| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Avslutning
- 2011. - 1
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Ingår i: Vinddriven kriminalitet på en vinddriven marknad. - Borås : Recito förlag. - 9789175170671 ; , s. 206-213
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Corporate crime: a logical misconception, but with one analytical point
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Financial Crime. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1359-0790 .- 1758-7239. ; 27:4, s. 1213-1220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1988, Donald Cressey published a previously overlooked article. According to Cressey, therewas a lack in the agenda of corporate crime research concerning theory and conceptual precision of whatexactly the scientific object was and how it could reinforce the understanding of white-collar criminality.Cressey stated the idea that afictitious person, such as a corporation, upon which were bestowed propertiessuch as a will of its own (intentions and motivations) and a consciousness to act morally and ethically have aresponsibility to follow the order of law, leds to a fundamental theoretical problem in terms of discovering thecauses of crimes committed by such afictitious person. I follow this line of thought about the arguments madeby representatives of corporate crime. Specifically, I follow the concept of“decoupling,”by using varioustechniques of formal logic. The conclusion is that the concept of corporate crime is a logical contradiction (aneternal false statement), but the research has one analytical point which must be incorporated into theresearch of white-collar criminality: how structural conditions of a corporation’s policy and strategy“produce”or influence the individuals within the corporation to make decisions. The aim of the paper is toprove on logical grounds that the direction of research on corporate crime is on the wrong track tofind thetruth (basic elements and mechanisms) about white-collar crime.
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| 7. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Crime prevention in terms of criminal intent criteria in white-collar crime : a propositional analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Financial Crime. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1359-0790 .- 1758-7239. ; 25:3, s. 838-844
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PurposeIn the field of crime prevention there are several theoretical approaches explaining why crime occurs and how to prevent it. Three of them – routine activity theory, crime pattern theory and the theory of crime-as-choice – are logically tested in this work. The point of departure is to test if the theories are logical consistent and logical valid, irrespective of whether the criterion for criminal intent is changed from direct intention to negligence.Design/methodology/approachThe issues will be explored in a logical structure by a first-order logic propositional analysis.FindingsThe analysis shows that all three theories are logical consistent, but only routine activity theory is logical valid. The conclusion is that crime prevention should in general assume that routine activity theory is the legitimate theory and that social prevention as a prevention strategy is logically unnecessary to adopt because it does not matter whether the offender is motivated (direct intention) or not (negligence).Practical implicationsIt does not really matter if the authors theoretically treat white-collar offenders as motivated, because if they have committed an actus reus, they are an offender according to the objective requisites. This means that the best strategies to prevent a potential white-collar criminal are situational prevention, i.e. complicate their access to money, where it becomes irrelevant if the potential offender has a mens rea or not. What counts is the prevention of actus reus by a potential offender.Originality/valueAs far as I know, no one has previously investigated the logical consistency and/or logical validity of routine activity theory, crime pattern theory and the theory of crime-as-choice as theories of crime prevention.
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| 8. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Den tornedalska identiteten : en klasslogisk analys
- 2019
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Ingår i: Tornionlaakson vuosikirja 2018-2019. - Haparanda : Tornedalsrådet/Nordkalottens kultur- och forskningscentrum. ; , s. 136-142
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Economic Crime : Does Personality Matter
- 2003
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Ingår i: International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology. - 0306-624X .- 1552-6933. ; 47:3, s. 335-355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the publication of Edwin Sutherland's classical study, White Collar Crime, personality has been treated as completely irrelevant as a cause or as a correlating variable in studies of economic crime. This article questions that thesis. In an ongoing Swedish project studying economic crime in the areas of construction, engineering, and the music industry, 128 informants were interviewed regarding the personal character of the economic criminal compared to that of the law-abiding businessperson. Data were collected from five different regions in Sweden using the Big Five model, the personality model most often used within the field of personality research today. This article compares the results from the interviews with the few international studies that exist regarding economic crimes in these areas and common results are emphasized. It also presents nuanced analyses of the significance of personality in economic crime.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Identitet och identitetspolitik hos tornedalingar
- 2019
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Ingår i: Tornionlaakson vuosikirja 2018-2019. - Haparanda : Tornedalsrådet/Nordkalottens kultur- och forskningscentrum. ; , s. 118-127
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 16. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Integrated criminology and biological related criminology facing white collar crime
- 2015. - 1
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Ingår i: Advances in Criminology Research. - New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. - 9781634831802 ; , s. 41-72
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the last two decades the rise of integrated approaches and biosocial approaches has given criminology a fresh theoretical and empirical approach. However, a full scale integration of these two approaches has not come to a conclusion over the etiological question of what forms the criminal mind. The aim of this article is to give an argument whereby the agenda of white collar crime research can be developed by a synthesis of integrated and biosocial factors. The argument takes its standpoint in one of the recent theories on white collar crime research today, the crime-as-choice theory by Shover, Hochstetler & Alalehto (2012). The theory proposes an integrated model of factors working on different levels. For example, the linkage between lacks of credible oversight on aggregated level, the existence of a crime-facilitative culture on organizational level, and propensities towards aggressiveness, thrill-seeking, resilience, and entitlement on individual level. However, as a typical social scientific theory the crime-as-choice theory lacks a complete etiological argument behind its proposed proximate causality. I elaborate upon the etiological concepts from the fields of evolutionary theory, biosocial criminology and institutional theory to exemplify how the crime-as-choice theory can get an even more coherent structure between ultimate and proximate causes.
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| 17. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduktion
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk brottslighet. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144102245 ; , s. 9-24
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 18. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduktion
- 2011. - 1
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Ingår i: Vinddriven kriminalitet på en vinddriven marknad. - Borås : Recito förlag. - 9789175170671 ; , s. 9-23
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 19. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Ivar Kreuger : An International Swindler of Magnitude
- 2014
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Ingår i: Radical Criminology. - Vancouver. - 1929-7904. ; :3, s. 47-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This essay discusses the case of Ivar Kreuger, the founder of Kreuger & Toll Inc. (a Swedish match conglomerate), known as the “Match King”. After his death in 1932, Kreuger was accused of falsifying accounts, forging documents and concealing a misappropriation of funds of a massive scale in the USA and Europe during the 1920s. The aim of this study is to explore the case of Ivar Kreuger and the business world of which he belonged, from a perspective of critical criminology, and mainly a left realist viewpoint. Using an integrative approach by combining data on an institutional, organizational and individual level, the essay will explore the case as a rather typical phenomenon within a capitalistic economy, despite its extreme outcome. It was the combination of a culture which bred monopolistic endeavors in business, together with an autocratic style of leadership and an ego which was intent on conquering, which lead to one of the worst known swindles in the history of white collar crime.
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| 20. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Kartellbrottslighetens moraliska ekonomi
- 2020
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Denna rapport undersöker hur gränslinjen mellan legalt/illegalt och moraliskt/-omoraliskt, återspeglar sig hos allmänheten gällande kartellbrottslighet. Utöver denna frågeställning undersöks hur allmänheten ser på påföljdssystemets hårdhets-grad (för sträng –för slapp) och verkansgrad (effektiv –ineffektiv). Den kartellbrot-tslighet som avses är horisontella karteller. Utgångspunkten är att gränslinjen mellan legalt/illegalt och moraliskt/omoraliskt går mellan ”male in se” och ”mala prohibita”. Den grundläggande frågan i detta fall blir vilken moralisk värdering allmänheten har av ett beteende som formellt är olagligt, det vill säga ifall man har väldigt liten förståelse för ett brott och anser att beteendet är förkastligt (till exempelvåldtäkt) eller ifall man har en större förståelse för brottet även om den är formellt sett är förbjuden (exempelvis skattebrott). I det första fallet är beteendet oförståelig, moraliskt sett, medan den i det andra fallet kan vara förståeligt.Litteraturgenomgången pekar på att denna fråga kan ses utifrån ett politiskt pers-pektiv. Forskare med ett vänsterperspektiv har menat att kartellbrottslighet är ett ”male in se” eftersom den påstås dränera arbetarklassens välfärdsresurser. Ett resonemang som konservativt inriktade forskare delar i det att kartell är ett norm-brott mot den etablerade traditionen av fri konkurrens mellan företag och ett brott mot fysisk person (konsument, företagare, myndighetsperson) som försöker leva upp till den reglering som finns inom området). Mot detta har liberalt sinnade forskare istället hävdat en mjukare linje av ”mala prohibita”. Utifrån sitt försvar av marknadens valfrihet har man generellt avvisat lagföringsvägen,istället har man föreslagit att samverka och informera mellan myndighet, individ/företag/bransch och på det sättet hoppas på en självreglerande effekt av kartellbrottsligheten.Utifrån litteraturöversikten om kartellbrottslighet har fyra hypoteser härletts:H 1: Allmänheten har mycket låg till ingen egen erfarenhet av kartellbrotts-lighet, i motsats till lågprofilerade ekobrott såsom bedrägeri, förskingring, skattebrott, beroende på att allmänheten får sin information om kartellbrotts-lighet genom media.H2: Allmänheten kommer att uppfatta kartellbrottslighet som ett oärligt och skadligt beteende, men långt ifrån alltid ett brottsligt beteende. Och under vissa omständigheter som ett moraliskt behjärtansvärt beteende även om det är principiellt olagligt.H 3: Allmänheten kommer att uppfatta kartellbrottslighet som något som bör bestraffas med skam såsom offentlig publicering av namn och företag eller administrativt förlagda böter som överstiger personens/företagets vinst av det brottsliga beteendet.H 4: Denförhandlingsprincip där en av kartellaktörerna samarbetar med myndighet (eftergiftsprogram) i syfte att slippa bestraffning, kommer att få ett lågt stöd hos allmänheten (under 20 procent).Data för undersökningen utgörs av en enkät som skickades ut till 5000 slump-mässigt utvalda svenskar våren 2019. Sammanlagt svarade 1 857 individer på enkäten, vilket ger en svarsfrekvens på 37 procent.Resultaten visar att 80 procent uppfattar kartellbrottslighet som olagligt medan 20 procent inte gör det. Till detta kan läggas att ytterligare 37 procent anser att kartell-brottslighet kan anses vara moraliskt behjärtansvärt. Av denna grupp på samman-lagt 57 procent (20 procent anser att det är lagligt, 37 procent att det är moraliskt behjärtansvärt) så är kvinnor och singlar överrepresenterade. Det finns också en utbildningseffekt. De med grundskola som högsta utbildningsnivå tenderar att se karteller som olagliga men att de kan vara moraliskt behjärtansvärda jämfört med de som har gymnasium eller högskola som högsta utbildningsnivå.När det gäller resultaten kring bestraffning av kartelldrivande företag anser över 60procent att bötesstraff är det mest relevanta straffet. Ungefär 20 procent anser atten varning från till exempel Konkurrensverket borde vara tillräckligt, medan tioprocent anser att stigmatisering är det mest rimliga straffet. I motsats till dessa tycker ca sju procent att de inte förtjänar något straff alls. Reducerar man frågan från företagsnivå till företagsledning så framträder en liknande bild: om företaget straffas med i huvudsak böter så kan ledningen straffas via förbud mot att inneha en ansvarig ställning i företag (drygt 37 procent) och/eller böter för den individ som är ansvarig för kartellen (drygt 33 procent). En mindre andel anser att de ansvariga ska stigmatiseras (drygt 11 procent). Slutligen anser ca 17 procent att ansvariga personer för kartellen ska placeras i fängelse.När det gäller synen på eftergiftsprogram så anser ungefär fem procent att kartell-verksamma företag, som samarbetar med kontrollerande myndighet för att avslöja kartellen, skall frias helt och hållet. Drygt 13 procent finner det skäligt att företaget åtminstone namnges offentligt medan de andra företagen straffas hårdare. Drygt 32procent anser dock att det måste till ett hårdare straff för det samarbetande företaget, medan de andra företagen ska fällas något hårdare. Den största andelen, nästan hälften, anser dock att det inte finns någon skillnad. Brott är brott och måste straffas likvärdigt oavsett om man samarbetar ellerinte.Slutligen kan vi också konstatera att samtliga hypoteser bekräftas i undersökning-en, vilket tyder på att det svenska materialet inte skiljer sig från annat västeuro-peiskt material. Skillnaden i åsikter finns istället inom länderna och baserar sig mer på demografiska faktorer än kontextuella faktorer.
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| 21. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Kausalitet inom samhällsvetenskapen : en fallstudie av nazistiska partiframgångar i Tärendö kommun
- 2018
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Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift. - Lund : Fahlbeckska stiftelsen. - 0039-0747. ; 120:1, s. 33-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Syftet är att diskutera kausalitet inom samhällsvetenskapen. Mer specifikt, kausalitet som relationen mellan nödvändiga och tillräckliga villkor i syfte att härleda varför A, B, C…..n orsakar Z. Artikeln tar sin empiriska utgångspunkt i kommunalvalet i Tärendö 1934 där det nazistiska partiet erhöll hela 30,8 procent av väljarna gentemot de omkringliggande kommunerna där partiet erhöll mindre än 4 procent. Den analytiska utgångspunkten är nödvändiga och tillräckliga villkor bakom en historisk händelse, den så kallade INUS-modellen, härledd genom ett antal formallogiska regler (framför allt regeln om kontraposition). Resultatet är att i Tärendö fanns ett antal samhällsbärande personer (kronojägare, provinsialläkare, präst och några större bönder) som bar upp det nazistiska budskapets trovärdighet till skillnad mot omkringliggande samhällen. Samt att det inte fanns något etablerat socialdemokratiskt alternativ, förutom ett kommunistiskt parti, och försvagade borgerliga partialternativ i Tärendö som bildade ett värn mot nazismen till skillnad mot omkringliggande samhällen.
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| 22. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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KNAPSU
- 2014
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Ingår i: Tornionlaakson vuosikirja 2013-2014. - : Tornedalsrådet Nordkalottens kultur- och forskningscentrum. ; , s. 30-42
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 23. |
- Alalehto, Tage, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring trust in the police by contextual and individual factors
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 46, s. 31-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigate if procedural justice and police competence affects trust in the police independent on the level of perception of corruption, and whether the impact of procedural justice and police competence varies due to perception of corruption. The data used is European Social Survey round 5 (2010), containing 24 countries. To separate individual effects from aggregate effects we used multilevel analyses. The results show that procedural justice and police efficiency are of importance for trust in the police independent of the perception of corruption. But the results also show that the impact of both procedural justice and police competence varies due to the level of perception of corruption. The conclusion is therefore that the fight against corruption must be prioritized to increase trust in the police.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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När kom kapitalismen till Tornedalen?
- 2019
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Ingår i: ARKIV. Tidskrift för samhällsanalys. - : Arkiv förlag & tidskrift. - 2000-6225 .- 2000-6217. ; :10, s. 87-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tage Alalehto undersöker i denna artikel när kapitalismen kom till Tornedalen. Han utgår från lokalhistoriska källor om specifika byar i Tornedalen samt offentlig historisk statistik över hur avsättning, omsättning och vinst har utvecklats inom sektorerna jordbruk, skogsbruk och offentliga tjänster. Den bild som framträder är att en omfattande självhushållningsekonomi var dominerande långt in på 1900-talet. Ett mått av kapitalistisk produktion förekom inom skogsbruket mellan 1950- och 1980-talet, men som en följd av 1950-talets strukturomvandling, rationaliseringarna inom skogsbruket samt en frånvarande industristruktur i övrigt ersattes arbetsmarknaden till viss del av kommunala och statliga tjänster. I det stora hela blev dock Tornedalen en avfolkningsbygd. Arbetskraften sökte sig till andra regioner, så att Tornedalen kom att fungera som en geografisk arbetskraftsreserv.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Alalehto, Tage
(författare)
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Skolan i Båtskärsnäs och Karlsborg
- 2004
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Ingår i: Organisering och disciplinering.. - : Books-on-Demand, Visby. - 9163161052 ; , s. 211-247
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Alalehto, Tage
(författare)
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Teknik och konflikt : LKAB 1946-1987
- 1992
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines the connection between technological dependence of mankind and its attitudes towards it. The issue is to what extent technological change in the workplace is a generator of conflict or a creator of consensus?The subject of the study is the Swedish mining company LKAB during the period 1946-1987. The case study concentrates on the approaches to new technology by the local union leadership and the LKAB company management.The analysis is carried out through a classification scheme over job- functions, divided into four functional categories. The classification is ranging from manually inclined work on the end to highly automized work on the other pole. The results show a clear and unquestionable development of mechanization. At the next level of analysis the focus is on approaches and ways of relating mechanization by the two parties took on the question, and how this influenced the relationships between the two parties. The final results show that technological change in general is a creator of consensus. However, at the same time, technological change is an unequeal process because the company commands control over three kinds of power resources; ownership, the legislative right of paragraph 32 and the monopoly of technological expertis. Organized labour can only try to attain technological knowledge and high levels of worker support.
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| 31. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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The Act of Economic Crime : The Logic of Dirty Business and Normative Restrictions in the Swedish Restaurant Industry
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1404-3858 .- 1651-2340. ; 1:2, s. 156-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do respected businessmen get involved in economic crime? This is the classic question posed by researchers of economic crime. In this article both the economic and normative conditions on how it is to run a business are described, exemplified by data from the Swedish restaurant industry. The data were collected through semistructured interviews from 119 restaurateurs and 12 authority representatives. The data are interpreted with three hypotheses as guidelines: the hypothesis of 'differential association', the hypothesis of 'cross-pressure' and the hypothesis of 'the first generation of immigrants', which was formulated as a consequence of Merton's 'strain theory'.
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| 32. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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The logic of agency or the logic of structure in the concept of white collar crime : a review
- 2018
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Ingår i: Crime, law and social change. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 0925-4994 .- 1573-0751. ; 69:3, s. 385-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 60s the white collar crime concept is divided in occupational crime versus corporate crime, exposing two different causal primacy: an agency logic and a structural logic. The logic of agency argues that corporate crime concept and the logic of structure is more or less useless for white collar crime research. The logic of structure argues that corporate crime has a validity in its own and describe a dimension of white collar criminality that the logic of agency doesn’t reach. The validity of this two positions is discussed by four crucial issues: The status of juristic persona, explanatory value, mens rea and suffering by punishment. It ends up in a Soritie paradox to which a three valued formal logic by the Stoicists Chrysippus is applied. The conclusion is that the logic of agency has the primacy, and the concept of occupational crime should be the prime concept for white collar crime.
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| 33. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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The Origin of White Collar Criminality? : Exploring a Gene x Environment Interaction Hypothesis
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. - : Lifescience Global. - 1929-4409. ; 7, s. 196-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim for this article is the elementary question: why does white collar criminals become white collar criminals? The answer is a hypothetical syllogistic constructed hypothesis for further empirical exploration in the agenda. The hypothesis takes its point of departure in biosocial criminology, especially the gene-environment interplay, focused on white collar criminality. The hypothesis proposes a link between criminal attitudes and criminal behavior based on how biological (e.g. intergenerational heredity, MAO-A), neurological (e.g. executive functioning, cortical thickness) and social-psychological/sociological factors (e.g. peer-group, rationalizations, social stress, loss of class status) correlates to each other as a system of mechanisms.
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| 34. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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The Psychology Behind Tax Crime : An Evolutionary And Game Theoretical Scenario
- 2012
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Ingår i: Competitiveness. - : Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. - 9781613244159 ; , s. 47-57
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article explores the relation between the willingness of corporate entrepreneurs to pay taxes and the impersonal demand of the tax authority upon corporate owners to fulfil the tax system. The relationship is discussed from a modern evolutionary and game theoretical standpoint including concepts as inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, prisoner’s dilemma, tit-for-tat, etc. The application of this theoretical model shows how entrepreneurs are willing to pay unselfish taxes if the taxes are distributed for community expenses such as schools, medical care, etc. and/or if they receive some direct tribute for their corporate activity, such as extra personnel provided by unemployment offices and paid for by the tax system. If entrepreneurs do not trust that the tax system will be used in either of these two forms, they are likely to feel that their resources are being confiscated. They can then logically - from evolutionary and game theoretical standpoints - evade taxes because they view themselves as cheated by an impersonal tax system.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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The roots of modern white-collar crime : does the modern form of white-collar crime have its foundation in the transition from a society dominated by agriculture to one dominated by industry?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Critical Criminology. - : Springer. - 1205-8629 .- 1572-9877. ; 17:3, s. 183-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present paper is to investigate whether the process of transition from an agricultural to an industrial society was a watershed for white-collar crime, such that this type of crime increased rapidly in connection with the industrialization process. The theoretical reasoning behind this notion is that the transition process promoted a mentality characterized by self-centered values and a culture of competitiveness, which together paved the way for fraud perpetrated at the expense of others. The data are from Statistic Sweden’s historical records and cover the period of 1864–1912. Since there is no way to measure all crimes that can be defined as white collar crime, we have used bankruptcy offences as an example of white collar crime. The results do not support the notion that the transition period from an agricultural to an industrial society showed an increase in bankruptcy offences. Instead, the results show that when fluctuations in the economy are taken into account, the industrialization process per se entailed less bankruptcy offences. On the other hand, other research using the case of Sweden has shown that it was first after World War II that bankruptcy offences increased rapidly. Our argument is that the transition process as a structural mechanism had a greater impact on bankruptcy offences when industrialized capitalism became advanced.
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| 37. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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The Sutherland tradition in criminology : a bibliometric story
- 2013
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Ingår i: Criminal justice studies. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 1478-601X .- 1478-6028. ; 26:1, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we provide an overview of the body of knowledge associated with the Sutherland tradition in criminology. We track Sutherland's impact through a bibliometric analysis of papers citing any of Sutherland's works and by focusing on publications that are co-cited with Sutherland. This approach enables us to visualize Sutherland's role in relation to the forerunners and founding fathers of criminology during his own active period, to his followers, and to contemporary scholars. The dataset consisted of 2596 genuine articles that cite at least one of Sutherland's publications, in which he appears as first author in Web of Science TM published between 1955 and 2010. The results show a clear impact of the Sutherland tradition more or less throughout the twentieth century, peaking during the 1930s and 1940s and decreasing in the 1990s, when the Sutherland tradition was more powerfully challenged, primarily by the life-course tradition.
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| 38. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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The wealthy white-collar criminals : corporations as offenders
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Financial Crime. - : Emerald. - 1359-0790 .- 1758-7239. ; 17:3, s. 308-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to map out the corporate criminality among the 70 top-ranked corporations in the Swedish business world. It aims to identify properties common for companies that get a decision by a regulatory agency and which kind of properties there are when the regulatory agency goes to a decision. Design/methodology/approach – Data on decisions taken against violation (criminal, civil, or administrative) collected from annual reports (1999-2008) presented on the internet by eight regulatory agencies in Sweden. The corporations collected by the internet site “largest companies” and the Swedish business magazine Affärsvärlden (World of Business). The analysis of data were worked out by cross tab, designed as analysis of covariation between one independent variable to one dependent variable, or two or more independent variables (were one or more of them were held invariant to each other) to one dependent variable. Findings – Approximately, 60 companies (85.7 per cent) had at least one decision against them during the period 1999-2008, and 28 companies had more than five decisions (court, administrative law, objection or settlement) against them, which means that 40 per cent of the whole sample performed a carrier criminality. Among the variables, low profitability, interior business, and to some degree, management control tend to covary with some or all kinds of decisions given by the regulatory agencies. Originality/value – The paper provides the field of white-collar crime an investigation of corporations as offenders from the Swedish horizon. It provides regulatory agencies with a model of the causality behind the decisions against a corporation.
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| 39. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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Trafficking in the Northern Countries : Eastern Prostitution from Russia to Sweden and Finland
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1404-3858 .- 1651-2340. ; 3:1, s. 96-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trafficking is a relatively new phenomenon in the research agenda on organized crime. In this article the spread of the phenomenon in Scandinavia is described and discussed. Special attention has been given to Russian-organized prostitution in the Tornio Valley (the borderarea between northern Finland and northern Sweden). The data for the article consist of observations at special 'deposit-sites' in Finland and interviews with the authorities concerned (police, customs, social services, Center for Disease Control (CDC), etc.) in Sweden, and also newspaper articles that have reported on the phenomenon. The methological projection of the article is exploratory in character with the purpose of describing the phenomenon, rather than being able to explain it. The results show that there is an organized trade in women in the Tornio Valley (set rendezvous points, pick-up sites, transport via Russian-registered minivans etc). Despite this the phenomenon cannot be tied conclusively to Russian-organized crime. One conclusion is that further research on this phenomenon should gather information from the Russian authorities and from the prostitutes themselves.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Alalehto, Tage, et al.
(författare)
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Vem är den ekonomiske brottslingen? : En jämförelse mellan länder och brottstyper
- 2012
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 49:1, s. 25-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Who is the economic criminal? A comparison between countries and types of crime In white collar crime research two particularly competing definitions (Sutherland versus the Revisionists) have dominated the field during the last two decades. Sutherland’s definition states that the sociodemographic profile is homogeneous (entrepreneur with high education and high or regular income), despite type of white collar crime or context. The definition given by the Revisionists states that white collar criminals’ demographic profile is heterogeneous (everyone can be convicted for white collar crime). As a consequence of this divided definitional approach we have a contradictive outcome of who the white collar criminal is. Our purpose is to investigate the qualification of the two definitions by analyzing heterogeneity/ homogeneity based on crime type and national context. The investigation is based on seven countries from the EES 2004 (European Social Survey). We use four types of crime. The results show a rather homogeneous demographic profile but there is also a certain substantial heterogeneity depending on kinds of crime and context. The results altogether indicate that the Revisionists’ definition is more correct in its description of the white collar criminal than Sutherland’s definition. The demographic profile of the white collar criminal seems to be more complex than a profile confined to just one social category would be and the contextual factor has an impact on the variety of the demographic profile. An important task for future research is to hold the door open for further demographic investigations depending on the type of crime and country that the study is based on.
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| 42. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
-
Vem är den ekonomiske brottslingen? En jämförelse mellan länder och brottstyper : [Who is the economic criminal? A comparison between countries and types of crime]
- 2012
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 49:1, s. 25-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Who is the economic criminal? A comparison between countries and types of crime In white collar crime research two particularly competing definitions (Sutherland versus the Revisionists) have dominated the field during the last two decades. Sutherland's definition states that the sociodemographic profile is homogeneous (entrepreneur with high education and high or regular income), despite type of white collar crime or context. The definition given by the Revisionists states that white collar criminals' demographic profile is heterogeneous (everyone can be convicted for white collar crime). As a consequence of this divided definitional approach we have a contradictive outcome of who the white collar criminal is. Our purpose is to investigate the qualification of the two definitions by analyzing heterogeneity/homogeneity based on crime type and national context. The investigation is based on seven countries from the EES 2004 (European Social Survey). We use four types of crime. The results show a rather homogeneous demographic profile but there is also a certain substantial heterogeneity depending on kinds of crime and context. The results altogether indicate that the Revisionists' definition is more correct in its description of the white collar criminal than Sutherland's definition. The demographic profile of the white collar criminal seems to be more complex than a profile confined to just one social category would be and the contextual factor has an impact on the variety of the demographic profile. An important task for future research is to hold the door open for further demographic investigations depending on the type of crime and country that the study is based on.
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| 43. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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When white collar criminals turn to fatal violence : the impact of narcissism and psychopathy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 15:2, s. 215-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present article takes as its point of departure Perri's view, according to whom the impact of personality traits such as psychopathy and narcissism has unduly been omitted in research on white collar criminality. However, this article argues that although such factors have an important role to play in some cases when white collar criminals turn violent in order to prevent the detection of their felonies, they constitute neither the necessary nor the sufficient conditions for white collar criminals to commit murders. This means on the one hand that, although potentially increasing the risk for violence, these traits are not by themselves sufficient as the triggers of violent acts and can function so only under certain social‐contextual circumstances. However, such personality traits are not by themselves necessary, as there can be empirical cases of fraud detection murder committed by white collar criminals lacking them. This position is supported by both a logical analysis of Perri's main arguments and by empirical evidence, consisting of a few real‐life cases of Scandinavian white collar criminals who have “turned red.”
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| 44. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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White Collar Crime : A Propositional Logical Analysis of a Concept
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation. - : Juniper Publishers. - 2476-1311. ; 9:4
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In their book White-Collar Crime – An Opportunity Perspective (2009), Benson and Simpson undertake the task of more precisely denoting the concept of white-collar crime by its nature and how the causal structure of the object is meant to be understood. The aim of this article is to prove the logical consistency (validity and consequence) of Benson and Simpson’s derivation of the concept. The article focuses on the propositional explanation of causation, by applying first-order logic inference rules of sentential and predicate logic based on the rule of contraposition: a → b ↔ ¬b → ¬a. The results show that Benson and Simpsons’ argument is not logical valid, but logical consequent that is something that the agenda can build on.
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| 45. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-
(författare)
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White Collar Criminals : the State of Knowledge
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Open Criminology Journal. - : Bentham Open. - 1874-9178. ; 8, s. 28-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- White collar crime is the least studied and the least understood crime type in comparison to traditional crime types. This review highlights the recent developments in the state of knowledge over the white collar criminals. The review concerns the topics of demography, motivation for offending and career criminality among white collar criminals. It compiles the international results (mainly West-European) so far in the three topics. The review ends with a request on further research that needs to be done in four aspects: what is the main demographic difference between white collar offenders and confirmative non-offenders? How can we explain the difference in the age-crime relationship between street criminals and white collar criminals? Why do we still have the gender divergences by white collar criminals, despite the fact that women increase their participation into the labor market? And why do we know so little about the criminal motivation among white collar criminals?
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| 46. |
- Alalehto, Tage, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Who was the white collar criminal? : white collar criminals in Sweden, 1865-1912
- 2011
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Ingår i: Capitalism in business, politics and society. - Hauppauge, N.Y. : Nova Science Publisher's. - 9781611225471 ; , s. 77-91
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Who was the white collar criminal? During the last few years this question has been an increasingly popular topic in the field of white collar crime. But very few have asked who the white collar criminal was in the past. Our aim is to investigate the demographic character of the white collar criminal during the first industrial revolution and the implementation of capitalism in Sweden (1865-1912). Data comes from Statistics Sweden‘s historical statistics record regarding a section of the law that concerns offenses in bankruptcy. The hypothesis put forward is that the impact of industrialism and capitalism changes the socio-demographic profile regarding offenders of bankruptcy. The results, however, indicate that the profile did not change, which implies that the impact of capitalism and industrialism during the first period in Sweden did not have any impact on the characteristics of the offenders. This is in line with recent research showing that there is no correlation between the number of bankruptcy offenses and industrialization during this period. Furthermore, the results show that there are great similarities in the socio-demographic profile during this period with the same profile today. This result clearly contradicts the common understanding among many researchers in the field that modern white collar crime has its roots in capitalism and industrialization. Rather, the result shows that the socio-demographic profile is stable and related to other factors. In the conclusion, we discuss the results from the point of view of general understandings of theories such as Wheeler‘s ―fear of falling, Gottfredson and Hirschi‘s self-control theory, and Hirschi‘s theory of social bonds.
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| 47. |
- Azarian, Reza, Docent, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Patterns in Account-giving among White Collar Criminals
- 2014
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Ingår i: Deviant Behavior. - : Tylor & Francis. - 0163-9625 .- 1521-0456. ; 35:2, s. 101-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using Swedish entrepreneurs’ own explanations, this article searches for the possible regularities in the accounts offered by white collar offenders and for the underlying factors that produce these regularities, tracing in particular the impact of these offenders’ attitudes toward regulation and taxation as well as their perceptions of the functioning of the market in which they operate. The results show that justifications are more common among offenders who have a clearly negative view on both factors. Excuses, on the other hand, are more frequently used by those who hold a positive attitude towards taxation and regulation. The results also show that offenders who offer excuses tend to share the same negative perception of the market as the ‘justifiers.’ This unanticipated finding suggests that the ‘excusers’ commit their offences because they believe that the unlawful behaviors of the relevant others disturb the functioning of the market mechanism and thereby push them toward criminality.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Johansson, Mats, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Nazismen i Tornedalen : en jämförelse mellan Pajala och Tärendö 1934-1944
- 2017
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Ingår i: Tornionlaakson vuosikirja 2015-2017. - Haparanda : Tornionlaakson neuvosto. ; , s. 46-68
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The municipal election of 1934 gave the Nazi party over 30 per cent of the votes in Tärendö municipality which led to six mandates in the municipal council and the chairmanship for the local Nazi politician. The Nazi party held its position as a municipal political force still until the end of Second World War with a popular vote of over 12 per cent in the election 1944 to the parliament. In comparison to other municipalities in the Swedish Tornio valley this was an exceptional political expression by the citizens. In the article we compare Tärendö toward Pajala from different perspectives of institutional, the mobilization of political movement and political leadership. The article tries to answer: how come that the Nazi party was successful in Tärendö but not in Pajala, despite the short distance and the cultural, social and market similarities between the two municipalities? The results show that institutional structure can only explain in margin the differences in Nazi voting. The main reason behind Nazi voting in Tärendö was the interaction between the mobilization of the political movements and the character of the local political leadership.
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