| 1. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Controversial issues in history teaching
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Curriculum Studies. - : Routledge. - 0022-0272 .- 1366-5839. ; , s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the history education research that addresses controversial issues suggests that disputes arising in the history classroom are rooted in students’ diverse identities that relate differently to history. Therefore, a history education that wants to ease tensions must try both to make these different identities and their relations to history visible and to enable an understanding of different relations to history based on identity. Starting with Gadamer’s concept of historically effected consciousness, this article outlines a model consisting of ontological third-order concepts and historical empathy in the history education as a suggestion to enable and corroborate constructive deliberative discussions in the history classroom.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Den vetenskapliga frågan och det moraliska svaret : Förintelsen i elevers kunskaps- och föreställningsvärldar
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandia. - : Stiftelsen Scandia. - 0036-5483. ; 88:1, s. 67-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scholarly question and the moral answer: The Holocaust in the knowledge and perception of studentsAll over the world, the Holocaust occupies a prominent position in historical culture, the area in which a society evaluates and communicates the history considered the most valuable and useful. Sweden is no exception. Since the 1990s, the Nazi genocide of the Jews has attracted an enormous amount of attention, first in the political and educational spheres, gradually also in Swedish cultural life and historical scholarship. In the Swedish school history curriculum, the Holocaust has been singled out as the only mandatory content. Based on this multifaceted interest in genocide, this article analyzes student responses to a question in the national examinations in history for the final year of Swedish compulsory school regarding the causes of the Holocaust. The answers are analyzed based on two different templates, one focusing on a traditional historical understanding of the Holocaust as linked to a specific historical setting, the other being a “civic” interpretation, viewing the genocide as a time-transcending phenomenon with a clear moral message for the present. This is a distinction with international resonance in historical culture related to Holocaust history. One result of the analysis is that one of four students is incapable of giving a satisfactory answer to the question. Another result is related to quality and grades. Many weaker answers are not primarily morally oriented. Rather, they focus on perpetrators - Hitler, the Nazis and Germans – often simplistically depicted as exchangeable and driven by the same genocidal intentions but in want of a historical context. The best answers are based on historical aspects, such as Germany’s defeat in the First World War, as well as on more complex, functionally oriented explanations, even if the figure of Hitler remains a key explanatory factor. The conclusion is that history and morals must be understood and made operative as two reciprocally linked dimensions. From a scholarly perspective, it is certainly necessary to do justice to the Holocaust in its own, contemporary right. However, it is just as imperative to realize that the Holocaust belongs to those “borderline” events that cannot be enclosed into themselves but must be made to transcend their temporal boundaries, as lessons of history. How this is to be done is an urgent scholarly and didactical task.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Elever hamnar fel när de resonerar om orsaker till förintelsen
- 2022
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Ingår i: Skola och samhälle. - : Föreningen skola och samhälle. - 2001-6727. ; :2022-10-03
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Förintelsen är viktig i svensk historieundervisning. Men när elever fokuserar på medborgerligt ställningstagande i svar på provfrågor om Förintelsen, underkänns deras svar ofta. Fredrik Alvén beskriver problemet med historieämnets dubbla uppdrag (red).
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| 6. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Historical digital literacy : Social media and the multicultural classroom
- 2023
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Ingår i: Teaching History to Face the World Today. - Berlin : Peter Lang Publishing Group. - 9783631862483 - 9783631899809 ; , s. 219-242
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past three years, the Western world has seen many conflicts aroundhistory. Statues have been torn down, anniversaries have been debated, historical figureshave been re-evaluated, and many have begun to question or defend their own nationalhistorical narrative. Social media has heightened the debate, with antagonists engaging infierce and usually not very nuanced debates on Twitter and Facebook. In this text, we try tobuild a digital historical didactic framework for how teachers can work with controversialhistory in the multi-cultural classroom by using social media as a resource. Through ananalysis of second order concepts such as significance, historical perspective, and historicalempathy based on a historical cultural perspective and with the use of history in focus, wehope that teachers in the classroom will be able to contribute to increased interculturalcompetence. In a final example, we analyze how people with different backgrounds anddifferent purposes in a thread on Twitter debate the history behind the celebration ofColumbus Day in a city in the USA.
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| 7. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Historiemedvetande och jämställdhetstankar hos svenska ungdomar
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordidactica. - : Karlstad University Press. - 2000-9879. ; 11:1, s. 22-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because Swedish teenagers bring with them a cultural background that affects their perception of history, this, in turn, affects how they understand and receive the history taught in school. For some decades now, the students´ historical consciousness should be the starting point to their history education in compulsory school in Sweden, that is, their understanding of their own lives in a temporal perspective. Consequently, educators should be interested in how the students understand societal issues through time, as this influences how they will understand history. This study explores the students’ understanding of gender equality in a temporal perspective. As the method is quantitative, the results must therefore be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, there are some interesting results that should be taken into account before teaching gender equality in history. The girls understand the theme as mostly a conflict in the past, while the boys worry about the future. Moreover, the girls more easily imagine perspectives where women are the victims, while the boys more easily understand perspectives where men are the victims. These results call for a nuanced history teaching to reach both boys and girls.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Immigrant Students and the Swedish National Test in History
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Education. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2504-284X. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, immigrant students with a non-European background perform worse in school than students from the majority group. Research has so far focused on language problems, and political investments have been concentrated around developing immigrant student’s language because it is hard to manage school without a functional language. However, social science in school also rests on cultural understanding, which is difficult if you are not a part of the culture. This is certainly true for the subject of history, which has a strong tradition of fostering a historical nationalistic canon. By analyzing the items in the national test in history relative to how the immigrant students perform, this study investigates whether there are certain types of items that, on the one hand, discriminate against them and, on the other hand, work to their advantage. This is important knowledge if we want to be able to make fair and just assessments.
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| 11. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Opening or closing Pandora´s box? : Third-order concepts in history education for powerful knowledge
- 2021
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Ingår i: El Futuro del Pasado. - : Futuro Pasado. - 1989-9289. ; 12, s. 245-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, I introduce third-order concepts in the history teaching as a way to reachpowerful knowledge. If we understand powerful knowledge as a means to give students a competenceto understand the contemporary world, to help them to engage in society ́s conversations and debatesabout itself, and to understand the grounds for accepting or rejecting knowledge claims, we must thenhelp them to understand what ontology the discipline of history rests upon. Consequently, third-orderconcepts can help students as these concepts shed a light on what perception of reality the historicalnarratives and the first-order concepts build upon in the history classroom. However, at the end of theday, I have my doubts – what if we provide arguments for groups that have an anti-liberal and anti-democratic agenda?
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Pojkarna, jämställdheten och framtiden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Skola och samhälle. - : Föreningen skola och samhälle. - 2001-6727. ; :2020-02-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- En nyligen utförd enkätstudie visar att många pojkar anser att männen kommer bli förlorare i framtidens samhälle, och att denna utveckling inte går att förändra även om man kämpar. Hur kan skolan möta dessa pojkar? Fredrik Alvén diskuterar detta med utgångspunkt i begreppet historiemedvetenhet.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal orientation in Spanish and Swedish teacher students’ narratives about gender equality
- 2022
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Ingår i: Historical Encounters. - : HERMES History Education Research Network. - 2203-7543. ; 9:2, s. 30-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of the study was to analyze how Swedish and Spanish pre-service teachers’ temporal orientation influences their narratives and moral conceptions about gender inequality. 55 Spanish students and 76 Swedish students participated. The narratives were analyzed through a separate process of coding by both authors and the subsequence crossing of information in order to achieve agreement and reliability for the codes used. The analysis shows differences depending on cultural context, which may reflect the learning of narrative templates in History Education instead of a reflexive and critical learning. Mainly Spanish students described time under the concepts of change and continuity while Swedish students oftener saw time more as abrupt changes when describing the differences of current gender inequality regarding past times. Likewise, in almost all the narratives there is a naive way of understanding the sense of change over time. In the narratives there are no calls for individual action or descriptions of what possible actions there are for us to fight for a better future probably because history education does not provide examples in the past which mirror current social issues. These reflections make us to question why we teach history and how we do it.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Uses of the Moor in the Historical Culture of Spain
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cross-sections : Historical Perspectives from Malmö University. - Malmö : Malmö universitet. - 9789178772513 - 9789178772520 ; , s. 19-40
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 21. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Vad i hela världen säger du?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Känsliga frågor, nödvändiga samtal. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144137346 ; , s. 179-196
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 22. |
- Alvén, Fredrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Yttrandefriheten som lärobok
- 2021
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Ingår i: Religion och livsfrågor. - Uppsala : Föreningen Lärare i Religionskunskap, FLR. - 0347-2159. ; 51:3, s. 8-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 23. |
- Alvén, Jennifer, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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A Deep Learning Approach to MR-less Spatial Normalization for Tau PET Images
- 2019
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Ingår i: Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention : MICCAI 2019 - 22nd International Conference, Proceedings - MICCAI 2019 - 22nd International Conference, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783030322458 - 9783030322441 ; 11765 LNCS, s. 355-363
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The procedure of aligning a positron emission tomography (PET) image with a common coordinate system, spatial normalization, typically demands a corresponding structural magnetic resonance (MR) image. However, MR imaging is not always available or feasible for the subject, which calls for enabling spatial normalization without MR, MR-less spatial normalization. In this work, we propose a template-free approach to MR-less spatial normalization for [18F]flortaucipir tau PET images. We use a deep neural network that estimates an aligning transformation from the PET input image, and outputs the spatially normalized image as well as the parameterized transformation. In order to do so, the proposed network iteratively estimates a set of rigid and affine transformations by means of convolutional neural network regressors as well as spatial transformer layers. The network is trained and validated on 199 tau PET volumes with corresponding ground truth transformations, and tested on two different datasets. The proposed method shows competitive performance in terms of registration accuracy as well as speed, and compares favourably to previously published results.
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| 24. |
- Alvén, Jennifer, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Shape-aware multi-atlas segmentation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition. - 1051-4651. ; 0, s. 1101-1106
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite of having no explicit shape model, multi-atlas approaches to image segmentation have proved to be a top-performer for several diverse datasets and imaging modalities. In this paper, we show how one can directly incorporate shape regularization into the multi-atlas framework. Unlike traditional methods, our proposed approach does not rely on label fusion on the voxel level. Instead, each registered atlas is viewed as an estimate of the position of a shape model. We evaluate and compare our method on two public benchmarks: (i) the VISCERAL Grand Challenge on multi-organ segmentation of whole-body CT images and (ii) the Hammers brain atlas of MR images for segmenting the hippocampus and the amygdala. For this wide spectrum of both easy and hard segmentation tasks, our experimental quantitative results are on par or better than state-of-the-art. More importantly, we obtain qualitatively better segmentation boundaries, for instance, preserving fine structures.
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| 25. |
- Alvén, Jennifer, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Überatlas: Fast and robust registration for multi-atlas segmentation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Pattern Recognition Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8655. ; 80, s. 249-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multi-atlas segmentation has become a frequently used tool for medical image segmentation due to its outstanding performance. A computational bottleneck is that all atlas images need to be registered to a new target image. In this paper, we propose an intermediate representation of the whole atlas set – an überatlas – that can be used to speed up the registration process. The representation consists of feature points that are similar and detected consistently throughout the atlas set. A novel feature-based registration method is presented which uses the überatlas to simultaneously and robustly find correspondences and affine transformations to all atlas images. The method is evaluated on 20 CT images of the heart and 30 MR images of the brain with corresponding ground truth. Our approach succeeds in producing better and more robust segmentation results compared to three baseline methods, two intensity-based and one feature-based, and significantly reduces the running times.
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| 26. |
- Alvén, Jennifer, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Überatlas: Robust Speed-Up of Feature-Based Registration and Multi-Atlas Segmentation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783319196640 ; 9127, s. 92-102
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Registration is a key component in multi-atlas approaches to medical image segmentation. Current state of the art uses intensitybased registration methods, but such methods tend to be slow, which sets practical limitations on the size of the atlas set. In this paper, a novel feature-based registration method for affine registration is presented. The algorithm constructs an abstract representation of the entire atlas set, an uberatlas, through clustering of features that are similar and detected consistently through the atlas set. This is done offline. At runtime only the feature clusters are matched to the target image, simultaneously yielding robust correspondences to all atlases in the atlas set from which the affine transformations can be estimated efficiently. The method is evaluated on 20 CT images of the heart and 30 MR images of the brain with corresponding gold standards. Our approach succeeds in producing better and more robust segmentation results compared to two baseline methods, one intensity-based and one feature-based, and significantly reduces the running times.
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| 27. |
- Fejne, Frida, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Multiatlas Segmentation Using Robust Feature-Based Registration
- 2017
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Ingår i: , Cloud-Based Benchmarking of Medical Image Analysis. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319496429 ; , s. 203-218
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a pipeline which uses a multiatlas approach for multiorgan segmentation in whole-body CT images. In order to obtain accurate registrations between the target and the atlas images, we develop an adapted feature-based method which uses organ-specific features. These features are learnt during an offline preprocessing step, and thus, the algorithm still benefits from the speed of feature-based registration methods. These feature sets are then used to obtain pairwise non-rigid transformations using RANSAC followed by a thin-plate spline refinement or NiftyReg. The fusion of the transferred atlas labels is performed using a random forest classifier, and finally, the segmentation is obtained using graph cuts with a Potts model as interaction term. Our pipeline was evaluated on 20 organs in 10 whole-body CT images at the VISCERAL Anatomy Challenge, in conjunction with the International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, Brooklyn, New York, in April 2015. It performed best on majority of the organs, with respect to the Dice index.
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| 28. |
- Flehr, Alison, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a novel method to measure bone marrow fat fraction in older women using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography
- 2022
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 33:7, s. 1545-1556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) has been implicated in a number of conditions associated with bone deterioration and osteoporosis. Several studies have found an inverse relationship between BMAT and bone mineral density (BMD), and higher levels of BMAT in those with prevalent fracture. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for measuring BMAT, but its use is limited by high costs and low availability. We hypothesized that BMAT could also be accurately quantified using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Methods: In the present study, a novel method to quantify the tibia bone marrow fat fraction, defined by MRI, using HR-pQCT was developed. In total, 38 postmenopausal women (mean [standard deviation] age 75.9 [3.1] years) were included and measured at the same site at the distal (n = 38) and ultradistal (n = 18) tibia using both MRI and HR-pQCT. To adjust for partial volume effects, the HR-pQCT images underwent 0 to 10 layers of voxel peeling to remove voxels adjacent to the bone. Linear regression equations were then tested for different degrees of voxel peeling, using the MRI-derived fat fractions as the dependent variable and the HR-pQCT-derived radiodensity as the independent variables. Results: The most optimal HR-pQCT derived model, which applied a minimum of 4 layers of peeled voxel and with more than 1% remaining marrow volume, was able to explain 76% of the variation in the ultradistal tibia bone marrow fat fraction, measured with MRI (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The novel HR-pQCT method, developed to estimate BMAT, was able to explain a substantial part of the variation in the bone marrow fat fraction and can be used in future studies investigating the role of BMAT in osteoporosis and fracture prediction.
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| 29. |
- Kahl, Fredrik, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Good Features for Reliable Registration in Multi-Atlas Segmentation
- 2015
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Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - 1613-0073. ; 1390:January, s. 12-17
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents a method for multi-organ segmentation in whole-body CT images based on a multi-atlas approach. A robust and efficient feature-based registration technique is developed which uses sparse organ specific features that are learnt based on their ability to register different organ types accurately. The best fitted feature points are used in RANSAC to estimate an affine transformation, followed by a thin plate spline refinement. This yields an accurate and reliable nonrigid transformation for each organ, which is independent of initialization and hence does not suffer from the local minima problem. Further, this is accomplished at a fraction of the time required by intensity-based methods. The technique is embedded into a standard multi-atlas framework using label transfer and fusion, followed by a random forest classifier which produces the data term for the final graph cut segmentation. For a majority of the classes our approach outperforms the competitors at the VISCERAL Anatomy Grand Challenge on segmentation at ISBI 2015.
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| 30. |
- Larsson, Måns, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Max-margin learning of deep structured models for semantic segmentation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783319591285 ; 10270 LNCS, s. 28-40
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last few years most work done on the task of image segmentation has been focused on deep learning and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in particular. CNNs are powerful for modeling complex connections between input and output data but lack the ability to directly model dependent output structures, for instance, enforcing properties such as smoothness and coherence. This drawback motivates the use of Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), widely applied as a post-processing step in semantic segmentation. In this paper, we propose a learning framework that jointly trains the parameters of a CNN paired with a CRF. For this, we develop theoretical tools making it possible to optimize a max-margin objective with back-propagation. The max-margin loss function gives the model good generalization capabilities. Thus, the method is especially suitable for applications where labelled data is limited, for example, medical applications. This generalization capability is reflected in our results where we are able to show good performance on two relatively small medical datasets. The method is also evaluated on a public benchmark (frequently used for semantic segmentation) yielding results competitive to state-of-the-art. Overall, we demonstrate that end-to-end max-margin training is preferred over piecewise training when combining a CNN with a CRF.
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| 31. |
- Moreno-Vera, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Concepts for historical and geographical thinking in Sweden´s and Spain´s Primary Education curiicula
- 2020
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Ingår i: Humanities & Social Sciences Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2662-9992. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of this study is to compare the presence of concepts for historical and geographical thinking in the national curricula for Primary Education in Spain and Sweden in order to analyze if these thinking concepts can enable new active learning methodologies in the Social Science classroom. The comparative study is based on a qualitative investigation using a horizontal evaluation instrument (international compared analysis). Compared items were divided in four dimensions: 1. curriculum structure—subjects, timetable, compulsory, ratio, etc.-, 2. educational methodologies—project-based learning, research, practical lessons-, 3. Objectives and evaluation—aims, evaluation criteria, standards-, and 4. Contents—con- ceptual, procedural, and attitudinal. The results show that, despite a different structure for the history and geography subjects in Primary Education, neither of the two curricula present historical and geographical thinking concepts as a fundamental aim for Primary Education and, at the same time, the low presence of these thinking concepts is linked to traditional teaching models still based on positivism and memorization.
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| 32. |
- Moreno-Vera, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Historical thinking competencies in Swedish’ Gymnasieskolan and Spanish’ Bachillerato curricula
- 2023
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Ingår i: Clio. History and history teaching. - 1139-6237. ; :49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main target of this study is to make a comparative analysis between the presence or absence of historical thinking competencies in the official curricula of Gymnasieskola (Sweden) and Bachillerato (Spain). To reach this goal, a mixed instrument was designed, both qualitative and quantitative, to analyze the offical documents. The results show a great presence of “historical consciousness” in the case of Sweden and the use of historical sources and evidences in the case of Spain.
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| 33. |
- Norlén, Alexander, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Automatic pericardium segmentation and quantification of epicardial fat from computed tomography angiography
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Mecial Imaging. - 2329-4302 .- 2329-4310. ; 3:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent findings indicate a strong correlation between the risk of future heart disease and the volume ofadipose tissue inside of the pericardium. So far, large-scale studies have been hindered by the fact that manual delin-eation of the pericardium is extremely time-consuming and that existing methods for automatic delineation strugglewith accuracy. In this paper, an efficient and fully automatic approach to pericardium segmentation and epicardial fatvolume estimation is presented, based on a variant of multi-atlas segmentation for spatial initialization and a randomforest classifier for accurate pericardium detection. Experimental validation on a set of 30 manually delineated Com-puter Tomography Angiography (CTA) volumes shows a significant improvement on state-of-the-art in terms of EFVestimation (mean absolute epicardial fat volume difference: 3.8 ml (4.7%), Pearson correlation: 0.99) with run-timessuitable for large-scale studies (52 s). Further, the results compare favorably to inter-observer variability measured on10 volumes.
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| 34. |
- Ortuño Molina, Jorge, et al.
(författare)
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Concepciones de docentes en formación suecos y españoles sobre la desigualdad de género en perspectiva temporal
- 2021
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Ingår i: Panta Rei. - : Asociación de Profesores y Alumnos de Historia de la Universidad y Enseñanza Media de la Región de Murcia. - 1136-2464 .- 2386-8864. ; 15:161, s. 161-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The research is concerned with pre-service teachers’ assumptions about gender inequality and its development across time. In conducting the research 131 narrations of Spanish (n = 55) and Swedish (n = 76) students, enrolled in Primary and Secondary education programs, were analyzed. The research design has been the content analysis of the narratives through a coding process and subsequently identification of co-occurrences, cluster analysis, density of codes and nets of codes with software Nvivo 12 Pro. Although some differences come up regarding the orientantion over time among Swedish and Spanish narratives, in both cases prevail a lack of intentional historical agency (specially of women against the power asymmetries in societies), and a weak analysis of the past from gender perspective that could help to understand current situations.
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