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Sökning: WFRF:(Allely Clare Sarah)

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1.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • A legal analysis of Australian criminal cases involving defendants with autism spectrum disorder charged with online sexual offending
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-2527. ; 66
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper examines how the symptomology of the small number of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) charged with online sexual offenses in Australia is established during legal arguments and conceived by the judiciary to impact legal liability and offending behavior. This study aims to provide empirical support for the proposition that judicial discourses regarding the connection between ASD and online sexual offending, including conduct related to child exploitation material (CEM), have little bearing on overall questions of criminal liability or the use of alternative penal dispositions. It does so by exploring a sample of nine recent Australian criminal cases, involving ten rulings, that examine how evidence of ASD is raised in legal arguments in ways that suggest a diagnosed condition may have contributed significantly to the alleged wrongdoing. We conclude by suggesting current Australian judicial practice requires more sensitivity to the impact of clinical factors associated with ASD in shaping alternative supervisory and non-custodial dispositions for individuals convicted of online sexual offenses. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
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2.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah (författare)
  • A systematic PRISMA review of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in secure psychiatric care: prevalence, treatment, risk assessment and other clinical considerations
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Criminal Psychology. - 2009-3829. ; 8:1, s. 58-79
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose - Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present with specific assessment, specific difficulties, needs and therapeutic issues and therefore are a challenging group for forensic services. Given the challenge that individuals with ASD present to forensic services, the suggested increase in the number of this group within this setting and the relatively little amount of research which suggests they face a number of difficulties within the prison environment, the purpose of this paper is to identify and review all the studies which have been carried out investigating any aspect of ASD in relation to secure hospital settings. Design/methodology/approach - Seven internet-based bibliographic databases were used for the present review. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Findings - A total of 12 studies were included in this review; 3 looked at the prevalence of ASD in secure psychiatric hospitals. One study evaluated the clinical utility of the AQ screening tool to assess self-reported autistic traits in secure psychiatric settings. Three explored any type of characteristics of patients with ASD detained in secure psychiatric hospitals. One study investigated the experiences or quality of life of patients with an ASD detained in secure psychiatric care. Two studies investigated awareness, knowledge and/or views regarding patients with ASD held by staff working within secure psychiatric hospitals. Lastly, three studies (one of which was also included in the prevalence category above) looked at the effectiveness of interventions or treatment of patients with ASD in secure psychiatric hospitals. Clinical recommendations and future research directions are discussed. Originality/value - To the author's knowledge, this is the first review to explore what research has been carried out looking specifically at patients with ASD in relation to secure forensic settings.
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3.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • Clinical profile, risk, and critical factors and the application of the "path toward intended violence" model in the case of mass shooter Dylann Roof
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Deviant Behavior. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0163-9625 .- 1521-0456. ; 40:6, s. 672-689
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A threat assessment perspective, namely the Path toward Intended Violence, was applied in the case of the mass shooting perpetrated by Dylann Roof on June 17, 2015 at an Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina. This perspective is important since it attempts to build on accounts regarding how he progressed toward his mass shooting, beyond the information presented in the forensic evaluations already available. The Path toward Intended Violence was found to be a critical and proximal factor for the mass shooting. This suggested finding is also consistent for other individuals, who were diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as neurotypical individuals, who have engaged in a mass shooting. The Path toward Intended Violence is also discussed as a potential way forward toward trying to identify individuals who may be more vulnerable and at-risk, so that appropriate interventions and supports can be put in place in order that such extreme violence can be prevented.
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4.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah (författare)
  • Experiences of prison inmates with autism spectrum disorders and the knowledge and understanding of the spectrum amongst prison staff: a review
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour. - 2050-8824. ; 6:2, s. 55-67
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the research which has examined the link between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and offending behaviour and the impact of prison on individuals with ASDs. Studies suggest that inmates with ASDs may be at an increased risk of bullying, confrontations, exploitation, anxiety and social isolation as a result of their ASD traits such as obsessions, social naivety and impaired empathy. Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of the literature. Findings – The review identifies a modest amount of studies (n=4) which have explored the experience of individuals with ASD in prison and highlights that inmates with ASDs face a multitude of problems when they enter prison. Despite an extensive literature search only one study was identified which investigated the knowledge and understanding of ASDs amongst prison staff. Research limitations/implications – Further research is urgently needed to consider the specific problems faced by inmates with ASD, to identify how to make the prison environment safer and more supportive for inmates with ASD and how to reduce the likelihood of re-offending. Practical implications – This review highlights that, to date, there has been relatively little to guide service design in order to develop support services for individuals with ASD in prison. There has been a scarcity of studies investigating the effectiveness of various treatment models to target offending behaviour in individuals with ASD. Originality/value – This paper fulfils an identified need to study and identify the specific problems faced by inmates with ASD and to identify changes which are required to provide an environment in prison which is safer and more supportive. © 2015, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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5.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • Jurors' and Judges' Evaluation of Defendants with Autism and the Impact on Sentencing: A Systematic Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Review of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Courtroom
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Law and Medicine. - 1320-159X. ; 25:1, s. 105-123
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Concern has been highlighted in the literature regarding how juries and judges handle cases which involve a defendant with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The relatively little research on judicial perceptions or decision-making regarding individuals with ASD indicates that judges have limited understanding and familiarity with high-functioning ASD (hfASD) and ASD. The present systematic review will identify studies which investigate jurors' (eg using mock jurors) and/or judges' evaluations of defendants with ASD and studies which investigate whether the defendant diagnosis of ASD impacts on sentencing. Only four studies were identified which investigated jurors' and/or judges' evaluations of a defendant with an ASD or investigated whether the defendant diagnosis of ASD impacts on sentencing. Further research is recommended which should include an evaluation of cases involving a defendant with an hfASD or ASD diagnosis comparing charges, pleas entered, procedural adjustments at court, evidence adduced about the defendant's condition, directions to juries, judicial remarks on the evidence (eg summing-up for the jury), verdicts and sentencing. This would enable the assessment of the specific offending behaviour and disorder of the defendant, and how these may be relevant to their mental capacity and culpability.
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6.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah (författare)
  • Mass violence in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A case analysis of Anders Breivik using the "Path to Intended and Terroristic Violence" model
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Aggression and Violent Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-1789. ; 31, s. 229-236
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: There exist significant gaps in our understanding and knowledge of the contributory factors which give rise to the development of a mass shooter. Method: A case analysis is presented of Anders Behring Breivik who engaged in a bombing and shooting spree in Norway on July 22, 2011. Results: The case analysis presents that he has diagnoses of Asperger's Syndrome, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Traits/Disorder. Additionally, a forensic profile is presented that a narcissistic de compensation contributed to him developing a depression, followed by a rewrite of his life story where he is a hero defending Europe against a conspiracy. However his personal and political grievances and violent ideation placed him onto the Path to Intended/Terroristic Violence, which culminated in the attacks in Norway. Conclusions: The present study suggests that there may be an association between NPD and violence, similar to other studies. However, the factor of narcissistic decompensation (possibly co-occurring with an Asperger's coping strategy) was presented as a critical component of NPD that mediated its relationship with violence. Furthermore, aspects from his Asperger's Syndrome and Narcissistic Decompensation contributed to his personal and political grievances and the other steps on the Path towards Intended/Terroristic Violence.
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7.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah (författare)
  • Neurobiology of brain injury and its link with violence and extreme single and multiple homicides
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 9781118650868 ; , s. 385-420
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This chapter examines the evidence for the level of brain injury in those who commit criminal acts. It includes numerous case studies of single and multiple homicides where brain injury was found to be present, and a comprehensive account of how brain injury is assessed and identified. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain, which is the result of trauma to the head. There are numerous causes such as road traffic accidents, assaults, and falls. It is a chronic health condition that has been found to be associated with a variety of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. TBI among offender populations is considered by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to be an important public health problem as people in prison who have suffered from one or more TBIs are more vulnerable to psychiatric mental health disorders including anxiety, severe depression, substance abuse, and/or suicidal thoughts. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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8.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • “Path to intended violence” model to understand mass violence in the case of Elliot Rodger
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Aggression and Violent Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-1789. ; 37, s. 201-209
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There have been many different conceptualizations regarding Elliot Rodger's clinical presentation including claims of him having Asperger's Syndrome (Duke, 2014), psychosis and psychopathy (Langman, 2014) and a description of him as an “injustice collector” (O'Toole, 2014). This article proposes that Elliot Rodger's Narcissistic rage and its overlap with the Path to Intended Violence accounted for his attack in May 2014. Essentially, his narcissistic rage (that encompassed his sense of injustice and need for revenge) propelled him onto the Path to Intended Violence. Upon review of the literature and careful analysis of Mr. Rodger's case, we conclude that while these factors are likely more explanatory than factors related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with regards to his mass violence, ASD may still have been a contributory factor. Specifically, not only could narcissistic rage and progression on the Path to Intended Violence account for his attack in 2014 but the strongly indicated existence of Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning ASD also contributed to his difficulties and frustrations that he experienced. This paper highlights the clinical importance of identifying the risk factors or indicators in individuals who are on the Path to Intended Violence in order to inform the development and implementation of appropriate and timely preventative strategies. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
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9.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah (författare)
  • Prevalence and assessment of traumatic brain injury in prison inmates: A systematic PRISMA review
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Brain Injury. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9052 .- 1362-301X. ; 30:10, s. 1161-1180
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives: The primary objectives of the present systematic PRISMA review were: (1) to explore the range of prevalence of TBI in offenders and whether this is higher than in a control sample; (2) to determine which screening measures are available and evaluate the evidence on these; and, lastly, (3) to evaluate whether prevalence of TBI is associated with increased prevalence of other health conditions and/or offending behaviour. Methods: The present systematic PRISMA review explores the peer-reviewed literature published since 2005 which has investigated TBI in incarcerated populations using five databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO) in addition to separate searches conducted on ‘Google Scholar’ using specific search criteria. Results: Seventeen studies were identified which explored the prevalence of TBI in inmates. Only five of the seventeen studies which investigated prevalence of TBI in offender populations looked at juvenile offending. Interestingly, only seven of the 17 studies included both male and female samples (two of which did not report findings separately for males and females). In terms of the assessments used to investigate prevalence, three studies investigated the prevalence of TBI using The Ohio State University (OSU) TBI Identification method (OSU-TBI-ID). Nine studies used one or two questions in order to elicit information on whether the offender had previously experienced a TBI. Only two studies used the Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire (TBIQ). One study used the Brain Injury Screening Index (BISI). One study investigated patients discharged from non-federal South Carolina Emergency Departments or hospitals with a TBI-related ICD-9-CM code. Lastly evidence of TBI checklist from medical record (14 items) was used in one study. Conclusions: In terms of the implication for further research and practice, the studies identified in this review clearly emphasize the need to account for TBI in managing care in offender populations, which may contribute to reduction in offending behaviours. Additionally, there is a need for further research investigating the clinical utility of screening tools for detecting TBI in offender populations such as The Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire (TBIQ), The Brain Injury Screening Index (BISI) and The Ohio State University (OSU-TBI-ID) TBI Identification method. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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10.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • Sexual offending and autism spectrum disorders
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour. - 2050-8824. ; 7:1, s. 35-51
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose – Studies have found innate vulnerabilities which potentially may increase the risk of an individual with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) finding themselves involved with the criminal justice system as a result of being charged with a sexual offence. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the literature which has explored sexual offending in individuals with ASD. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic PRISMA review (PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) was conducted using internet-based bibliographic databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection and PsycARTICLES) in order to access studies which investigated to any degree the association between ASD and sexual offending. Findings – Only a small number of case reports (n=7) on sexual offending in individuals with ASD and a small number of prevalence studies (n=7) were identified. Research limitations/implications – Research is urgently required to identify the specific requirements and needs of sexual offenders with ASD in order to inform an appropriate treatment strategy for successful outcomes. Originality/value – Relatively few studies and reviews have investigated the area of ASD and sexual offending specifically. © 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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11.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • The contributory role of an autistic presentation to miscarriage of justice in a high-profile murder case in New Zealand
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: PSYCHIATRY PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW. - 1321-8719 .- 1934-1687.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In New Zealand in 1985, Mr Alan Hall was convicted of murdering Arthur Easton and spent more than 19 years in prison. He was finally acquitted by the Supreme Court in 2022. In 2019, Mr Hall was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are a number of aspects of Mr Hall's investigative interviews conducted prior to his conviction in 1985 - the questions posed to him and his responses to these - which could be interpreted as being evidence of evasiveness, remorse, lack of empathy and guilt by both the investigating interviewer and the jury and judge when the evidence from this interview was later presented in court. This article discusses how the police approach to interviewing and Alan Hall's ASD were the catalysts for a tainted investigation, prosecution and conviction. The Crown now accepts that a substantial miscarriage of justice occurred in Mr Hall's case.
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12.
  • Allely, Clare Sarah (författare)
  • The contributory role of psychopathology and inhibitory control in the case of mass shooter James Holmes
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Aggression and Violent Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-1789. ; 51
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this article, the case of Mr. Holmes is discussed in detail with a particular focus on the treatment he received when he was at graduate school in the months leading up to the shooting and, primarily, the findings from the sanity evaluation carried out by Dr. Metzner. In this article the I-3 model is applied to the case of Mr. Holmes. His attack can be seen as resulting from an increase in dispositional and situational impelling factors, presence of instigation factors and a decrease in inhibiting factors, based on a detailed review of available information. The instigation, impellance and inhibition factors potentially present during the lead up to the shooting (approximately five months) and present at the time of the shooting are explored in this article. Instigation factors included a breakup with his girlfriend and academic failure at graduate school. Impellance factors included chronic (i.e., persistent) and severe mental illness associated with psychotic features (e.g., delusions, hallucinations and disordered thinking); social anxiety disorder (and trichotillomania); chronic suicidal thinking; chronic homicidal thinking and his perceived biological shortcomings. Inhibition factors included experiencing a "loss of fear" or "overcoming fear" of the consequences of killing people (in other words, he was becoming disinhibited); prescription medication which may have decreased his inhibition (specifically, antidepressant medication, sertraline - he was eventually prescribed 150 mg of sertraline) and individuals with ASD may be `more readier' compared to others to act on psychotic impulses. This may have been what was happening in the case of Mr. Holmes. Specifically, why he was potentially more vulnerable to acting on his psychotic ideas and beliefs. Also, disinhibition caused by his severe mental illness associated with psychotic features (later diagnosed by the four psychiatrists before the trial as either schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or schizotypal personality disorder) may also have been an important contributory factor.
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13.
  • Chaplin, E., et al. (författare)
  • Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Bmc Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-244X. ; 22:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Court Mental Health Liaison and Diversion Services (CMHLDS) have developed in some countries as a response to the over-representation of mental illness and other vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to criminal justice (or correctional) systems. This study examined the characteristics and rates of mental disorder of 9088 defendants referred to CMHLDS. Method The study analysed service level data, obtained from the National Health Service's mental health data set, to examine characteristics relating to gender, ethnicity and comorbidity of common mental and neurodevelopmental disorders at five CMHLDS across London between September 2015 and April 2017. Results The sample included 7186 males (79.1%) and 1719 females (18.9%), the gender of 183 (2%) were not recorded. Of those referred, 6616 (72.8%) presented with an identifiable mental disorder and 503 (5.5%) with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). Significantly higher rates of schizophrenia were reported amongst Black defendants (n = 681; 37.2%) and Asian defendants (n = 315; 29%), while higher rates of depression were found amongst White defendants (n = 1007; 22.1%). Substance misuse was reported amongst 2813 defendants (31%), and alcohol misuse amongst 2111 (23.2%), with significantly high rates of substance and alcohol misuse amongst defendants presenting with schizophrenia or personality disorder. Conclusions This is one of the largest studies to examine mental health needs and vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to CMHLDS. It will enable an improved understanding of the required service designs and resources required to manage the healthcare pathways for people attending CMHLDS.
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14.
  • Creaby-Attwood, A., et al. (författare)
  • A psycho-legal perspective on sexual offending in individuals with autism Spectrum disorder
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-2527. ; 55, s. 72-80
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It is important to consider whether there are innate vulnerabilities that increase the risk of an individual with an autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), predominantly those defendants with a diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome, being charged and convicted of a sexual offence. The significance of such can be readily seen in recent English case law, with judgments on appeal finding convictions unsafe where there have been a number of failings in the Judge's summing up. In this article, we will consider the gravity of Judges omitting to highlight a defendant's diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and the necessity of detailed explanations to jury members regarding the condition and its effect upon thoughts and behaviour. Consideration will be specifically given to the necessity to prove sexual motivation in such offences and the judicial direction required in relation to whether the appellant's actions had been sexually motivated. Recognition of the social impairments inherent in ASDs are vital to this work and we shall consider whether the difficulty with the capacity to develop appropriate, consenting sexual relationships as a result of impaired social cognition may be one of the factors which increases the risk of sexual offending in individuals with ASD (Higgs & Carter, 2015). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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15.
  • Faccini, L., et al. (författare)
  • Rare instances of individuals with autism supporting or engaging in terrorism
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour. - : Emerald. - 2050-8824. ; 8:2, s. 70-82
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose - The prevalence of individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) being associated with terroristic threats, lone wolf terrorism or affiliating with terroristic groups is rare. This paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach - However, several cases are presented, where individuals with autism are involved in making a naive, empty terroristic threat or uttering serious serial terroristic threats. Other cases are also presented of individuals being at risk for an abduction or being used by a terrorist group, and finally committing an act of domestic lone wolf terrorism. Findings - Essential to the analysis was establishing a functional connection between autism-based deficits and the terroristic threats, terrorism, and when to not criminalize naive, empty terroristic threats or acts. Originality/value - Currently, tools available to law enforcement and prosecutors exploit the vulnerabilities and liabilities which arise as a result of group interactions, a "preventive" approach to terrorism that is not applicable to the solitary, "lone wolf" terrorist. There has been relatively little research (including case studies) examining individuals with ASD who engage in terrorism. For instance, when dealing with an individual with ASD who is charged with terrorism, it is crucial to consider how the diagnosis of autism may have presented as a contextual vulnerability, and to make sure that justice, rehabilitation and management, are informed by an understanding of the person's diagnosis of ASD.
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16.
  • Faccini, Lino, et al. (författare)
  • The critical role of trauma in mediating the relationship between an autism spectrum disorder and arson
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: International Journal on Disability and Human Development. - 2191-1231 .- 2191-0367. ; 22:3, s. 299-307
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A case study is presented that investigated how person with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was affected by trauma, contributed to arson and terroristic threats. Since universally accepted empirical measures are not available to assess trauma and arson for individuals with ASD, a case analysis approach was utilized. This case analysis is noteworthy given that it identified the critical role that trauma played in mediating the relationship between an autism spectrum disorder and arson. In particular, the trauma channelled the focus of an ASD-related preoccupation into traumatic re-enactments, re-experiencing with accompanying worldview and beliefs. Recommendations for future research are offered.
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17.
  • Faccini, L., et al. (författare)
  • The role of personal identity in acts of targeted violence: An important factor in risk and threat assessment
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: International Journal on Disability and Human Development. - 2191-1231. ; 21:4, s. 415-425
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Identity has been a relatively understudied factor for individuals with a developmental disability in risk and threat assessments. This study examined the nature and role of identity in committing planned or target violence. Single subject case analyses were conducted either involving interviews, clinician observations and analyses or an analysis of police transcripts and/or manifestos via the Pathway Towards Intended Violent threat assessment method. Four different types of dysfunctional identities were presented that had a theme of life experiences that contaminated a former positive life and resulted in a tendency towards victimization. Subsequently, individuals sought redemption and identity repair through progressing along the Path towards Intended Violence and committing significant acts of violence. A tendency towards victimization is presented as a possible underlying factor across the different dysfunctional identities. Other associated issues related to personal identity are identified and discussed.
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18.
  • Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al. (författare)
  • The Neurobiology of Autism
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 3rd Ed. Fred R. Volkmar (red.). - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781108297769 ; , s. 129-157
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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19.
  • Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al. (författare)
  • The role of cholesterol metabolism and various steroid abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: A hypothesis paper
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Autism Research. - : Wiley. - 1939-3792. ; 10:6, s. 1022-1044
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Based on evidence from the relevant research literature, we present a hypothesis that there may be a link between cholesterol, vitamin D, and steroid hormones which subsequently impacts on the development of at least some of the autisms [Coleman & Gillberg]. Our hypothesis, driven by the peer reviewed literature, posits that there may be links between cholesterol metabolism, which we will refer to as steroid metabolism and findings of steroid abnormalities of various kinds (cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research investigating these potential links is warranted to further our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying ASD. Autism Res2017. (c) 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1022-1044. (c) 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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20.
  • McCarthy, J., et al. (författare)
  • Defendants with intellectual disability and autism spectrum conditions: the perspective of clinicians working across three jurisdictions
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Psychiatry Psychology and Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1321-8719 .- 1934-1687. ; 29:5, s. 698-717
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The treatment of vulnerable defendants by criminal justice systems or correctional systems varies within and between countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine three legal jurisdictions - New South Wales in Australia; Norway; England and Wales - to understand the extent of variation in practice within the court systems for defendants with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or autism spectrum conditions (ASC). Two of the jurisdictions had a process for screening in place, either in police custody or at court, but this was not universally implemented across each jurisdiction. All three jurisdictions had a process for supporting vulnerable defendants through the legal system. Across the three jurisdictions, there was variation in disposal options from a mandatory care setting to hospital treatment to a custodial sentence for serious offences. This variation requires further international exploration to ensure the rights of defendants with ID or ASC are understood and safeguarded.
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21.
  • Tate, D., et al. (författare)
  • The development of the Cognitive Behavioural Social Competence Therapeutic Intervention for Adults with Autism: A mixed methods report
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Counselling & Psychotherapy Research. - 1473-3145.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Many young people with autism can have an average or above average IQ, yet they still struggle with the social competencies needed to successfully navigate into adulthood. Despite many individuals with autism experiencing significant challenges during their transition into adulthood, evidence-based therapeutic interventions to support individuals with autism during this transition are limited. The current literature suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy interventions can help improve social skills and the mental health of individuals with autism. However, little is known about the benefits for young adults with autism transitioning or who have transitioned into adulthood. Aims and Method: The aim of this research was to deliver a newly developed Cognitive Behavioural Social Competence Therapeutic Intervention for Adults with Autism (CBSCTI-A) to five young adults with autism. Research aims were to evaluate intervention feasibility and efficacy by triangulating data findings using a mixed methods approach. Results: Results support feasibility, with CBSCTI-A receiving very high user satisfaction ratings, and adherence to the intervention was high, recorded at similar to 90%. Fidelity to treatment was also high, ranging from similar to 86% to similar to 100%. Quantitative findings indicate that over an eight-week time period, a small sample of young adults with autism experienced significant improvements with regard to their social motivation, non-verbal conversation, emotional empathy, assertiveness, interpersonal relationships and self-control. Qualitative findings provide further anecdotal support for intervention feasibility and efficacy. After the completion of the intervention, participants and their parents were invited to complete semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis (TA) revealed four main themes: user satisfaction, important components of therapeutic intervention, challenges and critiques, and recommendations. Conclusions: CBSCTI-A appears to be a feasible intervention; however, future research with larger samples and more rigorous controlled trials is needed before efficacy can be established.
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