| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Are they watching you and does it matter? Evidence from a natural field experiment
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a natural field experiment, we tested whether being alone or in a group had an effect on prosocial behavior as expressed in donations to a recreational park. We also explored whether the presence of people exogenous to the group at the time of the donation had any behavioral effect. Our first treatment aimed at identifying peer effects, whereas our second treatment was similar to being in the public eye. We found that being in a group significantly increases the share of people acting prosocially. Moreover, we found that only individuals who are part of a group are positively affected by the presence of a third party.
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| 4. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral Spillovers from Targeted Incentives: Losses from Excluded Individuals Can Counter Gains from Those Selected
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Incentives conditioned on socially desired acts such as donating blood, departing conflict or mitigating climate change have increased in popularity. Many incentives are targeted, excluding some of the potential participants based upon characteristics or prior actions. We hypothesize that pro-sociality is reduced by exclusion, in of itself (i.e., fixing prices and income), and that the rationale for exclusion influences such 'behavioral spillovers'. To test this, we use a laboratory experiment to study the effects of a subsidy to donations when participants are fully informed about why they are selected, or not, for the subsidy. We study the effects of introducing different selection rules upon changes in donations. Selecting for the subsidy those who initially acted less pro-social (i.e., gave little to start) increased donations, while random subsidies and rewarding greater pro-sociality did not. Yet a selection rule which targets lower prior pro-sociality also intentionally excludes the people who donated more initially, and only that rule reduced donations by the excluded. This shows a tradeoff between losses from excluded participants and gains from selected.
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| 5. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Do Entrance Fees Crowd Out Donations for Public Goods? Evidence from a Protected Area in Costa Rica
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate how different levels of entrance fees affect donations for a public good, a natural park. To explore this issue, we conducted a s tated preference study focusing on visitors’ preferences for donating money to raise funds for a protected area in Costa Rica given different entrance fee levels. The results reveal that there is incomplete crowding - out of donations when establishing an en trance fee.
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| 6. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Do entrance fees crowd out donations for public goods? Evidence from a protected area in Costa Rica
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 20:3, s. 311-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate how different levels of entrance fees affect donations for a public good, a natural park. To explore this issue, we conducted a stated preference study focusing on visitors' preferences for donating money to raise funds for a protected area in Costa Rica given different entrance fee levels. The results reveal that there is incomplete crowding out of donations when establishing an entrance fee.
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| 7. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Does context matter more for hypothetical than for actual contributions? Evidence from a natural field experiment
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the importance of the social context for people’s voluntary contributions to a national park in Costa Rica, using a natural field experiment. Some subjects make actual contributions while others state their hypothetical contribution. Both the degree of anonymity and provided information about the contributions of others influence subject contributions in the hypothesized direction. We do find a substantial hypothetical bias with regard to the amount contributed. However, the influence of the social contexts is about the same when the subjects make actual monetary contributions as when they state their hypothetical contributions. Our results have important implications for validity testing of stated preference methods: a comparison between hypothetical and actual behavior should be done for a given social context.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Does It Matter if You Are Observed by Others? Evidence from Donations in the Field
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - 0347-0520. ; 115:1, s. 74-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate whether people’s donations in the field are affected by the presence of others. In the analysis, we distinguish between individuals who arrived at a national park alone and those who arrived as members of a group. We also investigated the effect of donations being made in the presence of a third party made in the presence of a third party. We find that donations are significantly more frequent for individuals who are members of a group. When a third party is present, we find that the total donations by individuals who are a part of a group are significantly higher than those of lone travelers, mainly because of the increased probability of donating.
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| 10. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Exclusion from a Conservation Policy: Negative Behavioral Spillovers from Targeted Incentives
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A critical issue in the design of incentive mechanisms is the choice of whom to target. For forests, the leading schemes: [i] target locations with high ecosystem-service density; [ii] target additionality, i.e., locations where conservation would not occur without the incentive; or, at least effectively, [iii] reward previous private choices to conserve forest. We use a field experiment to examine the changes in contributions to forest conservation when we introduce each of those three selection rules. For individuals who are selected, we find that targeting additionality (rule [ii]) is the only scheme to increase contributions. However that selection rule intentionally excludes those who contributed most previously and it is the only one to generate significant 'behavioral leakage', i.e., negative spillovers or falling contributions by those who are excluded (and face no price or income changes). Our results demonstrate a tradeoff in targeting and a challenge for optimal policy design.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Global Chemicals Outlook II. From Legacies to Innovative Solutions: Implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 1. The size of the global chemical industry exceeded United States dollars 5 trillion in 2017. It is projected to double by 2030. Consumption and production are rapidly increasing in emerging economies. Global supply chains, and the trade of chemicals and products, are becoming increasingly complex. 2. Driven by global megatrends, growth in chemical-intensive industry sectors (e.g. construction, agriculture, electronics) creates risks, but also opportunities to advance sustainable consumption, production and product innovation. 3. Hazardous chemicals and other pollutants (e.g. plastic waste and pharmaceutical pollutants) continue to be released in large quantities. They are ubiquitous in humans and the environment and are accumulating in material stocks and products, highlighting the need to avoid future legacies through sustainable materials management and circular business models. 4. The benefits of action to minimize adverse impacts have been estimated in the high tens of billions of United States dollars annually. The World Health Organization estimated the burden of disease from selected chemicals at 1.6 million lives in 2016 (this is likely to be an underestimate). Chemical pollution also threatens a range of ecosystem services. 5. International treaties and voluntary instruments have reduced the risks of some chemicals and wastes, but progress has been uneven and implementation gaps remain. As of 2018, more than 120 countries had not implemented the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. 6. Addressing legislation and capacity gaps in developing countries and emerging economies remains a priority. Also, resources have not matched needs. There are opportunities for new and innovative financing (e.g. through cost recovery and engagement of the financial sector). 7. Significant resources can be saved by sharing knowledge on chemical management instruments more widely, and by enhancing mutual acceptance of approaches in areas ranging from chemical hazard assessment to alternatives assessment. 8. Frontrunner companies – from chemical producers to retailers – are introducing sustainable supply chain management, full material disclosure, risk reduction beyond compliance, and human rights-based policies. However, widespread implementation of these initiatives has not yet been achieved. 9. Consumer demand, as well as green and sustainable chemistry education and innovation (e.g. though start-ups), are among the important drivers of change. They can be scaled up through enabling policies, reaping the potential benefits of chemistry innovations for sustainable development. 10. Global knowledge gaps can be filled. This can be achieved, for example, by taking steps to harmonize research protocols, considering health or environmental impact information and harm caused to set and address priorities (e.g. emerging issues), and strengthening the science-policy interface through enhanced collaboration of scientists and decision-makers.
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| 13. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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How Much Do We Care About Absolute versus Relative Income and Consumption?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 56, s. 405-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We find, using survey-experimental methods, that most individuals are concerned with both relative income and relative consumption of particular goods. The degree of concern varies in the expected direction depending on the properties of the good. However, contrary to what has been suggested in the previous literature, we find that relative consumption is also important for vacation and insurance, which are typically seen as non-positional goods. Further, absolute consumption is also found to be important for cars and housing, which are widely regarded as highly positional. © 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 14. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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How Much Do We Care About Absolute Versus Relative Income and Consumption?
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We find, using survey-experimental methods, that most individuals are concerned with both relative income and relative consumption of particular goods. The degree of concern varies in the expected direction depending on the properties of the good. However, contrary to what has been suggested in the previous literature, we find that relative consumption is also important for vacation and insurance, which are typically seen as non-positional goods. Further, absolute consumption is also found to be important for cars and housing, which are widely regarded as highly positional. Implications for Pareto-efficient taxation are illustrated using the results from the experiment.
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| 15. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Paying the price of sweetening your donation - Evidence from a natural field experiment
- 2012
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - 0165-1765. ; 114:2, s. 182-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We add a gift in appreciation of the subject’s contribution to a social reference treatment successfully proven to trigger higher donations, and find that the share of people contributing decreases significantly, thereby eroding the original treatment’s capacity to increase donations.
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| 16. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Implications and Analysis of the Determinants of Travel Mode Choice: An Application of Choice Experiments to Metropolitan Costa Rica
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we study a group of policies aimed at discouraging the use of private transportation during peak hours, both directly and indirectly, by increasing the attractiveness of the only available substitute, the bus. This is done using a choice experiment constructed to find the answer to the following basic question: Given fixed house-to-work structures and no working hour flexibility, by how much is the choice of travel mode for commuters to work sensitive to changes in travel time, changes in costs for each mode and other service attributes? This information is then used to identify the most suitable combination of policies dealing with air pollution and congestion in the typical developing country context of metropolitan Costa Rica. We also provide estimates of the value of travel time as a measure of the potential benefits gained from reduced congestion.
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| 17. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Reputation and household recycling practices: Field experiments in Costa Rica
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 120, s. 366-375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pro-environmental behavior is the willingness to cooperate and contribute to environmental public goods. A good understanding of why individuals undertake pro-environmental actions is important in order to construct policies that are aligned with preferences and actual behavioral patterns, such as concern for social esteem and reputation. In this paper, we present the results of a framed field experiment that explores reputation formation as a driver in support of household recycling practices. We use a "shame" and a "pride" treatment to test which is more effective, if at all, in increasing recycling effort. We find that reputational concerns indeed play a role in shaping individual pro-environmental behavior. Surprisingly, subjects cooperate more if the situation is framed as avoiding shame (bad reputation) rather than as acquiring pride and gratitude (good reputation). The actual experiment is based on a real recycling program, with participants who are heads of urban households in Costa Rica. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 18. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of risk, ambiguity, and coordination on farmers’ adaptation to climate change: A framed field experiment
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The risk of loses of income and productive means due to adverse weather associated to climate change can significantly differ between farmers sharing a productive landscape. It is important to learn more about how farmers react to different levels of risk, under measurable and unmeasurable uncertainty. Moreover, the costs associated to investments in reduced vulnerability to climatic events are likely to exhibit economies of scope. We explore these issues using a framed field experiment that captures realistically the main characteristics of production, and the likely weather related loses of premium coffee farmers in Tarrazu, Costa Rica. Given that the region recently was severely hit by an extreme, albeit very infrequent, climatic event, we expected to observe, and found high levels of risk aversion, but we do observe farmers making trade offs under different risk levels. Although hard to disentangle at first sight given the high level of risk aversion, we find that farmer’s opt more frequently for safe options in a setting characterized by unknown risk. Finally, we find that farmers to a large extent are able to coordinate their decisions in order to achieve a lower cost of adaptation, and that communication among farmers strongly facilitates coordination.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Unintended Effects of Targeting an Environmental Rebate
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental & Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 67:1, s. 181-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When designing schemes such as conditional cash transfers or payments for ecosystem services, the choice of whom to select and whom to exclude is critical. We incentivize and measure actual contributions to an environmental public good to ascertain whether being excluded from a rebate can affect contributions and, if so, whether the rationale for exclusion influences such effects. Treatments, i.e., three rules that determine who is selected and excluded, are randomly assigned. Two of the rules base exclusion on subjects' initial contributions. The third is based upon location and the rationales are always explained. The rule that targets the rebate to low initial contributors, who have more potential to raise contributions, is the only rule that raised contributions by those selected. Yet by design, that same rule excludes the subjects who contributed the most initially. They respond by reducing their contributions even though their income and prices are unchanged.
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| 22. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Using Choice Experiments for Non-Market Valuation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Economic Issues. ; 8, s. 83-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides the latest research developments in the method of choice experiments applied to valuation of non-market goods. Choice experiments, along with the, by now, well-known contingent valuation method, are very important tools for valuing non-market goods and the results are used in both cost-benefit analyses and litigations related to damage assessments. The paper should provide the reader with both the means to carry out a choice experiment and to conduct a detailed critical analysis of its performance in order to give informed advice about the results. A discussion of the underlying economic model of choice experiments is incorporated, as well as a presentation of econometric models consistent with economic theory. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the development of a choice experiment is provided, which in particular focuses on the design of the experiment and tests of validity. Finally, a discussion on different ways to calculate welfare effects is presented.
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| 23. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Using Choice Experiments for Non-Market Valuation
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper provides the latest research developments in the method of choice experiments applied to valuation of non-market goods. Choice experiments, along with the, by now, well-known contingent valuation method, are very important tools for valuing non-market goods and the results are used in both cost-benefit analyses and litigations related to damage assessments. The paper should provide the reader with both the means to carry out a choice experiment and to conduct a detailed critical analysis of its performance in order to give informed advice about the results. A discussion of the underlying economic model of choice experiments is incorporated, as well as a presentation of econometric models consistent with economic theory. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the development of a choice experiment is provided, which in particular focuses on the design of the experiment and tests of validity. Finally, a discussion on different ways to calculate welfare effects is presented.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Bastos Lima, Mairon G., et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale collective action to avoid an Amazon tipping point - key actors and interventions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-0490. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The destruction of the Amazon is a major global environmental issue, not only because of greenhouse gas emissions or direct impacts on biodiversity and livelihoods, but also due to the forest's role as a tipping element in the Earth System. With nearly a fifth of the Amazon already lost, there are already signs of an imminent forest dieback process that risks transforming much of the rainforest into a drier ecosystem, with climatic implications across the globe. There is a large body of literature on the underlying drivers of Amazon deforestation. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the behavioral and institutional microfoundations of change. Fundamental issues concerning cooperation, as well as the mechanisms facilitating or hampering such actions, can play a much more central role in attempts to unravel and address Amazon deforestation. We thus present the issue of preventing the Amazon biome from crossing a biophysical tipping point as a large-scale collective action problem. Drawing from collective action theory, we apply a novel analytical framework on Amazon conservation, identifying six variables that synthesize relevant collective action stressors and facilitators: information, accountability, harmony of interests, horizontal trust, knowledge about consequences, and sense of responsibility. Drawing upon literature and data, we assess Amazon deforestation and conservation through our heuristic lens, showing that while growing transparency has made information availability a collective action facilitator, lack of accountability, distrust among actors, and little sense of responsibility for halting deforestation remain key stressors. We finalize by discussing interventions that can help break the gridlock.
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| 26. |
- Blackman, Allen, et al.
(författare)
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A Contingent Valuation Approach to Estimating Regulatory Costs: Mexico’s Day without Driving Program
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. - : University of Chicago Press. - 2333-5955 .- 2333-5963. ; 5:3, s. 607-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the cost of environmental regulations that target households instead of firms, partly because of significant methodological and data challenges. We use the contingent valuation method to measure the costs of Mexico City’s Day without Driving program, which seeks to stem pollution and traffic congestion by prohibiting vehicles from being driven one day each week. To our knowledge, ours is the first study to focus directly on using stated preference methods to isolate and estimate the private costs ofan existing environmental regulation. We find that the Mexican program’s costs are substantial: up to US$130 per vehicle per year, which represents 1%–2% ofdrivers’ annual income and implies total costs ofUS$617 million per year. Recent research questions whether driving restrictions programs like Mexico City’s actually have environmental benefits. Our results suggest that whatever benefits these programs may have, they can be quite costly.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Lundberg, Liv, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Context Matters: Exploring the Cost-effectiveness of Fixed Payments and Procurement Auctions for PES
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 146, s. 347-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Successfully implemented payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs can provide both conservation of nature and financial support to rural communities. In this paper, we explore how PES programs can be designed so as to maximize the amount of additional ecosystem services provided for a given budget. We also provide a brief summary of the use of auction mechanisms in real world PES programs. To explore the potential additionality of different PES program designs we use a conceptual agent based simulation model where payments are either fixed, or set through a uniform or discriminatory auction. The program can also be designed to target payments to land-owners based on their provision of ecosystem services. Theoretically, auctions should be the most effective design, especially if payments are differentiated and targeted by ecosystem service provision. However, what we find is that the context in which the PES program is implemented—baseline compliance with program standards among the participants, correlation between opportunity costs and ecosystem services in the landscape, heterogeneity in costs and budget size—has a determining impact on the relative effectiveness of the different payment designs, with fixed payments schemes being much more effective than auctions in certain settings. Our findings suggest that context should be taken into serious consideration when a PES program design is chosen.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Persson, Martin, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Conditional Cash Transfers and Payments for Environmental Services: A Conceptual Framework for Explaining and Judging Differences in Outcomes
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the recent popularity of conditional cash transfers (CCT) and payments for environmental services (PES) programs, what determines their success is not well understood. We developed a conceptual framework to give insight into some of the main determinants of CCT and PES program efficiency that hope to increase investments in human and environmental capital. We used a simple agent-based model and validated the results with empirical data from existing programs. We show that 1) the share of participants who meet the program’s conditions at baseline is a powerful predictor of program efficiency, (2) and selection bias erodes program efficiency to a large extent. (Selection bias stems from agents who already meet program criteria and who self-select into programs at higher rates than those who do not meet the conditions.) Based on these results, we discuss possibilities for improving efficiency—mainly by targeting applicants or increasing payments—and criteria for evaluating and choosing CCT, PES, or other policy instruments.
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| 31. |
- Persson, Martin, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Conditional Cash Transfers and Payments for Environmental Services—A Conceptual Framework for Explaining and Judging Differences in Outcomes
- 2013
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Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 43, s. 124-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We develop a conceptual framework elucidating the main determinants of the impact of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) and Payments for Environmental Services (PES) programs. Using a simple multi-agent model and evaluations of existing programs, we show that (1) the share of the population who would meet the program’s conditions in the absence of payments is a powerful predictor of program efficiency, and that (2) program efficiency is eroded by selection bias (people who already meet conditions self-select into the programs at higher rates than others). We then discuss possibilities for increasing efficiency and criteria for evaluating and choosing between CCTs/PES or other policy instruments.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Slunge, Daniel, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Fiscal incentives to advance sound management of chemicals and sustainable chemistry. Review Paper for the Global Chemicals Outlook II
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fiscal incentives are governmental policies that change the relative price of a given activity or input, either encouraging or discouraging its use. They can be created through the removal of existing price distortions that generate perverse incentives for overuse, or through the implementation of new market-based instruments such as taxes, charges, deposit-refund systems, subsidies and tradable permits. This paper discusses the use of market-based instruments within the broader array of policy instruments for chemical management and analyses factors that facilitate or impede their deployment in different institutional contexts. We also discuss the main challenges in using market-based instruments in the particular context of chemicals, and outline key policy options. The two main arguments in favour of market-based instruments is that they can be more cost-effective and better at promoting innovation than bans, use restrictions and technology standards. By allowing firms with different substitution costs to reduce their use of harmful chemicals at different levels of intensity and time scales, price-type instruments can incentivise a cost-effective reduction in the use of the targeted chemical. Moreover, by increasing the cost of using a specific chemical, market-based instruments can provide strong incentives to innovate in the search for cheaper alternatives. However, there are many situations where the use of market-based instruments for chemicals management is less appropriate, including when the health or environmental costs from exposure to a hazardous chemical are very high, when effects are location specific and when threshold effects are likely. Market-based instruments should be seen as complementing rather than replacing bans and use restrictions in chemicals management. In practice, we find a limited but increasing use of market-based instruments for managing hazardous chemicals. Examples in the agricultural sector include taxes on pesticides and inorganic fertilisers. Similarly, taxes have been used to phase out the use of chlorinated solvents in industry. Lately, taxes have been used to encourage substitution of phthalates and brominated flame retardants in products. Refund systems are increasingly used for products containing hazardous chemicals such as batteries, electronic equipment and vehicles. Although the use of market-based instruments is mainly found in high-income countries, a number of low- and middle-income countries are using such instruments for hazardous waste management. Good knowledge about context-specific factors, such as price elasticities, market structure, availability of substitutes and exposure characteristics for the targeted hazardous chemical, is essential for the design of market-based instruments. Importantly, because market-based instruments can be deployed at different stages of the life cycle of a given chemical, information on the relation between the use of the chemical and its damage function in all those stages is needed. However, in many cases, there is a lack of data, and assessments based on existing data are often surrounded by considerable uncertainties. Hence, there is a need for careful data collection and monitoring and evaluation of the performance of different policy instruments for chemicals management. Flexibility to adjust tax levels after observing market reactions is also necessary. Promising policy options for scaling up the use of market-based instruments in chemicals management include: -Expanding the use of risk-based taxation of hazardous chemicals. Learn from the recent implementation of risk-based taxation of pesticides in Denmark, Norway, France and Mexico. -Evaluating and addressing the effects of subsidies and other policies generating perverse incentives for increased use of hazardous chemicals in agriculture and other sectors. -Using charges to speed up the phasing out of substances of very high concern. -Evaluating the use of market-based instruments for groups of chemicals, such as taxes on flame retardants and phthalates. -Using legal requirements on extended producer responsibility, environmental liability and access to information to incentivise sound chemicals management in line with the polluter pays principle.
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| 34. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Funding Inclusive Green Transition through Greenhouse Gas Pricing : Carbon Pricing
- 2020
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Ingår i: ifo DICE Report. - 2511-7815. ; 18:1, s. 3-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 2015 was a special year. During a few months the political stars aligned and made it possible for the international community to agree on the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement to limit global warming. Now the signatories need to find ways to implement these agreements, which not only imply a deep decarbonization of the economy but must also meet the Sustainable Development Goals. In this article we discuss the importance of pricing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions2 to make this happen. Climate abatement is a truly global public good and so we actually have to have a functioning policy in all countries. Our interest is thus on pricing in all countries but in particular the developing countries that are bigger and most crucial to the struggle for a green transition.
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