| 1. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Beyond Technology : Understanding societal impacts of implementing self-driving vehicle systems on road transport
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the last decade, self-driving vehicles have become a major topic of interest, promising to transform transport by making travel safer and more efficient. However, as we move closer to making these vehicles a reality, it has become clear that introducing them into society might not be as straightforward as once thought, and there are growing doubts about the benefits they are supposed to offer.In this thesis, I investigate the societal impacts of self-driving vehicles by exploring four aspects: reasons for researching self-driving vehicles, how these vehicles could be implemented, the societal impacts of fully implementing self-driving vehicles, and their relationship to sustainability goals.I find that the motivation for researching this topic is often opaque, and the existence of the technology itself is used as a justification for more research. Furthermore, most research into realising self-driving vehicles focuses on purely technical aspects such as designing better algorithms. However, I show that many challenges remain connected to the sociotechnical intertwinement of self-driving vehicles. For instance, I illustrate how they will interact with pedestrians and how services using self-driving vehicles would be practically organised.Additionally, self-driving vehicles are likely to impact many aspects of society, such as congestion, accessibility, and economic factors. However, I demonstrate that no single framework successfully captures all the identified societal impacts, which are likely to depend on diverse factors such as geographical variations.The impacts further affect sustainability, where new challenges are likely to emerge. I show that while current tools to govern the transport system are still relevant, a comprehensive approach is needed to ensure that policymakers make well-considered decisions. In conclusion, I call for a more balanced view of self-driving vehicles. Introducing this new technology requires careful planning and governance to ensure that self-driving vehicle systems genuinely enhance our quality of life and help build a sustainable future.
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| 2. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Exploring societal impacts of self-driving public transport using four-step transport models
- 2022
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the last decade, self-driving technology has become increasingly visible in the news, with the vision that people would enter vehicles that drive themselves, and that people could instead rest, read the newspaper, or have a meeting. However, these visions have mainly focused on the potential for car usage, even though public transport could benefit greatly from self-driving technology. For bus traffic, the bus driver accounts for half of the cost of driving, and savings on personnel costs could, for example, be reinvested in expanded public transport service or used to lower taxes.At the same time, more research has shown potential problems linked to self-driving technology, for example that more comfortable driving would lead to more traffic, which in turn would lead to increased emissions, higher noise levels in cities or further focus on car-centric infrastructure. For public transport, the driver's role in creating safety and acting as problem solvers has also been emphasized - who should I ask for directions if there is no knowledgeable driver on board?Various methods have previously been used to explore the social effects of self-driving technology and in this dissertation I have used so-called "four-stage models", more specifically the Swedish transport model Sampers. Four-stage models have been used for 50 years to evaluate effects on the transport system from e.g. infrastructure changes, but these models face new challenges, handling vehicles that drive by themselves. In my research, I have adjusted the model to simulate self-driving technology and investigated what effects this has on, for example, traffic volumes and emissions.In the three articles that are part of the dissertation, I have four main conclusions:Self-driving technology can mean large savings in costs for public transport, primarily for bus traffic but also to some extent for rail traffic. In addition, a smoother driving behaviour would mean more comfortable travel, which would increase the attractiveness of public transport. In addition, public transport not limited by, for example, driver schedules or current commercial conditions, could develop new types of services, such as on-demand public transport.Four-stage models have previously been used to model the transport system and have been shown to have good results, at least at an overall level. Within my research, I have made some adaptations of these models to mimic self-driving technology, but the models in their current form cannot consider, for example, vehicle sharing.It is important to point out that bus and train drivers currently perform many tasks that are not directly related to the driving of the vehicle, such as answering questions, maintaining social order among passengers and taking care of faults that occur during the trip. Today, self-driving technology cannot fulfil these roles.Self-driving technology for public transport would affect people's accessibility, driving style for vehicles, safety on board, how we plan traffic and the people who currently work as drivers. In fact, a multitude of societal effects have been identified, affecting all areas of transport. In addition, the effects are generally not similar across geographies, time units or for different actors, which further emphasizes that the total effect is not easy to summarize.
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| 3. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Frameworks for assessing societal impacts of automated driving technology
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation planning and technology (Print). - : Taylor & Francis. - 0308-1060 .- 1029-0354. ; 45:7, s. 545-572
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous studies have studied the impacts of automated driving (AD) technology on e.g. accident rates or CO2 emissions using various frameworks. In this paper we present an overview of previous frameworks used for societal impacts and review their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we introduce the Total Impact Assessment (TIA) framework developed by the Swedish Transport Administration and use this framework to evaluate three scenarios for AD bus services in Stockholm. We conclude that the reviewed frameworks cover different aspects of AD technology, and that e.g. cybersecurity and biodiversity are areas largely neglected. Furthermore, most frameworks assume effects to be homogenous, when there may be large variation in e.g. perceived security. The TIA framework does not manage to include all societal aspects of AD technology, but has great benefits and manages to provide important insights of the societal impacts of AD technology, especially how effects may wary for different actors.
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| 4. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Frameworks for assessing societal impacts of self-driving technology
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Numerous studies have studied the impacts of self-driving technology on e.g. accident rates or CO2 emissions using various frameworks. In this paper we present an overview of previous frameworks used for societal impacts, and review their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we introduce the Total Impact Assessment (TIA) framework developed by the Swedish Transport Administration and use this framework to evaluate three scenarios for self-driving bus services in Stockholm. We conclude that the reviewed frameworks cover different aspects of self-driving technology, and that e.g. cybersecurity and biodiversity are areas neglected by most frameworks. Furthermore, most frameworks assume effects to be homogenous, when there may be large variation in e.g. perceived security. The TIA framework does not manage to include all societal aspects of self-driving technology, but has great benefits and manages to provide important insights of the societal impacts of self-driving technology, especially how effects may wary for different actors.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Who continued travelling by public transport during COVID-19? : Socioeconomic factors explaining travel behaviour in Stockholm 2020 based on smart card data
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Nature. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 13:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has changed travel behaviour and reduced the use of public transport throughout the world, but the reduction has not been uniform. In this study we analyse the propensity to stop travelling by public transport during COVID-19 for the holders of 1.8 million smart cards in Stockholm, Sweden, for the spring and autumn of 2020. We suggest two binomial logit models for explaining the change in travel pattern, linking socioeconomic data per area and travel data with the probability to stop travelling. Modelled variables The first model investigates the impact of the socioeconomic factors: age; income; education level; gender; housing type; population density; country of origin; and employment level. The results show that decreases in public transport use are linked to all these factors. The second model groups the investigated areas into five distinct clusters based on the socioeconomic data, showing the impacts for different socioeconomic groups. During the autumn the differences between the groups diminished, and especially Cluster 1 (with the lowest education levels, lowest income and highest share of immigrants) reduced their public transport use to a similar level as the more affluent clusters. Results The results show that socioeconomic status affect the change in behaviour during the pandemic and that exposure to the virus is determined by citizens' socioeconomic class. Furthermore, the results can guide policy into tailoring public transport supply to where the need is, instead of assuming that e.g. crowding is equally distributed within the public transport system in the event of a pandemic.
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| 7. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Who is still travelling by public transport during COVID-19? : Socioeconomic factors explaining travel behaviour in Stockholm based on smart card data
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic has changed travel behaviour and reduced the use of public transport throughout the world, but the reduction has not been uniform. In this study we analyse the propensity to stop travelling by public transport during COVID-19 for the holders of 1.8 million smart cards in Stockholm, Sweden. We suggest two models for explaining the change in travel pattern, linking socioeconomic data with the probability to stop travelling. We find that education level, income and age are strong predictors, but that workplace type also substantially affect the propensity of public transport travel. Furthermore, we use clustering to divide the population into five separate social groups, serving as a more intuitive understanding of how the pandemic has affected different citizens’ propensity to use public transport. The results can guide policy makers on how to better tail e.g. bus supply to local demand, either through an increased understanding of differences based on the results or by further incorporating the results into a transport simulation models.
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| 8. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Will leisure trips be more affected than work trips by autonomous technology? : Modelling self-driving public transport and cars in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 165, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-driving technology may lead to a paradigm shift for the transport industry with shared cars available to every-one. However, this vision has increasingly been challenged as too optimistic and unsubstantiated. In this study we explore societal impacts of using this technology for both cars and public transport and investigate differences depending on geography and trip purpose. Four scenarios were designed through workshops with 130 transport experts, modelled using a conventional four-step model for Stockholm, Sweden and evaluated in terms of changes to mode choice, number of trips and person kilometres.We find larger increases for non-commuting trips, i.e. service and leisure trips, than for commuting trips, questioning the view of the 'productive work trip' as self-driving technology's main impact on society. As these trips are primarily made outside of rush hours, this may lead to a changed transport system. Geographic differences are substantial and heavily dependent on the cost model for car alternatives, even indicating a reduction in car travel in rural areas if private ownership would be replaced by shared cars. Furthermore, walking and cycling levels decreased in all scenarios while enhancing public transport using self-driving technology had a limited impact on ridership.These results show that the impacts of self-driving technology may have varied societal impacts even within a region and may lead to increased car travel, especially off-peak. These conclusions stress the need for policies that are sensitive to both geography and time.
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| 9. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Will leisure trips be more affected than work trips by autonomous technology? Modelling self-driving public transport and cars in Stockholm, Sweden
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Self-driving technology may lead to a paradigm shift for the transport industry with shared cars available to everyone. However, this vision has increasingly been challenged as too optimistic and unsubstantiated. In this study we explore societal impacts of using this technology for both cars and public transport and investigate differences depending on geography and trip purpose. Four scenarios were designed through workshops with 130 transport experts, modelled using a conventional four-step model for Stockholm, Sweden and evaluated in terms of changes to mode choice, number of trips and person kilometres. We find larger increases for non-commuting trips, i.e. service and leisure trips, than for commuting trips, questioning the view of the ‘productive work trip’ as self-driving technology’s main impact on society. As these trips are primarily made outside of rush hours, this may lead to a changed transport system. Geographic differences are substantial and heavily dependent on the cost model for car alternatives, even indicating a reduction in car travel in rural areas if private ownership would be replaced by shared cars. Furthermore, walking and cycling levels decreased in all scenarios while enhancing public transport using self-driving technology has a limited impact on ridership. These results show that the impacts of self-driving technology may have varied societal impacts even within a region and may lead to increased car travel, especially off-peak. These conclusions stress the need for policies that are sensitive to both geography and time.
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| 10. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Beyond the hype: A critical look at the motivations driving automated driving systems research
- 2024
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1982. ; 24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated driving systems (ADS) have gained sizable attention over the last decade, promising safer, cheaper, and more accessible transportation. However, the discourse driving this research has not been thoroughly explored, with scant qualitative work detailing specific cases. To address this gap, this paper explores the motivations for the societal need for ADS research for the 500 most cited publications in the field, investigating explicit motivations (e.g., accident reduction), writing style, assumed likelihood of outcomes, and the text's tone. Qualitative and quantitative techniques are used, as well as the tool ChatGPT to investigate the large number of texts. The results show that the most common motivation is the emergence itself (‘ADS are coming, so they need to be studied’), followed by potential benefits such as accident reduction, congestion mitigation, increased comfort and productivity onboard, and environmental concerns. The tone of the publications is primarily neutral or slightly positive but with some deterministic descriptions like ‘ADS will lead to’ rather than more cautious language like ‘can’ or ‘may’. The results offer a glimpse rather than a comprehensive overview of the discourse on ADS within the research community. While the analysis might not capture the nuanced perspectives that readers encounter in publications focused on 'impacts', the reviewed publications remain the most cited works in the field, likely affecting the discourse to some extent.
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| 11. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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From technological fixes to societal solutions : A sociotechnical framework for understanding self-driving technology implementation
- 2024
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Self-driving vehicles have been hailed as a revolutionary force that will benefit society through increased accessibility and reduced accident rates. However, implementing such a new technological system will be complex, requiring immense societal adaptions and changes. In this paper, we analyse the challenges faced in implementing self-driving vehicles based on interviews with onboard operators and stakeholders responsible for the operations of self-driving buses in northwest Stockholm, Sweden. From these interviews, we suggest a framework for understanding which societal changes would be required to implement self-driving vehicles.We highlight the complexities of self-driving and the sociotechnical perspective needed to understand the challenges of implementing self-driving vehicles, underscoring human drivers' complex and tacit knowledge. Further, we identify a crucial technological gap in the vehicles' understanding of context, suggesting that comprehensive self-driving operation requires a form of general intelligence beyond the current, specialised, driving-only intelligence. The findings presented in this paper pave the way for further research and efforts needed to enable broader adoption of self-driving vehicles and offer insights for policymakers to guide future legislation in self-driving transport. In conclusion, several adaptions are required to facilitate self-driving vehicles. However, policymakers are advised to uphold stringent transport requirements, regardless of human or machine drivers, and resist any pressures to unnecessarily relax regulations. Such a cautious approach will ensure the continued prioritisation of safety and efficacy without compromising the human norms and behaviours that are integral and necessary to transport systems.
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| 12. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Results for the comparison between e-scooter trips and their public transport and walking equivalent in the city of Gothenburg
- 2023
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This project examined shared e-scooter trips provided by the operator Voi and used a trip planner to determine the potential alternatives if users had chosen to walk or utilise public transportation (PT) instead. The analysis reveals that Voi trips are typically brief, with 71% lasting less than 10 minutes, usually covering 1-2 kilometres, and mostly occurring within central Gothenburg. The trip planner indicated that walking would be the best alternative for roughly half of the trips, while public transportation would be the main alternative for the other half. For the trips for which the trip planner suggested walking as the best alternative, 81% of them are less than 1 km long, meaning they could be alternatively covered by walking 15 minutes or less. Nonetheless, 89% of trips are faster with Voi, and 72% of them begin or end within 100 metres of a public transport stop, which strongly implies intermodal behaviour among e-scooter users and the use of e-scooters as a first/last mile solution; however, further research is necessary to support this statement. Regarding the trips for which the trip planner suggested PT with no transfers, half of the users would have had to walk 500 m or more to access and egress PT and 80% of them started or ended within 100 m of a public transport stop, which can suggest users choosing Voi to replace a leg of their trips; or even the complete trip, considering that roughly half of these trips would have been theoretically cheaper with Voi instead of PT. Nonetheless, once again, more research is needed to support these hypotheses. Generally, shared e-scooters hold the potential to complement public transportation services in densely populated urban areas, a notion supported by this study and prior academic and grey research. Even in the absence of parking regulations, users tend to initiate or conclude their trips near public transport stops, which can serve as a valuable guideline for developing parking policy. In conclusion, shared e-scooters represent an important aspect of urban transportation that should not be overlooked. It is crucial to engage both existing and potential e-scooter operators in transportation planning to foster collaboration with municipalities, PT agencies and local communities. This collaborative effort should aim to promote multimodality, integrated ticketing solutions, and user-centric approaches that encourage a shift away from less sustainable transportation modes.
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| 13. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Slutrapport - Självkörande fullängdsbuss på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn
- 2021
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Föreliggande slutrapport är finansierad av Trafikverkets FoI portfölj, strategiska initiativ,för projekt Självkörande eldriven stombuss på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn – En skalbarfallstudie (TRV 2019/118695). Partners i projektet är Trafikverket, Scania, Volvo, Keolis,KTH samt Sweco där även Trafikförvaltningen Region Stockholm, Nobina och projektTvärförbindelse Södertörn har bidragit till arbetet som pågått från maj 2020 till mars 2021.Ansvarig för projektet inom Trafikverket har varit Stora projekt.För att skapa en förståelse för konsekvenser av tekniska utveckling i relation tillnödvändiga fysiska och digitala åtgärder har tre scenarier tagits fram: Bus Driver Plus,Automation with Adaption och Automation Utopia. Dessa scenarier beskriver olika nivåerav automation och behov av kringliggande stödsystem. I det första scenario finns enförare ombord på bussen som tar över körningen vid farliga situationer. Det andrascenariot avser en självkörande buss utan förare där den fysiska infrastrukturen haranpassats genom ett införande av ett eget busskörfält. Det sista scenariot beskriver enframtid där bussen helt förlitar sig på digital teknik och en operatör kontrollerar körningenav flera fordon från ett avsides kontrolltorn.De tre scenarierna utvärderades genom en samlad effektbedömning, Trafikverkets metodför att utvärdera åtgärder. Resultaten visar att den största vinsten av automatisering kanhandla om resenärernas bekvämlighet och inte nödvändigtvis om att minimera kostnaderför förare. Antaganden om att resenärerna kan uppleva resan bekvämare är troligtvisöverskattade, men resultaten visar att även små förbättringar i bekvämlighet kan ge storasamhälleliga vinster.Scenariot där bussen har ett eget körfält innebär mycket stora kostnader och är troligtvisinte ekonomiskt försvarbart. Dessutom kommer enbart en busslinje att trafikeramotorleden som dessutom består av 3 tunnlar. Vidare är det inte säkert att den aktör somgör nödvändiga investeringar är den aktör som får ta del av de samhälleliga vinsterna. Iscenariot skulle Trafikverket stå för stora delar av investeringskostnaden, medan vinsten för personalbesparingar uppstår för Region Stockholm och kollektivtrafikresenärerna somåker längs sträckan.Projektet har även undersökt hur multimodala hubbar (nod som möjliggör smidigt bytemellan olika transportmedel) längs med förbindelsen kan stödja eldrivna och självkörandebussar. Det är viktigt att ny väginfrastruktur bidrar till en attraktiv kollektivtrafik därresenärer i första hand väljer buss istället för bil. För att eldrivna och självkörande bussarska införas behöver Region Stockholm ställa nya krav i upphandlingar för attåstadkomma en förändring i transportsystemet. Nya krav som skapar ekonomiskaincitament för operatörer som utför den operativa verksamheten över lång tid. Det är dockproblematiskt att ställa krav på eldrift eftersom det saknas tillgänglig infrastruktur iStockholm.Avseende självkörande fullängdsbussar är tekniken helt enkelt inte tillräckligt mogen idag.Dock tror många experter att självkörande bussar kommer att införas, både i stadsmiljöoch glesbygd, när tekniken och samhället är redo för det, gissningsvis kring år 2030.
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| 14. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Using vignettes to explore policy tools for a self-driving transport future
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1982. ; 22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers struggle to create simple yet nuanced diagrams or short abstracts that are easily comprehendible by non-experts. Research articles may be our primary communication method, but they are generally difficult to understand, making them unsuitable for general communication. This paper investigates a rarely used method in transport research – vignettes – to convey research results and elicit implications for public planners. Historically, these vignettes have been designed using qualitative methods, e.g., the Delphi method or by researchers' review of trends. However, this paper uses two vignettes originating from quantitative results from a simulation model paper (Almlöf et al., 2022), investigating the impacts of self-driving technology. Rewriting the results into two short stories – vignettes – these stories then served as the starting point for semi-structured interviews and a workshop with six public officials in Stockholm, Sweden. The vignettes were used to understand what these results would mean to the participants and how they would combat potential problems connected to sustainability, given the vignettes. Finally, the interviews and the workshop were qualitatively analysed, and policy tools were identified that can steer the transport system towards societal goals. The vignettes were a powerful tool to help the participants envision a future with self-driving transport options and promote critical thinking regarding how each participant would be affected, given such a future. As such, vignettes should be further explored to help researchers investigate abstract subjects which participants may have difficulties understanding.
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| 15. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Will public transport be relevant in a self-driving future? A demand model simulation of four scenarios for Stockholm, Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Procedia 49. - : Association for European Transport. - 2352-1465. ; , s. 60-69
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The public sector makes long-term investments in for example tram rail lines and highways based on forecasts of future travelling but generally do not consider the impacts of self-driving technology as a factor. Several papers have presented transport system wide simulations with self-driving cars, exploring changes in mode choice, energy demand or the potential for sharing. Demand traffic models have been used in several studies, looking at modal choice changes, but the general assumption is that the public transport service remains unchanged, despite a large potential for governments to enhance service or reduce costs. This paper examines the effects of self-driving technology on the transport system with Stockholm, Sweden as a case study, looking at four scenarios which were developed with input from 130 transport professionals from industry, academia and the public sector. Each of the scenarios include one "car" and one "public transport" mode, looking at changes in e.g. modal choice and person kilometers traveled. The national demand model Sampers is used for evaluation. The results indicate a decrease in walking and bicycling in all scenarios and a decrease in public transport travelling in scenarios with a taxi-like car service. Although this result would mean a shift from public transport to car travel, the majority of travel to and from central parts of Stockholm were still made by public transport.
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| 16. |
- Hultén, John, et al.
(författare)
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Att styra det nya : Samhällets styrning av och med smart mobilitet
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Självkörande bilar och digitalt förmedlad samåkning, delningscyklar och kombinerade mobilitetstjänster diskuteras idag vitt och brett inom transportbranschen men också i samhället mer generellt. De nya lösningar som digital teknik för med sig för resor och transporter brukar kallas ”smart mobilitet”. Smart mobilitet skapar möjligheter för en mer hållbar och effektiv mobilitet, men innebär också risker för oönskade konsekvenser. För att uppnå fördelarna och undvika nackdelarna kan smart mobilitet inte enbart betraktas ur tekniska perspektiv. Den smarta mobiliteten behöver förankras i demokratiska principer och styras utifrån samhällets målsättningar. Syftet med denna rapport är att bidra till en diskussion om offentliga aktörers styrning av och med smart mobilitet. I rapporten argumenterar vi för att varje kommun, region och statlig myndighet kommer att påverkas av smart mobilitet, men att de också har möjlighet att påverka utvecklingen. För att kunna göra det behöver de dels reflektera över sin roll och vilka resurser de har eller inte har till förfogande; dels utarbeta ett medvetet förhållningssätt till smart mobilitet, oavsett om strategin präglas av ett proaktivt eller reaktivt fokus. Forskningsprojektet som sammanfattas i denna rapport har haft ambitionen att konkretisera hur offentliga aktörer kan stärka sin förmåga att styra utvecklingen. Det finns inga färdiga recept att följa. Istället för ett färdigt recept, lyfts i rapporten ett antal frågor som vi anser att kommuner, regioner och statliga myndigheter bör ställa sig själva. Frågorna behandlar 1) vikten av att säkerställa grundläggande värden, 2) behovet av en tydlig spelplan, 3) samverkan mellan olika aktörer, 4) medborgarnas inblandning på andra sätt än bara som kunder, 5) vikten av organisatoriskt lärande, 6) att många av dagens styrmedel kommer vara relevanta även i en framtid med smart mobilitet, 7) att de också kan uppstå möjligheter till nya styrmedel, samt 8) att grundläggande styrprinciper kan komma att behöva ifrågasättas.I rapporten presenteras också tre scenarier för samhällsutveckling med smart mobilitet samt en analys av hur smart mobilitet förändrar förutsättningarna att styra mot samhällets mål. Dessutom utvecklar vi ett sätt att analysera politiska styrmedel utifrån fyra olika typer av resurser som offentliga aktörer förfogar. Rapporten har tagits fram inom ramen för projektet ”Smart mobilitet kräver smart governance” som har genomförts under åren 2018–2020 med finansiering från Vinnova. Projektet har utförts av forskare från Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI), Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH), Lunds universitet samt en strateg från Trafikverket. Projektet har genomförts med koppling till det nationella kunskapscentret för kollektivtrafik (K2).
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| 17. |
- Lindqvist, C. Mårten, et al.
(författare)
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Deep targeted sequencing in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia unveils distinct mutational patterns between genetic subtypes and novel relapse-associated genes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Oncotarget. - : Impact Journals, LLC. - 1949-2553. ; 7:39, s. 64071-64088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To characterize the mutational patterns of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) we performed deep next generation sequencing of 872 cancer genes in 172 diagnostic and 24 relapse samples from 172 pediatric ALL patients. We found an overall greater mutational burden and more driver mutations in T-cell ALL (T-ALL) patients compared to B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) patients. In addition, the majority of the mutations in T-ALL had occurred in the original leukemic clone, while most of the mutations in BCP-ALL were subclonal. BCP-ALL patients carrying any of the recurrent translocations ETV6-RUNX1, BCR-ABL or TCF3-PBX1 harbored few mutations in driver genes compared to other BCP-ALL patients. Specifically in BCP-ALL, we identified ATRX as a novel putative driver gene and uncovered an association between somatic mutations in the Notch signaling pathway at ALL diagnosis and increased risk of relapse. Furthermore, we identified EP300, ARID1A and SH2B3 as relapse-associated genes. The genes highlighted in our study were frequently involved in epigenetic regulation, associated with germline susceptibility to ALL, and present in minor subclones at diagnosis that became dominant at relapse. We observed a high degree of clonal heterogeneity and evolution between diagnosis and relapse in both BCP-ALL and T-ALL, which could have implications for the treatment efficiency.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Wallsten, Anna, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Statlig styrförmåga i framtider med smart mobilitet
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studien syftar till att öka kunskapen om hur statens förmåga att styra mot transportpolitiska mål kan förändras i olika framtider med smart mobilitet. Smart mobilitet kan förstås som ett paraplybegrepp som samlar ett antal olika trender inom transportsektorn och som alla har det gemensamt att de knyter an till digitalisering. Generellt handlar omställningen mot smart mobilitet om två parallella processer: dels en utveckling i riktning mot självkörande och uppkopplade fordon, dels en utveckling i riktning mot nya former av delad mobilitet.Analysen har baserats på det svenska transportsystemet men vi bedömer det som troligt att analyserna på en aggregerad nivå kommer vara giltig även i andra länder med liknande transportsystem. Vi konstaterar att staten idag förfogar över en stor mängd styrmedel, och sannolikt kommer många av dagens styrmedel vara aktuella även i en framtid med smart mobilitet. Vissa styrmedel påverkas direkt av smart mobilitet. Primärt styrmedel som drar nytta av uppkopplade fordon. Statens möjligheter är avhängigt deras tillgång till data och syn på sin egen roll att styra transportsystemet. Smart mobilitet kan även mer indirekt påverka styrningskapaciteten för olika styrmedel. Det beror på olika antaganden om trafikens utveckling, exempelvis ökad biltrafik eller mer delad mobilitet. Frågor om samhällets organisation har också stor betydelse. Smart mobilitet aktualiserar t.ex. att staten behöver ha en annan kompetens för att effektivt kunna verka i framtiden.
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