nitric acid digestion-extraction) was applied to validate p-XRF data. The analysis showed that Pb concentrations determined by XRF correlated with high linearity with Pb concentrations determined by ICP-MS measurements (R2 = 0.89). Statistical test (t test) was applied to the data of both methods applied without any significant difference between the two techniques. These results indicated that ICP-MS corroborated XRF for Pb soil measurements and suggests that XRF was a reliable and quick alternative to traditional analytical methods in studies of environmental health risk assessment, allowing for much larger sampling regimes in relatively shorter times and could be applied in the field.
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18.
  • Al-Maliki, Laheab A, et al. (författare)
  • Climate change impact on water resources of Iraq (a review of literature)
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Water Resources in Iraq: Perspectives and Prognosis (ICWRPP 2022). - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Maintaining natural processes and supporting social and economic growth depend heavily on water supplies. However, Future climate is predicted to bring higher temperatures, which will increase evapotranspiration; lower precipitation totals; and changes in the seasonal pattern of precipitation. Iraq is more vulnerable to climate change than other nations due to the underdeveloped and fragile water management systems there, as well as the country's desert and warmer environment and increasing sensitivity to extreme weather events. The present work aims to analyse the literature dealing with climate change's effects on water resources in Iraq. The Scopus database was searched using the keywords (Iraq, models of climate change, and water resources). Most models study the effect of high temperatures and evaporation on water resources using different tools, the most important of which are SWAT, LARS-WG, and HEC-HM. The analysis of previous studies shows that the results of all the literature concordant that Iraq is on the verge of severe water scarcity due to high temperatures and the resulting decrease in rainfall, increase in evaporation, decrease in vegetation cover and increase in desertification.
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19.
  • Al-Maliki, Laheab Abbas, et al. (författare)
  • Optimization of Reservoir Operation for Irrigation
  • 2023. - 1
  • Ingår i: Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management: Irrigation Fundamentals. - : Taylor & Francis. - 9780367258191 - 9780429290114 ; , s. 347-360
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Water used for irrigation is accounted for 70%–80% of the total water used worldwide. Thus, efficient management of the water resources is the key point to the sustainable water use. The difference between the inflow and water needs is one of the reasons for constructing a reservoir. Many studies were conducted regarding optimizing reservoir operation for irrigation to achieve the desired goals and objectives of the reservoir system. Significant and increasing scientific efforts were conducted to develop and implement the optimization techniques to operate the reservoirs for irrigation. All of the literature aims to minimize the gap between the water release policy and water demands determine release and transfer decisions that maximize water management objectives, and they all confirmed that using mathematical models to optimize and simulate the reservoir operation can enhance the performance of the reservoirs, as well as improve the crop yield. It is expected that this direction continues to evolve, and hopefully, the results of these models would encourage water managers to put them into practice to upgrade the agricultural sector.
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20.
  • Al-Maliki, Laheab A., et al. (författare)
  • Perception of climate change effects on water resources : Iraqi undergraduates as a case study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Geosciences. - : Springer. - 1866-7511 .- 1866-7538. ; 15:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Developing countries suffer from the effects of climate change on water resources more than other countries. This paper aims to specify the undergraduates’ knowledge about climate change effects on water resources. This study was conducted through a questionnaire distributed using Google form in May 2021. Descriptive analysis was used to display the level of awareness, and then the correlation between the respondents’ gender, stage, and scientific specialization were analyzed. The results showed that the general knowledge for all questionaries ranged between 40 and 50 %. Moreover, a weak positive correlation with the highest Spearman’s rho of 0.15 was shown for the students’ gender with their understanding of climate change main cause by 0.06 for the academic stage versus knowledge of climate change causes. Moreover, the results indicated a weak role for university education in exchange for a prominent role for television and social media in raising awareness. The research recommends integrating the Environmental Education (EE) programs into the Iraqi educational systems as it proposes a systematic educational method through which climate change and other environmental problems may be addressed holistically at all educational levels.
  •  
21.
  • Al-Maliki, Laheab A., et al. (författare)
  • Perceptions about water pollution among university students : A case study from Iraq
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - UK : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1916. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study intends to evaluate university students’ awareness regarding water pollution in Iraq to show the environmental education contribution in reducing water pollution. The study was conducted in Wasit university, Wasit province, Iraq by field questionnaire survey with 388 students from the civil engineering department and engineering college. The questionnaires were divided according to the pollution causes into industrial, agricultural and sewage water pollutants. The data were analyzed utilizing the thematic analysis to assess environmental knowledge and awareness of water pollution risks. The results show that most students have high interest in environmental conservation, yet, a lack of education in general environmental education, as the educational curriculum focuses on theoretical aspects more than the practical ones. The results also show that the media role is inactive concerning environmental awareness of water pollution. This study provides a scientific view of policymakers for potential future conditions to find solutions that achieve sustainability goals.
  •  
22.
  • Al Manmi, Diary Ali Mohammed Amin, et al. (författare)
  • Soil and Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Delineation of Intensity Risk Map in Sulaymaniyah City, NE of Iraq
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 11:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Groundwater and soil pollution caused by (PAHs) spills, mostly from the oil industry and petrol stations in urban areas, represent a major environmental concern worldwide. However, infiltration into groundwater is decreasing due to the natural attenuation processes of PAHs in the vadose zone, which protect invaluable groundwater resources against contamination. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of improper management of the petroleum industry on the groundwater and soil surrounding the petrol station and an oil refinery unit and, furthermore, to prepare the polluted risk intensity (PRI) map. Fifty-one soil samples and twenty-five water samples were analyzed for Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPLs), and one soil sample for Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPLs); furthermore, six soil samples analyzed for Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) analysis. The results showed that seventeen wells were polluted with LNAPLs and the soils were highly contaminated with different DNAPLs components and mainly was in the form of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Seven factors introduced to the GIS platform to produce PRI map, which is the distance to source, depth to water table, slope, lineaments, lithology, soil, and recharge rate. The final map revealed that the eastern and western parts of the study area are at a very high-risk level, whereas the center is at a very low to low-risk level.
  •  
23.
  • Al-Rawabdeh, Abdulla M., et al. (författare)
  • A GIS-based drastic model for assessing aquifer vulnerability in Amman-Zerqa groundwater basin, Jordan
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; :5, s. 490-504
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Amman-Zerqa Basin (AZB) is a major basin in Jordan. The concentration of economic, agricultural and social activities within the basin makes it of prime importance to Jordan. Intensive agricultural practices are widespread and located close to groundwater wells, which pose imminent threats to these resources. Groundwater contamination is of particular concern as groundwater resources are the principal source of water for irrigation, drinking and industrial activities. A DRASTIC model integrated with, and GIS tool has been used to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability of AZB. The Drastic index map showed that only 1.2% of the basin’s total area of 3792 km2 lies in the no vulnerable zone and about 69% is classified as having low pollution potential. The results also revealed that about 30% of the catchment area is moderately susceptible to pollution potential and slightly 1% is potentially under high pollution risk. These results suggest that almost one third of the AZB is at moderate risk of pollution potential. These areas are mainly in the north-east and central parts of the basin where the physical factors like gentle slope and high water table well support the chances of getting shallow aquifer water polluted. Areas with high vulnerable pollution are mainly the central of Amman old city.
  •  
24.
  • Al-Samarrai, Shatha Y., et al. (författare)
  • Minimizing the Fluoride Load in Water Using the Electrocoagulation Method: An Experimental Approach
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Environments. - : MDPI. - 2076-3298. ; 9:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The abundant presence of fluoride (F-) in surface water bodies is an environmental concern because of its effects on human health; medical reports confirmed that fluoride intake above 1.5 mg/L leads to many health complications, including but not limited to weak bones and enamel fluorosis. Thus, the World Health Organisation (WHO) defines 1.20 mg/L as the maximum permissible F concentration in drinking water. The electrocoagulation method (EC) is globally practised to remove many pollutants from water due to its cost-effectiveness, safety, and ease of use. However, EC has some drawbacks, such as the lack of reactors’ design. In this study, a new EC reactor, which uses four drilled aluminium electrodes and a variant cross-section section container, was designed and used to remove F- from water. The design of the new EC eliminated the need for water mixers. The ability of the new EC unit to remove F- from synthetic water was evaluated at different current densities (CD) (1-3 mA/cm2), electrode distances (ELD) (5-15 mm), pH of the solution (pHoS) (4-10), and initial F- concentrations (IFC) (5-20 mg/L). The outcomes of this study prove that the new reactor could remove as much as 98.3% of 20 mg/l of F- at CD, ELD, pHoS, and IFC of 2 mA/cm2, 5 mm, and 4 and 10 mg/L, respectively.
  •  
25.
  • Al-Zubaydi, Jaffar, et al. (författare)
  • Engineering and Tectonic Study of Rocks Discontinuities in the Proposed Abo-Hederya Quarry Site, Missan SE Iraq
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:8, s. 525-534
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A detailed field survey of discontinuity (fractures) was carried out in the proposed Abo-Hederya Quarry Site, 70 km east Missan city, south-east of Iraq, where Al-Mukdadiya Formation (Upper Miocene-Pliocene) is exposed. The discontinuity survey was carried out in 10 stations covering the study area. At each station notes were collected about beds (lithology, thickness and orientation) and discontinuities (orientation, density, spacing, persistence and aperture). The slope stability analysis suggests that there is no real hazard area that could affect the quarry in future. Tectonic analysis demonstrates that tension fractures are common in the study area, while shear fractures (okl, hko, hol and hkl) are the less. The maximum principal stress direction in the study area is N (15 - 40) E, which is compatible with the regional tectonic stress in the area.
  •  
26.
  • Al-Zuheri, Atiya, et al. (författare)
  • Determination of the chemical Structure of the Iraqi Oil Shale and its hydrocarbon Forms
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10:1, s. 7-20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The global impact of shale oil has revolutionized the world’s energy markets, resulting in significantly lower oil prices, higher global gross domestic product, changing geopolitics and shifted business models for oil and gas companies. Further and developed research initiative is required to fill critical gaps in knowledge at the interface of shale oil development along with environmental protection, so countries can prepare better for its energy future. This paper explores the characterization of Iraqi originated oil shale using various analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrography (GC/MS). Based upon analytical results, it is found that the majority of chemical structure is in aliphatic hydrocarbon forms.
  •  
27.
  • Ali, Asma Mahdi, et al. (författare)
  • Nonlinear Simulation Analysis of Mechanical Behaviour of Rubberized Concrete
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: International Journal of GEOMATE. - : GEOMATE International Society. - 2186-2982 .- 2186-2990. ; 22:90, s. 125-137
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The main objective is to simulate the representation of rubber concrete with different percentages (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) of rubber using a finite element approach with ANSYS V.15 software to evaluate the behavior of concrete under the influence of mechanical force by using a standard cylinder to calculate its compressive strength, elasticity modulus and displacements for comparison with the previous experimental study, which showed a very close agreement of 5 to 12% when compared between them. The results showed that when the percentage of rubber increases, it leads to a decrease in the compressive strength, that is, its resistance, and an increase in the corresponding displacements and deformations that occur in them, as a result of the concentration of these stresses in the rubber limits. The results also showed that the meshing distribution of the analyzed elements by the ANSYS gave higher values of compressive strength and a decrease in the corresponding displacements when they were regular i.e. homogeneous compared to the irregular ones. Finally, through statistical analysis, it was found that the mean and arithmetic mean were acceptable and close when comparing the theoretical and practical results.
  •  
28.
  • Alsaffar, Abdul Kareem K., et al. (författare)
  • Development of eco-friendly wall insulation layer utilising the wastes of the packing industry
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 9:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Efficient thermal insulation materials considerably lower power consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, which in turn minimises CO2 emissions and improves indoor comfort conditions. However, the selection of suitable insulation materials is governed by several factors, such as the environmental impact, health impact, cost and durability. Additionally, the disposal of used insulation materials is a major factor that affects the selection of materials because some materials could be very toxic for humans and the environment, such as asbestos-containing materials. Therefore, there is a continuous research effort, in both industry and academia, to develop sustainable and affordable insulation materials. In this context, this work aims at utilising the packing industry wastes (cardboard) to develop an eco-friendly insulation layer, which is a biodegradable material that can be disposed of safely after use. Experimentally, wasted cardboard was collected, cleaned, and soaked in water for 24 h. Then, the wet cardboard was minced and converted into past papers, then cast in square moulds and left in a ventilated oven at 75 °C to dry before de-moulding them. The produced layers were subjected to a wide range of tests, including thermal conductivity, acoustic insulation, infrared imaging and bending resistance. The obtained results showed the developed material has a good thermal and acoustic insulation performance. Thermally, the developed material had the lowest thermal conductivity (λ) (0.039 W/m.K) compared to the studied traditional materials. Additionally, it successfully decreased the noise level from 80 to about 58 dB, which was better than the efficiency of the commercial polyisocyanurate layer. However, the bending strength of the developed material was a major drawback because the material did not resist more than 0.6 MPa compared to 2.0 MPa for the commercial polyisocyanurate and 70.0 MPa for the wood boards. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate the possibility of strengthening the new material by adding fibres or cementitious materials.
  •  
29.
  • Chabuk, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Application ArcGIS on Modified-WQI Method to Evaluate Water Quality of the Euphrates River, Iraq, Using Physicochemical Parameters
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology. - Singapore : Springer. ; , s. 657-675
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The global interest of the water bodies due to the water scarcity crisis encourages researchers to study the details water environment in different aspects. Consequently, this study objective to evaluate the water quality in the Euphrates River through adopted 11 physicochemical parameters measured at 16 locations during the 3 years (2009–2011) for both seasons (dry and wet). In this study, the water quality index model (WQIM) was calculated after modifying the weighted arithmetic method to define as MWQI. The chosen parameters were comprised of Cl, SO4, HCO3, NO3, Na, K, Ca, Mg, TH, TDS, and EC. For the river section of locations (L.1–L.10), all readings of the selected parameters (expected HCO3) were increased more and more. Then, all concentrations of parameters were recorded the high increasing after location (L.10) at locations (L.11–L.14). The concentrations situation of HCO3 were verse vice at all locations. For the average values of 3 years (wet, dry, total), the MWQI of section length of the Euphrates River at locations (L.1–L.10) were classified as good water quality (class, C-II). The river section at locations (L.11–L.16, excepted L.13) was classified as poor water quality (class, C-III), while the location (L.13) was classified as very poor (class, C-IV). The interpolation prediction maps of the average readings (total, dry, and wet) of the Euphrates River were output in GIS using the interpolation model of IDWM. 
  •  
30.
  • Chabuk, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Water quality assessment along Tigris River (Iraq) using water quality index (WQI) and GIS software
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Geosciences. - Switzerland : Springer. - 1866-7511 .- 1866-7538. ; 13:14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Most of the third world countries having rivers passing through them suffer from the water contaminant problem. This problem is considered so difficult to get the water quality within the standard allowable limits for drinking, as well as for industrial and agricultural purposes. This research aims to assess the water quality of the Tigris River using the water quality index method and GIS software. Twelve parameters (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, TH, TDS, BOD5, NO3, and EC) were taken from 14 stations along the river. The weighted arithmetic method was applied to compute the water quality index (WQI). The interpolation method (IDW) was applied in ArcGIS 10.5 to produce the prediction maps for 12 parameters at 11 stations along the Tigris River during the wet and dry seasons in 2016. The regression prediction was applied on three stations in the Tigris River between observed values and predicted values, from the prediction maps, in both seasons. The results showed that the regression prediction for all parameters was given the acceptable values of the determination coefficient (R2). Furthermore, the state of water quality for the Tigris River was degraded downstream of the Tigris River, especially at the station (8) in Aziziyah in the wet and dry seasons and increase degradation clearly at Qurnah (Basrah province) in the south of Iraq. This paper considers the whole length of the Tigris River for the study. This is important to give comprehensive knowledge about the contamination reality of the river. Such that it becomes easier to understand the problem of contamination, analyze it, and then find the suitable treatments and solutions.
  •  
31.
  • Faisal, Ayad A. H, et al. (författare)
  • Controlling metal ion migration in contaminated groundwater with Iraqi clay barriers for water resource protection
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 13:24, s. 16196-16205
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigates the effectiveness of using Iraqi clay as a low-permeability layer to prevent the migration of lead and nickel ions in groundwater-aquifers. Tests of batch operation have been conducted to determine the optimal conditions for removing Pb2+ ions, which were found to be 120 minutes of contact time, a pH of 5, 0.12 g of clay per 100 mL of solution, and an agitation of 250 rpm. These conditions resulted in a 90% removal efficiency for a 50 mg L−1 initial concentration of lead ions. To remove nickel ions with an efficiency of 80%, the optimal conditions were 60 minutes of contact time, a pH of 6, 12 g of clay per 100 mL of solution, and an agitation of 250 rpm. Several sorption models were evaluated, and the Langmuir formula was found to be the most effective. The highest sorption capacities were 1.75 and 137 mg g−1 for nickel and lead ions, respectively. The spread of metal ions was simulated using finite element analysis in the COMSOL multiphysics simulation software, taking into account the presence of a clay barrier. The results showed that the barrier creates low-discharge zones along the down-gradient of the barrier, reducing the rate of pollutant migration to protect the water sources.
  •  
32.
  • Falih, Ali Hasan, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative study on salinity removal methods: an evaluation-based stable isotopes signatures in ground and sea water
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Applied water science. - : Springer. - 2190-5487 .- 2190-5495. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This research aims to attain the optimal method of removing the high salinity concentrations without its effect on the balance or accuracy of stable isotopes measurement of deuterium and oxygen-18 (δ18O, δ2H). Four treatment methods (i.e., distillation, vacuum distillation, electro dialysis and ion exchange) were applied for nine samples, which were obtained from different water sources (sea, groundwater, river).l Worth to notice that the samples have Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranged (1000–60,000 µs/cm). Liquid–Water Isotope Analyzer used to measure the isotope concentration of δ18O, δ2H. The research findings of the four applied methods revealed their effectiveness with various percentages (normal distillation: 92.37%; vacuum distillation: 88.31%; electro dialysis: 94.85%; ion exchange: 99.62%). In addition, the investigation was conducted a clear correspondence measurement of (δ18O, δ2H) isotopes before and after treatment. The four methods results indicated that samples with EC ranged (1000–5000 µs/cm) have no effect on stable isotope readings. Whereas, samples with EC higher than 10,000, have substantial influence on the stable isotope readings. Finally, vacuum distillation method attained the best results among the treatment methods for EC ranged (10,000–60,000 µs/cm) without affecting the isotopic content of (δ18O, δ2H). There is a clear correspondence of the stable isotopic measurements before and after treatment, for all the selected samples.
  •  
33.
  • Grmasha, Ruqayah Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Temporal and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Danube River in Hungary
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Danube is a significant transboundary river on a global scale, with several tributaries. The effluents from industrial operations and wastewater treatment plants have an impact on the river's aquatic ecosystem. These discharges provide a significant threat to aquatic life by deteriorating the quality of water and sediment. Hence, a total of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds were analyzed at six locations along the river, covering a period of 12 months. The objective was to explore the temporal and spatial fluctuations of these chemicals in both water and sediment. The study revealed a significant fluctuation in the concentration of PAHs in water throughout the year, with levels ranging from 224.8 ng/L during the summer to 365.8 ng/L during the winter. Similarly, the concentration of PAHs in sediment samples varied from 316.7 ng/g in dry weight during the summer to 422.9 ng/g in dry weight during the winter. According to the Europe Drinking Water Directive, the levels of PAHs exceeded the permitted limit of 100 ng/L, resulting in a 124.8% rise in summer and a 265.8% increase in winter. The results suggest that the potential human-caused sources of PAHs were mostly derived from pyrolytic and pyrogenic processes, with pyrogenic sources being more dominant. Assessment of sediment quality standards (SQGs) showed that the levels of PAHs in sediments were below the Effect Range Low (ERL), except for acenaphthylene (Acy) and fluorene (Fl) concentrations. This suggests that there could be occasional biological consequences. The cumulative Individual Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) exceeds 1/104 for both adults and children in all sites.
  •  
34.
  • Hashim, Bassim Mohammed, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and assessing air quality changes in Baghdad, Iraq
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 754
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Covid-19 was first reported in Iraq on February 24, 2020. Since then, to prevent its propagation, the Iraqi government declared a state of health emergency. A set of rapid and strict countermeasures have taken, including locking down cities and limiting population's mobility. In this study, concentrations of four criteria pollutants, NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 before the lockdown from January 16 to February 29, 2020, and during four periods of partial and total lockdown from March 1 to July 24, 2020, in Baghdad were analysed. Overall, 6, 8 and 15% decreases in NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations, respectively in Baghdad during the 1st partial and total lockdown from March 1 to April 21, compared to the period before the lockdown. While, there were 13% increase in O3 for same period. During the 2nd partial lockdown from June 14 to July 24, NO2 and PM2.5 decreases 20 and 2.5%, respectively. While, there were 525 and 56% increase in O3 and PM10, respectively for same period. The air quality index (AQI) improved by 13% in Baghdad during the 1st partial lockdown from March 1 to April 21, compared to its pre-lockdown. The results of NO2 tropospheric column extracted from the Sentinel-5P satellite shown the NO2 emissions reduced up to 35 to 40% across Iraq, due to lockdown measures, between January and July 2020, especially across the major cities such as Baghdad, Basra and Erbil. The lockdown due to COVID-19 has drastic effects on social and economic aspects. However, the lockdown also has some positive effect on natural environment and air quality improvement.
  •  
35.
  • Hommadi, Ali H., et al. (författare)
  • Scheduling the Laterals of Shattulhilla River by Utilizing the Genetic Algorithm as Water Sustainability Technique
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Recent Innovation in Engineering ICRIE 2023, University of Duhok, College of Engineering, 13th – 14th September 2023. - : University of Garmian. ; , s. 84-93
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Open channels are very important to deliver water from main sources to laterals especially for developing countries. Production is subjective by the way that the water is scheduled, and this scheduling is subject to several irrigation constraints. In open channel projects, for instance, maximum discharge of the laterals and main channels, depending on the size of their dimensions and the water requirements for fields. The current paper shows how efficient water scheduling, regarding the delivering water from the main channel to laterals in consequent time slots, can be done by utilizing a genetic algorithm optimisation technique. This research is intended to be applied for scheduling the Shattulhilla River in Babylon City and has broad applications for open channel projects in Iraq. The obtained results clarify how the genetic algorithm optimisation modelling is a sophisticated tool which operators of irrigation projects could now utilize to timetable open channels of irrigation systems.
  •  
36.
  • Jasim, Ihsan Abbas, et al. (författare)
  • Geographically weighted regression model for physical, social, and economic factors affecting the COVID-19 pandemic spreading
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Nature. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 29:34, s. 51507-51520
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of the epidemic spread and the role of the physical, social, and economic characteristics in this spreading. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was built within a GIS environment using infection data monitored by the Iraqi Ministry of Health records for 10 months from March to December 2020. The factors adopted in this model are the size of urban interaction areas and human gatherings, movement level and accessibil-ity, and the volume of public services and facilities that attract people. The results show that it would be possible to deal with each administrative unit in proportion to its circumstances in light of the factors that appear in it. So, there will not be a single treatment for all areas with different urban characteristics, which sometimes helps not to stop social and economic life due to the imposition of a comprehensive ban on movement and activities. Therefore, there will be other supportive policies other than the ban, depending on the urban indicators for each region, such as reducing external movement from it or relying on preventing public activities only.
  •  
37.
  • Kadhim Al-lami, Ahmed, et al. (författare)
  • Using Vegetation Indices for monitoring the spread of Nile Rose plant in the Tigris River within Wasit province, Iraq
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 2352-9385. ; 22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Nile rose or water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an aquatic species threaten socio-economic and ecological systems, by invading freshwater ecosystems, affecting their productivity and functionality, as well as causing unfixable damage to key hydrological processes. Spectral signature differences can play a common role through using remote identification for these invasive plants, by using hyperspectral data, while many other studies showed that textural and phrenological differences are also can be considered as an effective strategy in this critical problem. New generation sensors like Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 sensors of recently launched crop with improved sensing characteristics, unlike the previous broadband multispectral sensors has been provided untapped prospective alternatives. New insights were introduced in the detecting, mapping, and monitoring the spread of Nile Rose aquatic plant in the Tigris River at Wasit province in Iraq which has caused damage to fishing nets and make it difficult for fishermen to paddle on the river. Vegetation indices have been used to assess the impacts on major socio-economic activities in the study area. Spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land imager OLI (acquired at 6 Oct 2016) was used to differentiate the spectral signature of the water hyacinth from other plants. These indices recorded the highest reflection of the Nile Rose plant relative to the rest of the plants. The result showed that the green Chlorophyll Index (CL Green) with overall accuracy of 89% which proved that this study has established a promising method for monitoring the invasion of the Nile Rose in the Tigris River to insure the availability of safe drinking water as a main source for the people such as in the study area nearby the part of Tigris River.
  •  
38.
  • Rasool, Mohammed Hamid, et al. (författare)
  • Estimation of Uplift Pressure Equation at Key Points under Floor of Hydraulic Structures
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1916. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Most of the hydraulic structures rest on an impervious foundation to reserve water at the upstream side. The water heads difference leads to water movement from the higher to the lower head through the porous soil layer beneath the foundation, generating an uplift pressure under the structure floor. In this study, a new method is presented to estimate the uplift pressures at key points by performing sub-surface flow analysis using the Analysis SYStem (ANSYS) software. Then a statistical analysis to validate the proposed equations is conducted using the SPSS software. The case study for this research is a barrage in Kufa city-Iraq. The used data to implement this study was water levels, soil permeability, and length of imperious foundation. The obtained results show good outcomes from using the proposed method to develop uplift pressure equations. The comparison of the current study results with Khosla’s equation showed good agreement where the coefficient of determination (R2) and the standard error of estimation (SEE) for the equations were between (99.9–97.8) and (0.024–0.11), respectively.
  •  
39.
  • Zubaidi, Salah L., et al. (författare)
  • Assessing the Benefits of Nature-Inspired Algorithms for the Parameterization of ANN in the Prediction of Water Demand
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of water resources planning and management. - : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 0733-9496 .- 1943-5452. ; 149:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Accurate forecasting techniques for a stochastic pattern of water demand are essential for any city that faces high variability in climate factors and a shortage of water resources. This study was the first research to assess the impact of climatic factors on urban water demand in Iraq, which is one of the hottest countries in the world. We developed a novel forecasting methodology that includes data preprocessing and an artificial neural network (ANN) model, which we integrated with a recent nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm [marine predators algorithm (MPA)]. The MPA-ANN algorithm was compared with four nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms. Nine climatic factors were examined with different scenarios to simulate the monthly stochastic urban water demand over 11 years for Baghdad City, Iraq. The results revealed that (1) precipitation, solar radiation, and dew point temperature are the most relevant factors; (2) the ANN model becomes more accurate when it is used in combination with the MPA; and (3) this methodology can accurately forecast water demand considering the variability in climatic factors. These findings are of considerable significance to water utilities in planning, reviewing, and comparing the availability of freshwater resources and increasing water requests (i.e., adaptation variability of climatic factors). 
  •  
40.
  • Abbas, Nahla, et al. (författare)
  • Flow Variation of the Major Tributaries of Tigris River Due to Climate Change
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 11:8, s. 437-442
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Iraq relies greatly  on  the  flow of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris Rivers  and  their tributaries. Five tributaries namely Khabour, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, AlAd- hiam  and  Daylia,  which  are  the  major  tributaries  of  Tigris  River,  sustain Northern  Iraq  Region,  a  semi-arid,  mainly  a  pastureland.  These  tributaries contribute about 24 km3  of water annually. The discharge in the tributaries, in recent  times,  has  been  suffering  increasing  variability  contributing  to  more severe droughts and floods apparently due to climate change. This is because there were no dams constructed outside Iraq previously. For an appropriate appreciation,  Soil  Water  Assessment Tool  (SWAT)  model  was used  to evaluate  the  impact  of  climate  change  on  their  discharge  for  a  half-centennial lead time to 2046-2064 and a centennial lead time to 2080-2100. The suitability of the model was first evaluated, and then, outputs from six GCMs were incorporated  to  evaluate  the  impacts  of  climate  change  on  water  resources under three emission scenarios: A1B, A2 and B1. The results showed that wa-ter resources are expected to decrease with time.
  •  
41.
  • Abdulredha, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • Electrochemical defluorination of water: an experimental and morphological study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 12:4, s. 394-404
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This experimental study concerns the elimination of fluoride from water using an electrocoagulation reactor having a variable flow direction in favour of increasing the electrolysing time, saving the reactor area, and water mixing. The detention time of the space-saver EC reactor (S-SECR) was measured and compared to the traditional reactors using an inert dye (red drain dye). Then, the influence of electrical current (1.5 ≤ δ ≤ 3.5 mA cm−2), pH of water (4 ≤ pH ≤ 10), and distance between electrodes (5 ≤ ϕ ≤ 15) on the defluoridation of water was analysed. The effect of the electrolysing activity on the electrodes' morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the operational cost was calculated. The results confirmed the removal of fluoride using S-SECR met the guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO) for fluoride levels in drinking water of ≤1.5 mg/L. S-SECR abated fluoride concentration from 20 mg/L to the WHO's guideline at δ, ϕ, pH, operational cost, and power consumption of 2.5 mA cm−2, 5 mm, 7, 0.346 USD m−3, and 5.03 kWh m−3, respectively. It was also found the S-SECR enhanced the detention time by 190% compared to the traditional reactors. The appearance of dents and irregularities on the surface of anodes in the SEM images proves the electrolysing process.
  •  
42.
  • Adamo, Nasrat, et al. (författare)
  • Virtual Water Trade and Food Security for Iraq
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 15:7, s. 417-430
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Iraq depends on its water resources from the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. Now, the flow of these rivers is decreasing, and Iraq is experiencing a water shortage problem. The situation is expected to be graver in the future if no action is considered. It is expected that the population will be about 70 million in 2050 and about 90 million in 2070. In such a case, thus, the quantities of water available in the future will not besufficient to produce most of the requirements of food security, whether that be from agricultural or animal products. To overcome this problem, water management planning should be based on scientific background to overcome the present and expected problems. One of the main factors to be considered should be based on scientific studies of the virtual water footprint of different food crops to provide the largest possible amount of virtual water and avoid the acute shortage of its national water from surface and ground irrigation water (blue water) and rainwater (green water), in addition to working hard to provide the largest possible amount of desalinated water and refined sewage (gray water). In addition, any strategic plan for sustainable development in the country must be comprehensive so that it is not satisfied with improving the situation in the field of food security related to water security, but rather among its other elements is community development that directly affects food security, including setting policies to reduce consumption by reducing the steady increase in population where the population rate is 2.97% now. Collective awareness and guidance programs in all the fields of water and food security are very important to be adopted, so that everyone knows that the issue of food security and what derives from it are an existential issue related to the survival of Iraq as a state and people. In this research, facts are stated so that action is to be considered to minimize the water shortage problem. The new strategic water resources management plan is to be adopted that considers existing and future expected problems.
  •  
43.
  • Al Amli, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Repairing of RC T-Section Beams with Opening by CFRP for Cracks and Ultimate Torque
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. - : David Publishing Company. - 1934-7359 .- 1934-7367. ; 12, s. 83-90
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The repair of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) is experimentally investigated in this study. The four T-section reinforced reactive powder concrete beams with many locations of circular opening were repaired by CFRP and investigated under pure torsion. The repairing beams were tested to obtain the effect of the amount of CFRP laminate on beams cracking and ultimate torque behavior, angle of twist and failure modes. The results obtained from the adopted repairing technique showed a significant effect of external high strength CFRP laminates on effectively restore of section solid of 85% of crack torsional strength effectively restored. In addition, the results show that effectively restoring of section opening by 82%-80% of crack torsional strength, and the adopted repairing technique gives a good strength to the beams.
  •  
44.
  • Al Amli, Ali Sabah Ahmed, et al. (författare)
  • Behavior of Repairing Composite I-SectionBeams with Opening under Ultimate Torque
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10:4, s. 202-214
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An experimental study was conducted to investigate the behavior of composite concrete beams damaged and cracked under pure torsion, and then repaired by external strengthening. This was achieved using high strength Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates bonded with epoxy four composite modify reactive powder concrete (MRPC) I-beams. Different types of section (Solid & with opening) were tested to obtain the effect of amount of CFRP laminate on beams ultimate torque behavior, angle of twist and failure modes. The results obtained showed that a significant effect of external high strength CFRP laminates on effectively restore of section solid, the range of 89.8% to 91.2% of ultimate torsional strength effectively restored as well as effectively restoring of section opening by 83.48% - 86.67% of ultimate torsional strength. The repaired beams give high efficiency in ultimate torsional strength, and indicate that the adopted technique gives a good torsional strength.
  •  
45.
  • al Amli, Ali Sabah, et al. (författare)
  • Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with effect of Stiffened Plates
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Civil Engineering Journal. - Iran : Salehan Institute of Higher Education. - 2676-6957 .- 2476-3055. ; 5:12, s. 2569-2578
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study presents experimental work including an investigation conducted on five simply supported reinforced concrete beams under pure torsion. First beam without strengthening as a control beam. The other four beams were strengthened externally by bolted thin steel plates. For this test the load was applied gradually. The torque was increased gradually up to failure of the beam.  The variables were the thickness and height of the steel plate that was externally connected to both sides  of the  rectangular  reinforced  concrete  beam.  The  test  results  for  the  beams  discussed  are  based  on  torque-twist behavior. The experimental results show that the attachment of thin steel plates by mechanical means to beams provides a considerable improvement in the torsional behavior of the reinforced concrete beams. Comparable to the reference beam, the maximum increase in the cracking and the ultimate torque of the composite beam was recorded for the reinforced concrete  beam  that  strengthen  by  steel  plate  of  150  mm  height,  2  mm  thickness  and  50  mm  spacing  between  shear connectors (B1). The results revealed that the cracking torque, ultimate torque, global stiffness of beam and beam ductility for all composite beams increase with the increase of the plate's thickness, plate's height.
  •  
46.
  • Al Amli, Ali Sabah, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical simulation of behaviour of reinforced concrete bars in saturated soil using theoretical models
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. - Malaysia : School of Engineering. Taylor’s University. - 1823-4690. ; 15:1, s. 392-405
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study presents a nonlinear analysis for square reinforced concrete (RC) foundation slab with bars used with both unsaturated and saturated soils in order to investigate, which response is affected by loading. Different parametric studies are undertaken in this study to determine the effect of load-displacement relationships for RC member or foundation with different cases such as (the distance of bars, diameters of bars reinforcement, types of reinforcement bars steel bars and geogrid reinforcement, yield stress for reinforcement and modulus of elasticity with compressive strength for concrete). A finite element model by ABAQUS software program is used to predict the load versus vertical displacement response of the tested RC foundations with soil by using other researchers´ experimental results. The present finite element models account for the constituent load-displacement behaviour between the RC foundations with soil and the effective load. The numerical results were compared with the experimental results obtained from other research, and good correlations were obtained. The models developed in this study can accurately capture the behaviour and predict the load-displacement of RC foundation with soil. This study shows that geogrid reinforcement enhanced the capacity of the foundation or member when used with different ratios of steel bars in soil and this provides a sustainable solution by reducing steel reinforcement. This geogrid ratio the reinforcement, while the member in saturated soilis less strong than it when in unsaturated soil.
  •  
47.
  • Al Amli, Ali Sabah, et al. (författare)
  • Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Normal Strength Concrete and Reactive powder Concrete Eccentrically Loaded Frames
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Technology Reports of Kansai University. - Japan : Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University. - 0453-2198. ; 62:3, s. 199-210
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of repeated load on reinforced concrete beam-column connections. Eight specimens were adopted in this investigation; four specimens were poured with normal strength concrete, and other four specimens were poured with reactive powder concrete. The frames dimensions are constant; 280 mm and 200mm of beam height and width respectively with 1000mm beam length and 200mm square column with 700mm height. The load was applied at mid-span and at a distance 150mm from the mid-span of beam. The reduction in frame capacity reached to 53.3% due to eccentricity. All tested specimens were failed at cycle 5 with different load level; . the decrease in stiffness of cyclically loaded frames of normal strength concrete was higher than that of reactive powder concrete frames. The deflections of cyclically loaded frames higher than that of statically loaded frames. In brief, the frames with eccentrically and cyclically loading give lowest ultimate strength, first crack load and stiffness with highest deflections.
  •  
48.
  • Al Amli, Ali Sabah, et al. (författare)
  • Study Numerical Simulation of Stress-Strain Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Bar in Soil using Theoretical Models
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Civil Engineering Journal. - Iran : C EJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2476-3055. ; 11:5, s. 2349-2358
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Nonlinear analysis for reinforced concrete members (R.C.) with two types of bars also with unsaturated and saturated soils was used to represent the models. To control the corrosion in the steel bar that used in R.C. member and decrease the cost, the geogrid with steel bar reinforcement are taken in this study to determine the effect of load-deflection and stress-strain relationships. The finite element method is used to model the R.C. member, bars and soil. A three-dimensional finite element model by ABAQUS version 6.9 software program is used to predict the load versus deflection and stress versus strain response with soil. The results for the model in this study are compared with the experimental results from other research, and the results are very good. Therefore, it was concluded that the models developed in this study can accurately capture the behavior and predict the load-carrying capacity of such R.C. members with soil and the maximum stresses with strains. The results show plastic strain values in the R.C. member with saturated soil are larger than their values in unsaturated soil about (54%, 58%, and 55% and 52%) when the geogrid ratios are (without geogrid, 60%, 40% and 20%) respectively, with the same values of stresses.
  •  
49.
  • Al-Anbari, Mohammad A., et al. (författare)
  • Landfill Site Selection by Weighted OverlayTechnique : Case Study of Al-Kufa, Iraq
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Sustainability. - Switzerland : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 10:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Landfill siting is a hard and complex process. For this reason, it is considered as one of the major problems in waste management. This is due to the fact that a number of factors are involved within the process such as such as inhabitants’ growth, rapid economic growth, living standards improvements, etc. In Iraq, landfill siting does not follow environmental regulations. Al-Kufa city located is located south-western part of Iraq (area of 550 km2 and inhabitants 372,760). Existing landfills are not selected according to the environmental standards. Landfill site that is required was achieved using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and spatial overlay analysis using a geographic information system (GIS). Many factors were considered in the siting process; including geology, water supplies resources, urban centers, sensitive sites, and wells. AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method was used in weighting the criteria used. The result showed that there are six sites most suitable covering an area about (113) km2.
  •  
50.
  • Al-Anbari, Mohammad, et al. (författare)
  • Estimation of Domestic Solid Waste Amount and Its Required Landfill Volume in Najaf Governorate-Iraq for the Period 2015-2035
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:6, s. 339-346
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solid waste management is one of the most important challenges facing the local administration in the governorate of Najaf. This paper investigates the domestic amount generated in Najaf gover- norate for period 2015-2035 and the required landfill volume for the disposal of the waste. The daily per capita waste generation in Al-Najaf is 0.42 kg, the humidity content about 43% and the ound 473 kg/m3. The total amount was about 5,914,415 ton and the required landfill volume is 11,828,829 m3.
  •  
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