| 1. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Sumaila, U. Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 374:6567, s. 544-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Gephart, Jessica A., et al.
(författare)
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Scenarios for Global Aquaculture and Its Role in Human Nutrition
- 2021
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 29:1, s. 122-138
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global demand for freshwater and marine foods (i.e., seafood) is rising and an increasing proportion is farmed. Aquaculture encompasses a range of species and cultivation methods, resulting in diverse social, economic, nutritional, and environmental outcomes. As a result, how aquaculture develops will influence human wellbeing and environmental health outcomes. Recognition of this has spurred a push for nutrition-sensitive aquaculture, which aims to benefit public health through the production of diverse, nutrient-rich seafood and enabling equitable access. This article explores plausible aquaculture futures and their role in nutrition security using a qualitative scenario approach. Two dimensions of economic development - the degree of globalization and the predominant economic development philosophy - bound four scenarios representing systems that are either localized or globalized, and orientated toward maximizing sectoral economic growth or to meeting environmental and equity dimensions of sustainability. The potential contribution of aquaculture in improving nutrition security is then evaluated within each scenario. While aquaculture could be nutrition-sensitive under any of the scenarios, its contribution to addressing health inequities is more likely in the economic and political context of a more globally harmonized trade environment and where economic policies are oriented toward social equity and environmental sustainability.
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| 4. |
- Sale, Peter F., et al.
(författare)
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Transforming management of tropical coastal seas to cope with challenges of the 21st century
- 2014
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 85:1, s. 8-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over 1.3 billion people live on tropical coasts, primarily in developing countries. Many depend on adjacent coastal seas for food, and livelihoods. We show how trends in demography and in several local and global anthropogenic stressors are progressively degrading capacity of coastal waters to sustain these people. Far more effective approaches to environmental management are needed if the loss in provision of ecosystem goods and services is to be stemmed. We propose expanded use of marine spatial planning as a framework for more effective, pragmatic management based on ocean zones to accommodate conflicting uses. This would force the holistic, regional-scale reconciliation of food security, livelihoods, and conservation that is needed. Transforming how countries manage coastal resources will require major change in policy and politics, implemented with sufficient flexibility to accommodate societal variations. Achieving this change is a major challenge - one that affects the lives of one fifth of humanity.
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| 5. |
- Crona, Beatrice, et al.
(författare)
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Four ways blue foods can help achieve food system ambitions across nations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 616:7955, s. 104-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blue foods, sourced in aquatic environments, are important for the economies, livelihoods, nutritional security and cultures of people in many nations. They are often nutrient rich1, generate lower emissions and impacts on land and water than many terrestrial meats2, and contribute to the health3, wellbeing and livelihoods of many rural communities4. The Blue Food Assessment recently evaluated nutritional, environmental, economic and justice dimensions of blue foods globally. Here we integrate these findings and translate them into four policy objectives to help realize the contributions that blue foods can make to national food systems around the world: ensuring supplies of critical nutrients, providing healthy alternatives to terrestrial meat, reducing dietary environmental footprints and safeguarding blue food contributions to nutrition, just economies and livelihoods under a changing climate. To account for how context-specific environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects affect this contribution, we assess the relevance of each policy objective for individual countries, and examine associated co-benefits and trade-offs at national and international scales. We find that in many African and South American nations, facilitating consumption of culturally relevant blue food, especially among nutritionally vulnerable population segments, could address vitamin B12 and omega-3 deficiencies. Meanwhile, in many global North nations, cardiovascular disease rates and large greenhouse gas footprints from ruminant meat intake could be lowered through moderate consumption of seafood with low environmental impact. The analytical framework we provide also identifies countries with high future risk, for whom climate adaptation of blue food systems will be particularly important. Overall the framework helps decision makers to assess the blue food policy objectives most relevant to their geographies, and to compare and contrast the benefits and trade-offs associated with pursuing these objectives.
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| 6. |
- Short, Rebecca E., et al.
(författare)
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Harnessing the diversity of small-scale actors is key to the future of aquatic food systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Food. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-1355. ; 2:9, s. 733-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) provide livelihoods for over 100 million people and sustenance for -1 billion people, particularly in the Global South. Aquatic foods are distributed through diverse supply chains, with the potential to be highly adaptable to stresses and shocks, but face a growing range of threats and adaptive challenges. Contemporary governance assumes homogeneity in SSFA despite the diverse nature of this sector. Here we use SSFA actor profiles to capture the key dimensions and dynamism of SSFA diversity, reviewing contemporary threats and exploring opportunities for the SSFA sector. The heuristic framework can inform adaptive governance actions supporting the diversity and vital roles of SSFA in food systems, and in the health and livelihoods of nutritionally vulnerable people-supporting their viability through appropriate policies whilst fostering equitable and sustainable food systems.
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| 7. |
- Tigchelaar, Michelle, et al.
(författare)
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The vital roles of blue foods in the global food system
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Food Security. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-9124. ; 33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blue foods play a central role in food and nutrition security for billions of people and are a cornerstone of the livelihoods, economies, and cultures of many coastal and riparian communities. Blue foods are extraordinarily diverse, are often rich in essential micronutrients and fatty acids, and can often be produced in ways that are more environmentally sustainable than terrestrial animal-source foods. Capture fisheries constitute the largest wild-food resource for human extraction that would be challenging to replace. Yet, despite their unique value, blue foods have often been left out of food system analyses, policies, and investments. Here, we focus on three imperatives for realizing the potential of blue foods: (1) Bring blue foods into the heart of food system decision-making; (2) Protect and develop the potential of blue foods to help end malnutrition; and (3) Support the central role of small-scale actors in fisheries and aquaculture. Recognition of the importance of blue foods for food and nutrition security constitutes a critical justification to preserve the integrity and diversity of aquatic species and ecosystems.
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| 8. |
- Cinner, Joshua E., et al.
(författare)
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Changes in adaptive capacity of Kenyan fishing communities
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 5:9, s. 872-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal communities are particularly at risk from the impacts of a changing climate(1). Building the capacity of coastal communities to cope with and recover from a changing environment is a critical means to reducing their vulnerability(2,3). Yet, few studies have quantitatively examined adaptive capacity in such communities. Here, we build on an emerging body of research examining adaptive capacity in natural resource-dependent communities in two important ways. We examine how nine indicators of adaptive capacity vary: among segments of Kenyan fishing communities; and over time. Socially disaggregated analyses found that the young, those who had migrated, and those who do not participate in decision-making seemed least prepared for adapting to change in these resource-dependent communities. These results highlight the most vulnerable segments of society when it comes to preparing for and adapting to change in resource-dependent communities. Comparisons through time showed that aspects of adaptive capacity seemed to have increased between 2008 and 2012 owing to higher observed community infrastructure and perceived availability of credit.
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| 9. |
- Crona, Beatrice I., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a typology of interactions between small-scale fisheries and global seafood trade
- 2016
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 65, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fish and fish-related products are among the most highly traded commodities globally and the proportion of globally harvested fish that is internationally traded has steadily risen over time. Views on the benefits of international seafood trade diverge, partly as a result from adopting either an aggregate national focus or a focus on local market actors. However, both views generally assume that the trade in question is characterized by export of fisheries resources to international markets. This is potentially misleading as empirical evidence suggests that import of seafood can also have impacts on local SSF dynamics. A systematic analysis of the different ways in which local production systems connect to international seafood markets can therefore help shed more light on why small-scale fisheries exhibit such differences in outcomes as they engage in an increasingly global seafood trade. This paper conducts a synthesis across 24 cases from around the world and develops a typology of small-scale fisheries and how they connect to and interact with international seafood trade. The analysis is based on key features drawn from trade theory regarding how trade interacts with local production. The implications of the findings for social and ecological sustainability of small-scale fisheries are discussed with the aim of identifying further research topics which deserve attention to better inform trade policy for more sustainable fisheries and more just wealth distribution from their trade.
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| 10. |
- de la Torre-Castro, Maricela, 1965-
(författare)
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Humans and Seagrasses in East Africa : A social-ecological systems approach
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present study is one of the first attempts to analyze the societal importance of seagrasses (marine flowering plants) from a Natural Resource Management perspective, using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach. The interdisciplinary study takes place in East Africa (Western Indian Ocean, WIO) and includes in-depth studies in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Natural and social sciences methods were used. The results are presented in six articles, showing that seagrass ecosystems are rich in seagrass species (13) and form an important part of the SES within the tropical seascape of the WIO. Seagrasses provide livelihoods opportunities and basic animal protein, in from of seagrass associated fish e.g. Siganidae and Scaridae. Research, management and education initiatives are, however, nearly non-existent. In Chwaka Bay, the goods and ecosystem services associated with the meadows and also appreciated by locals were fishing and collection grounds as well as substrate for seaweed cultivation. Seagrasses are used as medicines and fertilizers and associated with different beliefs and values. Dema (basket trap) fishery showed clear links to seagrass beds and provided the highest gross income per capita of all economic activities. All showing that the meadows provide social-ecological resilience. Drag-net fishery seems to damage the meadows. Two ecological studies show that artisanal seaweed farming of red algae, mainly done by women and pictured as sustainable in the WIO, has a thinning effect on seagrass beds, reduces associated macrofauna, affects sediments, changes fish catch composition and reduces diversity. Furthermore, it has a negative effect on i.a. women’s health. The two last papers are institutional analyses of the human-seagrass relationship. A broad approach was used to analyze regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. Cooperation and conflict take place between different institutions, interacting with their slow or fast moving characteristics, and are thus fundamental in directing the system into sustainable/unsustainable paths. Ecological knowledge was heterogeneous and situated. Due to the abundance of resources and high internal control, the SES seems to be entangled in a rigidity trap with the risk of falling into a poverty trap. Regulations were found insufficient to understand SES dynamics. “Well” designed organizational structures for management were found insufficient for “good” institutional performance. The dynamics between individuals embedded in different social and cultural structures showed to be crucial. Bwana Dikos, monitoring officials, placed in villages or landing sites in Zanzibar experienced four dilemmas – kinship, loyalty, poverty and control – which decrease efficiency and affect resilience. Mismatches between institutions themselves, and between institutions and cognitive capacities were identified. Some important practical implications are the need to include seagrass meadows in management and educational plans, addressing a seascape perspective, livelihood diversification, subsistence value, impacts, social-ecological resilience, and a broad institutional approach.
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| 11. |
- Farmery, Anna K., et al.
(författare)
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Blind spots in visions of a blue economy could undermine the ocean's contribution to eliminating hunger and malnutrition
- 2021
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 4:1, s. 28-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing the production of food from the ocean is seen as a pathway toward more sustainable and healthier human diets. Yet this potential is being overshadowed by competing uses of ocean resources in an accelerating blue economy.'' The current emphasis on production growth, rather than equitable distribution of benefits, has created three unexamined or flawed assumptions that growth in the blue economy will lead to growth in blue food'' production, increased production will inevitably lead to improved food and nutrition security, and mariculture production will replace marine capture fisheries. In this perspective, we argue that if research and policies are pursued without addressing these blind spots,'' blue food contributions to reducing hunger and malnutrition, and to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, will be limited. Taking a broader food-system approach beyond production to also considering food access, affordability, and consumption will refocus the blue food agenda on making production and consumption more equitable and sustainable while increasing access for those who need it most.
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| 12. |
- Leibold, Allison, et al.
(författare)
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Pain in adults with congenital heart disease : An international perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cardiology Congenital Heart Disease. - : Elsevier. - 2666-6685. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) have many risk factors for chronic pain such as prior cardiac interventions and adult comorbidities. However, the prevalence of chronic pain has not been well described in this population. We sought to determine the prevalence of pain in a large international cohort of patients with ACHD.Methods: Data from the APPROACH-IS dataset was utilized for this study which includes 4028 patients with ACHD from 15 different countries. The prevalence of pain was assessed under the health status patient reported outcome domain utilizing the EuroQol-5D 3 level version tool. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess differences across countries in pain, taking into account country-level random effects for clustering across observations within each country.Results: A total of 3832 patients with ACHD met the study criteria, median age 32 years [IQR 25, 42], 52.6% females. The prevalence of at least moderate pain was reported by 28.9% (95% CO 27.5 = 30.3%) of participants. Pain was associated with country of origin, age, gender, background, education and marital status as well as several clinical variables including disease complexity, cardiac device presence, history of heart failure, psychiatric conditions and presence of other medical conditions. Those with pain had lower levels of perceived health and a lower quality of life score.Conclusion: Pain in patients with ACHD is common, impacting nearly one-third of patients. Given the far reaching implications of pain in patients with ACHD, further study of pain characteristics and treatment management appear warranted.
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| 13. |
- Lombard, Amanda T., et al.
(författare)
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Principles for transformative ocean governance
- 2023
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Ingår i: NATURE SUSTAINABILITY. - 2398-9629. ; 6:12, s. 1587-1599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With a focus on oceans, we collaborated across ecological, social and legal disciplines to respond to the United Nations call for transformation in the '2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'. We developed a set of 13 principles that strategically and critically connect transformative ocean research to transformative ocean governance (complementing the UN Decade for Ocean Science). We used a rigorous, iterative and transparent consensus-building approach to define the principles, which can interact in supporting, neutral or sometimes conflicting ways. We recommend that the principles could be applied as a comprehensive set and discuss how to learn from their interactions, particularly those that reveal hidden tensions. The principles can bring and keep together partnerships for innovative ocean action. This action must respond to the many calls to reform current ocean-use practices which are based on economic growth models that have perpetuated inequities and fuelled conflict and environmental decline. The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes the need to transform governance for the world to develop sustainably. Using a mixed method approach, this study presents 13 principles for transformative ocean governance that can help turn ocean-use practices into more sustainable ones.
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| 14. |
- Love, David C., et al.
(författare)
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Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global food security. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-9124. ; 28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns are creating health and economic crises that threaten food and nutrition security. The seafood sector provides important sources of nutrition and employment, especially in low-income countries, and is highly globalized allowing shocks to propagate. We studied COVID-19-related disruptions, impacts, and responses to the seafood sector from January through May 2020, using a food system resilience ‘action cycle’ framework as a guide. We find that some supply chains, market segments, companies, small-scale actors and civil society have shown initial signs of greater resilience than others. COVID-19 has also highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups working in- or dependent on the seafood sector. We discuss early coping and adaptive responses combined with lessons from past shocks that could be considered when building resilience in the sector. We end with strategic research needs to support learning from COVID-19 impacts and responses.
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| 15. |
- Parreiras, Lucas S., et al.
(författare)
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Engineering and two-stage evolution of a lignocellulosic hydrolysate-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for anaerobic fermentation of xylose from AFEX pretreated corn stover
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The inability of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment xylose effectively under anaerobic conditions is a major barrier to economical production of lignocellulosic biofuels. Although genetic approaches have enabled engineering of S. cerevisiae to convert xylose efficiently into ethanol in defined lab medium, few strains are able to ferment xylose from lignocellulosic hydrolysates in the absence of oxygen. This limited xylose conversion is believed to result from small molecules generated during biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis, which induce cellular stress and impair metabolism. Here, we describe the development of a xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain with tolerance to a range of pretreated and hydrolyzed lignocellulose, including Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover hydrolysate (ACSH). We genetically engineered a hydrolysate-resistant yeast strain with bacterial xylose isomerase and then applied two separate stages of aerobic and anaerobic directed evolution. The emergent S. cerevisiae strain rapidly converted xylose from lab medium and ACSH to ethanol under strict anaerobic conditions. Metabolomic, genetic and biochemical analyses suggested that a missense mutation in GRE3, which was acquired during the anaerobic evolution, contributed toward improved xylose conversion by reducing intracellular production of xylitol, an inhibitor of xylose isomerase. These results validate our combinatorial approach, which utilized phenotypic strain selection, rational engineering and directed evolution for the generation of a robust S. cerevisiae strain with the ability to ferment xylose anaerobically from ACSH.
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| 16. |
- Thyresson, Matilda, 1981-
(författare)
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Fish for Food and Ecosystem Function : Fisheries, Trade and Key Ecosystem Processes in Coral Reefs
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fish is a key source of food and income to millions of people living along tropical coastlines. They also play essential roles underpinning key ecosystem processes in coral reefs. For example, herbivorous fish keep algae in check that otherwise may outcompete corals, reducing the reef’s social-ecological values. New fishing methods and globalization have turned fish into global commodities, threatening the ecological resilience of many reefs. This thesis addresses the delicate balance between social and ecological aspects associated with fisheries and trade with reef fish in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Paper I examines how parrotfish contribute to keeping reefs free from algae and shows a non-linear relationship between fish body size and function, hence illustrating that maintaining large fish individuals on coral reefs is particularly important. Gear-based management (GBM) has been suggested as an alternative to no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) to sustain ecosystem processes without threatening fishers’ livelihood. Paper II investigates fishers’ use of different gears and how these gears select different functional groups of fish. Results indicate that gear restrictions could be used to reduce fishing pressure on particularly important groups of fish, but also that such an approach is far from simple. MPAs and GBM are both restrictions targeting fishers, but with increasing global demand for reef fish, it is neither realistic nor fair to place the sole burden of sustainable fisheries on them. Papers III & IV analyze the value chain of fish, from fishers to traders and consumers. Results show that the Zanzibar fishery targets a wide range of fish species and sizes, intended for different markets. The thesis concludes that a sound understanding of the functional properties of fish and more nuanced approaches to regulate fishing may contribute to the management of reef fisheries, but that sustainable solutions will require that measures are taken far beyond the oceans.
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| 17. |
- Tigchelaar, Michelle, et al.
(författare)
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Compound climate risks threaten aquatic food system benefits
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Food. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-1355. ; 2:9, s. 673-682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nutritional, economic and livelihood contributions provided by aquatic food systems are threatened by climate change. Building climate resilience requires systemic interventions that reduce social vulnerabilities. Aquatic foods from marine and freshwater systems are critical to the nutrition, health, livelihoods, economies and cultures of billions of people worldwide, but climate-related hazards may compromise their ability to provide these benefits. Here, we estimate national-level aquatic food system climate risk using an integrative food systems approach that connects climate hazards impacting marine and freshwater capture fisheries and aquaculture to their contributions to sustainable food system outcomes. We show that without mitigation, climate hazards pose high risks to nutritional, social, economic and environmental outcomes worldwide-especially for wild-capture fisheries in Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Small Island Developing States. For countries projected to experience compound climate risks, reducing societal vulnerabilities can lower climate risk by margins similar to meeting Paris Agreement mitigation targets. System-level interventions addressing dimensions such as governance, gender equity and poverty are needed to enhance aquatic and terrestrial food system resilience and provide investments with large co-benefits towards meeting the Sustainable Development Goals.
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