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1.
  • Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al. (författare)
  • Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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2.
  • Abbafati, Cristiana, et al. (författare)
  • 2020
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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3.
  • Thomas, HS, et al. (författare)
  • 2019
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  • Drake, TM, et al. (författare)
  • Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children: an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: BMJ global health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 5:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings.MethodsA multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI).ResultsOf 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45·1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34·2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20·6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12·8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24·7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI.ConclusionThe odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.
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6.
  • Feigin, Valery L., et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
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7.
  • Micah, Angela E., et al. (författare)
  • Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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8.
  • Bravo, L, et al. (författare)
  • 2021
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9.
  • Tabiri, S, et al. (författare)
  • 2021
  • swepub:Mat__t
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10.
  • Badawi, Ali, et al. (författare)
  • Exploring the structural and optical properties of FeS filled graphene/PVA blend for environmental-friendly applications
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Polymer Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1022-9760 .- 1572-8935. ; 28
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study, the role of iron sulfide (FeS) content on the structural and optical properties of graphene/polyvinyl alcohol (Gr/PVA) blend has been examined for environmental-friendly applications. Gr/PVA blend filled with FeS (0 to 10 wt%) were equipped using the casting technique. The prepared samples were studied via a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, FT-IR and UV–visible-NIR spectrophotometers. XRD analysis shows that the crystallinity increases with increasing FeS concentration in the host Gr/PVA blend. UV–visible-NIR analysis shows that the direct optical bandgap of composite blends shrinks from 5.37 to 4.68eV as FeS content is increased to 10 wt%. Also, it confirms that the refractive index and optical conductivity of Gr/PVA blend could be significantly enhanced via FeS filling. FeS filled Gr/PVA blends are recommended eco-friendly applications.
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12.
  • Block, Keith I., et al. (författare)
  • Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Seminars in Cancer Biology. - : Academic Press. - 1044-579X .- 1096-3650. ; 35, s. S276-S304
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broadspectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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15.
  • Aboul-Enein, Mohamed N., et al. (författare)
  • Design and synthesis of novel stiripentol analogues as potential anticonvulsants
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0223-5234 .- 1768-3254. ; 47, s. 360-369
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A series of stiripentol (SIP) analogues namely, 2-1(1E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4,4-dimethylpent-1-en-3-ylidene]-N-(aryl/H)hydrazinecarboxamides 7a-h, (+/-)-(5RS)-N-(aryl/H)-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-tert-butyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamides (+/-)-8a-h, and (+/-)-[(5RS)-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-tert-butyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl](aryl)methanones (+/-)-13a-f was synthesized by adopting appropriate synthetic routes and was pharmacologically evaluated in the preliminary anticonvulsant screens. The selected bioactive new chemical entities were subjected to ED50 determination and neurotoxicity evaluation. The most active congeners are 7h in MES screen and (+/-)-13b in scPTZ screen which displayed ED50 values of 87 and 110 mg/kg, respectively, as compared to that of STP (ED50 = 277.7 and 115 mg/kg in MES and scPTZ, respectively). (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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16.
  • Abuhussain, Mohammed Awad, et al. (författare)
  • Data-driven approaches for strength prediction of alkali-activated composites
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Case Studies in Construction Materials. - : Elsevier. - 2214-5095. ; 20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Alkali-activated composites (AACs) have attracted considerable interest as a promising alternative to reduce CO2 emissions from Portland cement production and advance the decarbonisation of concrete construction. This study describes the data-driven predictive modelling to anticipate the compressive strength (CS) of AACs. Four different modelling techniques have been chosen to forecast the CS of AACs using the selected data set. The decision tree (DT), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), bagging regressor (BR), and AdaBoost regressor (AR) were employed to investigate the precision level of each model. When it comes to predicting the CS of AACs, the results show that the AR model performs better than the BR model, the MLP model, and the DT model by providing a higher value for the coefficient of determination, which is equal to 0.91, and a lower MAPE value, which is equal to 13.35%. However, the accuracy level of the BR model was very near to that of the AR model, with the R2 value suggesting a value of 0.90 and the MAPE value indicating a value of 14.43%. Moreover, the graphical user interface has also been developed for the strength prediction of alkali-activated composites, making it easy to get the required output from the selected inputs.
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17.
  • Ahmed, Sirwan Khalid, et al. (författare)
  • Knowledge, Attitude and Worry in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq during the Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak in 2022 : An Online Cross-Sectional Study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Vaccines. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-393X. ; 11:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The rapid spread of monkeypox (mpox) has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and worry levels of the general population in the Kurdistan region of Iraq regarding the ongoing mpox multi-country outbreak. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted between 27–30 July 2022, using a convenience sampling method. The questionnaire was adapted from previous studies addressing the same topic. The independent Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression were used to assess possible factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and worry toward mpox. A total of 510 respondents were included in the final analysis. The participants showed a moderate level of mpox knowledge, a neutral attitude towards mpox, and a relatively moderate worry level. The logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, marital status, religion, level of education, and place of residence were associated with mpox knowledge; however, the significant variables in the multivariate regression analysis were gender, religion, level of education, and residential area. Gender and residential area were associated with attitudes toward mpox; however, the significant variables in the multivariate regression analysis were gender and residential areas. The worry toward mpox was influenced by gender, marital status, religion, and place of residence, yet the significant variables in the multivariate regression analysis were gender, religion, educational level, and residential area. In conclusion, the Kurdish population had moderate knowledge, a neutral attitude, and a moderate level of worry about mpox. Considering the continuous rapid rise in mpox cases in several countries, and its possible risk as pandemic amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, proactive control measures, adequate disease prevention strategies, and preparedness plans need to be formulated and immediately implemented to tackle the appearance of fears among people, and to safeguard the mental health of the public.
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18.
  • Al Amin, A., et al. (författare)
  • Design and performance analysis of 3.4 ghz rectangular microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation. - : Praise Worthy Prize. - 2039-5086 .- 2039-5094. ; 7:1, s. 80-86
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wireless communication provides low-cost, high-speed and flexible communication in present days. Hence antenna plays a vital role in the wireless communication sector. The main concern of this paper is therefore to design a 3.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. Moreover, the feed probe based rectangular patch antenna will be designed. The performance of the designed rectangular patch antenna will be evaluated by analysing the major parameters of the simulation results. Hence the radiation pattern, gain, impedance matching and reflection coefficient or return loss calculation will be executed by the HFSS software to evaluate the performance of the antenna. 
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19.
  • Al Manmi, Diary Ali Mohammed Amin, et al. (författare)
  • Soil and Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Delineation of Intensity Risk Map in Sulaymaniyah City, NE of Iraq
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 11:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Groundwater and soil pollution caused by (PAHs) spills, mostly from the oil industry and petrol stations in urban areas, represent a major environmental concern worldwide. However, infiltration into groundwater is decreasing due to the natural attenuation processes of PAHs in the vadose zone, which protect invaluable groundwater resources against contamination. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of improper management of the petroleum industry on the groundwater and soil surrounding the petrol station and an oil refinery unit and, furthermore, to prepare the polluted risk intensity (PRI) map. Fifty-one soil samples and twenty-five water samples were analyzed for Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPLs), and one soil sample for Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPLs); furthermore, six soil samples analyzed for Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) analysis. The results showed that seventeen wells were polluted with LNAPLs and the soils were highly contaminated with different DNAPLs components and mainly was in the form of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Seven factors introduced to the GIS platform to produce PRI map, which is the distance to source, depth to water table, slope, lineaments, lithology, soil, and recharge rate. The final map revealed that the eastern and western parts of the study area are at a very high-risk level, whereas the center is at a very low to low-risk level.
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20.
  • Amin, Mohammed A., et al. (författare)
  • Elemental Variability of PM2.5 Aerosols in Historical and Modern Areas of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4433. ; 13:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Air particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5) were assembled for a whole year from the historical Jeddah district. Additional PM2.5 aerosols were collected during the autumn and winter seasons from another newly constructed district in Jeddah city (Alnaeem). The annual concentration of the total mass of the PM2.5 aerosols from the historical Jeddah site was found to be 43 ± 6 µg/m3. In addition, the average of the total mass concentration at the Alnaeem site was 61 ± 14 µg/m3. These values were greater than the annual mass concentration of the air quality standards of the European Commission (25 µg/m3) and the World Health Organization (10 µg/m3). The elemental analysis of the collected fine atmospheric aerosols was achieved by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) with three secondary targets (CaF2, Ge, and Mo). Quantitative elemental analyses of twenty-two (22) elements were achieved starting from the low atomic number element (Na) up to the high atomic number element (Pb). Although the historical Jeddah site is not well organized, the elemental concentrations and total mass concentrations were lower than those of the other site. The statistical analyses including enrichment factors, correlation analysis, and the principal component analysis revealed more information about the source identification of the PM2.5 aerosols collected from both locations. It was recognized that the elements Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Rb, and Sr originated from a natural source. On the other hand, the elements Ta, Br, Pb, Sc, Ni, Cu, Zn, and S originated from anthropogenic sources. Finally, the elements Na, Cl, and Br came mainly from the sea spray source.
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21.
  • Amin, Mohammed A., et al. (författare)
  • Non-Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide-Supported 2-Picolyamine-Based Zinc(II) Complexes as Novel Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Catalysts. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4344. ; 12:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Three mononuclear 2-picolylamine-containing zinc(III) complexes viz [(2-PA)2ZnCl]2(ZnCl4)] (Zn1), [(2-PA)2Zn(H2O)](NO3)2] (Zn2) and [Zn(2-PA)2(OH)]NO3] (Zn3) were synthesized and fully characterized. Spectral and X-ray structural characteristics showed that the Zn1 complex has a square-pyramidal coordination environment around a zinc(II) core. The hydroxide complex Zn3 was non-covalently functionalized with few layers of graphene oxide (GO) sheets, formed by exfoliation of GO in water. The resulting Zn3/GO hybrid material was characterized by FT-IR, TGA-DSC, SEM-EDX and X-ray powder diffraction. The way of interaction of Zn3 with GO has been established through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both experimental and theoretical findings indicate that, on the surface of GO, the complex Zn3 forms a complete double-sided adsorption layer. Zn3 and its hybrid form Zn3/GO have been individually investigated as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The hybrid heterogenized form Zn3/GO was supported on glassy carbon (GC) with variable loading densities of Zn3 (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg cm−2) to form electrodes. These electrodes have been tested as molecular electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.1 M KOH. Results showed that both GC-Zn3 and GC-Zn3/GO catalysts for the HER are highly active, and with increase of the catalyst’s loading density, this catalytic activity enhances. The high catalytic activity of HER with a low onset potential of −140 mV vs. RHE and a high exchange current density of 0.22 mA cm−2 is achieved with the highest loading density of Zn3 (0.8 mg cm−2). To achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, an overpotential of 240 mV was needed.
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22.
  • Amin, Mohammed Nurul, et al. (författare)
  • Electrical and optical characteristics of Infrared Photodetectors based on InP nanowire
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: 14th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, ICCIT 2011. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE. ; , s. 629-634
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • High speed photodetectors are most sophisticated optoelectronic devices, because it has high photo sensitivity, and allow a large wavelength range of detection as a receiver from 750 nm to 1.3-1.55 μm in the optical communication system. Since the last decade, the electrical and optical characteristics of photodetectors have been investigated to improve their performance and price. We have worked on two different type of infrared photodetectors based on nanowire. One photodetector was p-n photodiode, and the other one was p-i-n structure. We investigated the detector performance at 77K-300K temperature corresponding with wavelength in darkness and under illumination as regarding breakdown voltage, sensitivity, and quantum efficiency. We have also compared the differences between the two photodetectors performance characteristics. © 2011 IEEE.
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23.
  • Amin, Nuhu, et al. (författare)
  • Dependency of sanitation infrastructure on the discharge of faecal coliform and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in wastewater from COVID and non-COVID hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 867
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater can be used as an indicator of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in specific catchment areas. We conducted a hospital-based study to explore wastewater management in healthcare facilities and analyzed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the hospital wastewater in Dhaka city during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak between September 2020-January 2021. We selected three COVID-hospitals, two non-COVID-hospitals, and one non-COVID-hospital with COVID wards, conducted spot-checks of the sanitation systems (i.e., toilets, drainage, and septic-tank), and collected 90 untreated wastewater effluent samples (68 from COVID and 22 from non-COVID hospitals). E. coli was detected using a membrane filtration technique and reported as colony forming unit (CFU). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using the iTaq Universal Probes One-Step kit for RT-qPCR amplification of the SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab and N gene targets and quantified for SARS-CoV-2 genome equivalent copies (GEC) per mL of sample. None of the six hospitals had a primary wastewater treatment facility; two COVID hospitals had functional septic tanks, and the rest of the hospitals had either broken onsite systems or no containment of wastewater. Overall, 100 % of wastewater samples were positive with a high concentration of E.coli (mean = 7.0 log10 CFU/100 mL). Overall, 67 % (60/90) samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The highest SARS-CoV-2 concentrations (median: 141 GEC/mL; range: 13-18,214) were detected in wastewater from COVID-hospitals, and in non-COVID-hospitals, the median SARS-CoV-2 concentration was 108 GEC/mL (range: 30-1829). Our results indicate that high concentrations of E. coli and SARS-CoV-2 were discharged through the hospital wastewa-ter (both COVID and non-COVID) without treatment into the ambient water bodies. Although there is no evidence for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via wastewater, this study highlights the significant risk posed by wastewater from health care facilities in Dhaka for the many other diseases that are spread via faecal oral route. Hospitals in low-income settings could function as sentinel sites to monitor outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance systems. Hospitals should aim to adopt the appropriate wastewater treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of pathogens into the environment and mitigate environmental exposures.
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24.
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25.
  • Beal, Jacob, et al. (författare)
  • Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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26.
  • Darwich, Adam S., et al. (författare)
  • IMI - Oral biopharmaceutics tools project - Evaluation of bottom-up PBPK prediction success part 3 : Identifying gaps in system parameters by analysing In Silico performance across different compound classes
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 96, s. 626-642
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Three Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic software packages (GI-Sim, Simcyp (R) Simulator, and GastroPlus (TM)) were evaluated as part of the Innovative Medicine Initiative Oral Biopharmaceutics Tools project (OrBiTo) during a blinded "bottom-up" anticipation of human pharmacokinetics. After data analysis of the predicted vs. measured pharmacokinetics parameters, it was found that oral bioavailability (F-oral) was underpredicted for compounds with low permeability, suggesting improper estimates of intestinal surface area, colonic absorption and/or lack of intestinal transporter information. Foralwas also underpredicted for acidic compounds, suggesting overestimation of impact of ionisation on permeation, lack of information on intestinal transporters, or underestimation of solubilisation of weak acids due to less than optimal intestinal model pH settings or underestimation of bile micelle contribution. F-oral was overpredicted for weak bases, suggesting inadequate models for precipitation or lack of in vitro precipitation information to build informed models. Relative bioavailability was underpredicted for both high logP compounds as well as poorly water-soluble compounds, suggesting inadequate models for solubility/dissolution, underperforming bile enhancement models and/or lack of biorelevant solubility measurements. These results indicate areas for improvement in model software, modelling approaches, and generation of applicable input data. However, caution is required when interpreting the impact of drug-specific properties in this exercise, as the availability of input parameters was heterogeneous and highly variable, and the modellers generally used the data "as is" in this blinded bottom-up prediction approach.
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27.
  • Haque, Rehnuma, et al. (författare)
  • Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater of Dhaka City, Bangladesh : approach to complement public health surveillance systems
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Human Genomics. - : Springer Nature. - 1473-9542 .- 1479-7364. ; 17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundWastewater-based epidemiological surveillance has been considered a powerful tool for early detection and monitoring of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and its lineages circulating in a community. This study is aimed to investigate the complexity of SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in Dhaka city by examining its genetic variants in wastewater. Also, the study seeks to determine a connection between the SARS-CoV-2 variations detected in clinical testing and those found in wastewater samples.ResultsOut of 504 samples tested in RT-qPCR, 185 (36.7%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. The median log10 concentration of SARS-CoV-2 N gene copies/Liter of wastewater (gc/L) was 5.2, and the median log10 concentration of ORF1ab was 4.9. To further reveal the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2, ten samples with ORF1ab real-time RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 28.78 to 32.13 were subjected to whole genome sequencing using nanopore technology. According to clade classification, sequences from wastewater samples were grouped into 4 clades: 20A, 20B, 21A, 21J, and the Pango lineage, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.25, and B.1.617.2, with coverage ranging from 94.2 to 99.8%. Of them, 70% belonged to clade 20B, followed by 10% to clade 20A, 21A, and 21J. Lineage B.1.1.25 was predominant in Bangladesh and phylogenetically related to the sequences from India, the USA, Canada, the UK, and Italy. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was first identified in clinical samples at the beginning of May 2021. In contrast, we found that it was circulating in the community and was detected in wastewater in September 2020.ConclusionEnvironmental surveillance is useful for monitoring temporal and spatial trends of existing and emerging infectious diseases and supports evidence-based public health measures. The findings of this study supported the use of wastewater-based epidemiology and provided the baseline data for the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the wastewater environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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28.
  • Haque, Rehnuma, et al. (författare)
  • Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh : Opportunities and challenges
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-5844. ; 27, s. 100334-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health crisis of global concern. The progression of the COVID-19 pandemic has been monitored in the first place by testing symptomatic individuals for SARS-CoV-2 virus in the respiratory samples. Concurrently, wastewater carries feces, urine, and sputum that potentially contains SARS-CoV-2 intact virus or partially damaged viral genetic materials excreted by infected individuals. This brings significant opportunities for understanding the infection dynamics by environmental surveillance. It has advantages for the country, especially in densely populated areas where individual clinical testing is difficult. However, there are several challenges including: 1) establishing a sampling plan and schedule that is representative of the various catchment populations 2) development and validation of standardized protocols for the laboratory analysis 3) understanding hydraulic flows and virus transport in complex wastewater drainage systems and 4) collaborative efforts from government agencies, NGOs, public health units and academia.
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29.
  • Harash, Fayez, et al. (författare)
  • Local Moho distribution in the eastern Mediterranean region from gravity inversion: eastern Mediterranean Sea
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Earth Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-6463. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigates the variations of surface Moho inverted from Bouguer gravity data beneath the northwestern Arabian plate. The results were obtained by applying the 3DINVER program developed in a MATLAB environment using the Parker–Oldenburg method. The calculation results show that the maximum Moho depth observed in the western Arabian shield approaches more than 40 km, while the minimum values of 16–20 km are mainly concentrated beneath the Mediterranean Sea. A key innovation of this study is its implementation of exponential density contrast decrease in the sediment–basement interface in the Syrian part of the Arabian plate. The gravity anomaly of the sediment is computed using a density contrast which varies exponentially with depth, leading to a more accurate representation of the subsurface structure and offering valuable insights into the geodynamic processes and seismogenic potential of the area. To validate the inverted results from the 3DINVER program, the study compares these findings with seismic results that show good agreement with our results from the same region. This leads to a better understanding of the crustal structure and provides insights into its implications for the geodynamic and seismogenic nature of the northwestern Arabian plate—critical for assessing the potential for earthquakes and other geological hazards. The density contrast between the Earth’s crust and mantle can be related to variations in the composition, temperature, and pressure of the rocks. These factors influence the mechanical properties of the crust, ultimately affecting the tectonic processes and seismic activity in the region.
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30.
  • Islam, Md. Aminul, et al. (författare)
  • A 30-day follow-up study on the prevalence of SARS-COV-2 genetic markers in wastewater from the residence of COVID-19 patient and comparison with clinical positivity
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 858, s. 159350-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) is an important tool to fight against COVID-19 as it provides insights into the health status of the targeted population from a small single house to a large municipality in a cost-effective, rapid, and non-invasive way. The implementation of wastewater based surveillance (WBS) could reduce the burden on the public health system, management of pandemics, help to make informed decisions, and protect public health. In this study, a house with COVID-19 patients was targeted for monitoring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers in wastewa-ter samples (WS) with clinical specimens (CS) for a period of 30 days. RT-qPCR technique was employed to target non-structural (ORF1ab) and structural-nucleocapsid (N) protein genes of SARS-CoV-2, according to a validated experimental protocol. Physiological, environmental, and biological parameters were also measured following the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard protocols. SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding in wastewater peaked when the highest number of COVID-19 cases were clinically diagnosed. Throughout the study period, 7450 to 23,000 gene copies/1000 mL were detected, where we identified 47 % (57/120) positive samples from WS and 35 % (128/360) from CS. When the COVID-19 patient number was the lowest (2), the highest CT value (39.4; i.e., lowest copy number) was identified from WS. On the other hand, when the COVID-19 patients were the highest (6), the lowest CT value (25.2 i.e., highest copy numbers) was obtained from WS. An advance signal of increased SARS-CoV-2 viral load from the COVID-19 patient was found in WS earlier than in the CS. Using customized primer sets in a traditional PCR approach, we confirmed that all SARS-CoV-2 variants identified in both CS and WS were Delta variants (B.1.617.2). To our knowledge, this is the first follow-up study to determine a temporal relationship be-tween COVID-19 patients and their discharge of SARS-CoV-2 RNA genetic markers in wastewater from a single house including all family members for clinical sampling from a developing country (Bangladesh), where a proper sewage system is lacking. The salient findings of the study indicate that monitoring the genetic markers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater could identify COVID-19 cases, which reduces the burden on the public health system during COVID-19 pandemics.
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31.
  • Islam, Mohammed Alimul, et al. (författare)
  • A Novel Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 21:21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The goal of the study was to develop a specific, sensitive, and cost-effective molecular RT-PCR diagnostic assay for the rapid and simultaneous detection of the serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from sera of suspected febrile patients. A single-tube, single-step multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay was designed for the detection of viral genomes from clinical and field samples. Specificity and sensitivity of the mRT-PCR assay were evaluated against six different combinations using two reverse transcriptases (AMV-RT and RT-Ace) and three DNA polymerases (LA-Taq, rTaq, and Tth). Among the six combinations, the AMV-RT and LA-Taq combination was more specific and sensitive than other enzyme combinations for detecting viral genomes of DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 (p < 0.01), and for detecting viral genomes of CHIKV (p < 0.05). The detection limits of the mRT-PCR were 10 focus forming units (FFU) for CHIKV and 1 FFU, 20 FFU, 0.1 FFU, and 10 FFU for DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, respectively. The primers used for the mRT-PCR did not show any cross-reactivity among the serotypes of DENV or CHIKV. Specificity and sensitivity of the newly developed mRT-PCR were validated using serum samples collected from febrile patients during dengue outbreaks in Bangladesh. The sensitivity for serotype detection of DENV and CHIKV was superior to the virus isolation method and the antigen detection method using the Dengue NS1-Ag assay. This novel mRT-PCR method can be used for molecular epidemiological surveillance of DENV and CHIKV in epidemic and endemic countries.
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32.
  • Jakariya, Md., et al. (författare)
  • ICT-based solution for efficient fecal sludge management : An experience from Bangladesh
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8440. ; 9:4, s. e15200-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In Bangladesh, people primarily depend on on-site sanitation facilities (OSSF) with an immense challenge in achieving safe sanitation due to unplanned infrastructure development, improper management of fecal sludge, and inadequate monitoring. The commitment of attaining Sustain-able Development Goals (SDG) 6.2 (ensuring safe sanitation for all) by 2030 requires immediate attention in the management of fecal sludge for low-middle income countries. This paper pre-sented the findings, challenges, and possible ways forward from a study conducted to provide data for Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-based fecal sludge management (FSM) at a municipality in the northwest of Bangladesh. A total of 18,808 households and 407 institutions in Saidpur municipality, a non-sewered town in Nilphamari district, were studied to understand the type of containment structures and on-ground desludging practices. The study showed around 10% of containments were connected to the drains illegally, 95% of the people in Saidpur practiced unsafe disposal, and 7% still practiced open defecation. To identify these malpractices, the study also implemented an ICT-based sustainable solution through a web application that enabled the local administrator to have a global look at the sanitation scenario of the municipality. The dashboard was developed to create a total sanitation monitoring system, identify defaulters, allow target-based safe managed sanitation service strategies, and ensure sustainability in FSM. The study highlighted the accessibility of vacuum truck services projecting through a spatial map and identified methods to empty the septic tanks where Vacutag services are unavailable by engaging local pit emptiers. The innovative approach of fecal sludge man-agement will help not only to improve the existing sanitation practices but also raise community awareness to ensure sustainable sanitation system. Altogether, the web system will work as a medium to manage the faecal sludge for the existing co-compost plant where the faeces is con-verted into organic soil conditioner, creating prospects for a green business mechanism.
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33.
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34.
  • Khan, Inayat, et al. (författare)
  • Zinc-Coordination Polymer-Derived Porous Carbon-Supported Stable PtM Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 6:10, s. 6780-6790
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Porous carbon (PC) is obtained by carbonizing a zinc-coordination polymer (MOF-5) at 950 °C and PtM (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) nanoparticles (NPs), which are deposited on PC using the polyol method. Structural and morphological characterizations of the synthesized materials are carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and the porosity was determined using a N2 adsorption/desorption technique. The results revealed that PtM NPs are alloyed in the fcc phase and are well dispersed on the surface of PC. The electrochemical results show that PtM/PC 950 catalysts have higher methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) performances than commercial Pt/C (20%) catalysts. After 3000 s of chronoamperometry (CA) test, the MOR performances decreased in the order of Pt1Cu1/PC 950 > Pt1Ni1/PC 950 > Pt1Fe1/PC 950 > Pt1Zn1/PC 950 > Pt1Co1/PC 950. The high MOR activities of the synthesized catalysts are attributed to the effect of M on methanol dissociative chemisorption and improved tolerance of Pt against CO poisoning. The high specific surface area and porosity of the carbon support have an additional effect in boosting the MOR activities. Screening of the first row transition metals (d5+n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) alloyed with Pt binary catalysts for MOR shows that Pt with d8 (Ni) and d9 (Cu) transition metals, in equivalent atomic ratios, are good anode catalysts for alcohol fuel cells. 
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35.
  • Kilu, Rufai, 1973- (författare)
  • Shifting Gender Dynamics In Multinational Ghanaian Mine Jobs : Narratives on Organizational and Sociocultural Barriers
  • 2017
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Gender is one of the central organizing principles around which social and corporate innovation revolves. The multinational Ghanaian mining is dominated by men and masculinity cultures. To gain an adequate understanding of this phenomenon, it is prudent to explore its gendered nature. This thesis reflects consciously upon the pre-entry, organizational and sociocultural barriers affecting the effective participation of women in mine jobs. And beyond the barriers, it examines what changes have occurred, occasioning a shift in gender dynamics, leading to an increasing number of women participation in the industry? The current thesis adopts a case study method, deploying a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches; administered questionnaires, conducted individual interviews, observations, archival documents, and focus group discussions with respondents in four mining companies and a mining and technology university in Ghana. The AMOS–based structural equation modeling approach was used to analyze the quantitative data, while thematic and discourse analysis was employed in analyzing the qualitative narratives of the respondents. Results of the thesis point to the social construction of gender in science, engineering and technology education as a pre-entry barrier. Also, a complex web of male-dominance, gender bias, role models and mentorship constraints, coupled with unfriendly family work policies were noted organizational barriers. In furtherance, common prejudices, perceptions and stereotyped notions of gender roles in the mines constituted noted sociocultural factors constraining effective participation of women in mine work. However beyond the pre-entry, organizational and sociocultural barriers, the current thesis intuits a phenomenon of a ‘women’s revolution’ in the mines, witnessing collective efforts from Women in Mining Ghana as well as the mine workers’ organizations and allied institutions adopting gender strategic measures, such as the ‘ore solidarity,’ gender mainstreaming in admission programmes as well as gender-driven mining initiatives aimed at re-engineering or striking a shift in gender dynamics in the mine jobs of Ghana. Consequently, the classic and continuous male-dominance in Ghanaian mines constitute a considerable concern for mine work organizational development, with practical implications for the mining industry, employment, and  labor relation practices as well as public policy in Ghana. Therefore, affirmative action is recommended for gender deconstruction and promotion of gender democracy. Indeed this move for inclusivity will engender poverty eradication work towards achieving organizational modernization, their global competitiveness and an assurance for gender-driven social innovative mining.
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36.
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37.
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38.
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39.
  • Mahmood, Muhammad Ahmed, et al. (författare)
  • Correlation between Serum Tryptase Level and Disease Severity in Asthmatic Patients in the Sulaimani Governorate
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH & HEALTH SCIENCES. - 2319-5886. ; 5:6, s. 34-41
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways, characterized clinically by reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR). Tryptase is a neutral serine protease and is the most abundant mediator stored in mast cell granules. The release of tryptase from the secretory granules is a characteristic feature of mast cell degranulation in allergic diseases. This study aims to evaluate the difference between serum tryptase levels and asthma severity in the Sulaimani governorate. Five milliliters of venous blood were obtained from 85 healthy control and 85 asthmatic patients were subdivided into three groups; controlled asthma (n = 25), partly controlled asthma (n = 30) and uncontrolled asthma (n = 30). Serum tryptase level was analyzed by using sandwich ELISA. There was a significant difference among the study groups, with highest serum tryptase levels in the uncontrolled asthma group (7.68 +/- 0.65 ng/dl) and lowest levels in the controlled asthma group (4.4 +/- 0.15 ng/dl). Serum tryptase levels increase significantly with age. There was a significant difference between ex-smokers and never-smokers among asthmatic subjects. No significance in serum tryptase levels was found between males and females and between asthmatic subjects with negative and positive family history of asthma. Serum tryptase levels in uncontrolled asthma were significantly higher than in controlled asthma. Serum tryptase levels are elevated with age and also in ex-smoker asthmatic subjects. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of serum tryptase according to gender and family history of asthma.
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40.
  • Margolskee, Alison, et al. (författare)
  • IMI - oral biopharmaceutics tools project - evaluation of bottom-up PBPK prediction success part 1 : Characterisation of the OrBiTo database of compounds
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 96, s. 598-609
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Predicting oral bioavailability (F-oral) is of importance for estimating systemic exposure of orally administered drugs. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling and simulation have been applied extensively in biopharmaceutics recently. The Oral Biopharmaceutical Tools (OrBiTo) project (Innovative Medicines Initiative) aims to develop and improve upon biopharmaceutical tools, including PBPK absorption models. A large-scale evaluation of PBPK models may be considered the first step. Here we characterise the OrBiTo active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) database for use in a large-scale simulation study. The OrBiTo database comprised 83 APIs and 1475 study arms. The database displayed a median logP of 3.60 (2.40-4.58), human blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.62 (0.57-0.71), and fraction unbound in plasma of 0.05 (0.01-0.17). The database mainly consisted of basic compounds (48.19%) and Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II compounds (55.81%). Median human intravenous clearance was 16.9 L/h (interquartile range: 11.6-43.6 L/h; n = 23), volume of distribution was 80.8 L (54.5-239 L; n = 23). The majority of oral formulations were immediate release (IR: 87.6%). Human Foral displayed a median of 0.415 (0.203-0.724; n = 22) for IR formulations. The OrBiTo database was found to be largely representative of previously published datasets. 43 of the APIs were found to satisfy the minimum inclusion criteria for the simulation exercise, and many of these have significant gaps of other key parameters, which could potentially impact the interpretability of the simulation outcome. However, the OrBiTo simulation exercise represents a unique opportunity to perform a large-scale evaluation of the PBPK approach to predicting oral biopharmaceutics.
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41.
  • Margolskee, Alison, et al. (författare)
  • IMI - Oral biopharmaceutics tools project - Evaluation of bottom-up PBPK prediction success part 2 : An introduction to the simulation exercise and overview of results
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 96, s. 610-625
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Orally administered drugs are subject to a number of barriers impacting bioavailability (F-oral), causing challenges during drug and formulation development. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling can help during drug and formulation development by providing quantitative predictions through a systems approach. The performance of three available PBPK software packages (GI-Sim, Simcyp (R), and GastroPlus (TM)) were evaluated by comparing simulated and observed pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Since the availability of input parameters was heterogeneous and highly variable, caution is required when interpreting the results of this exercise. Additionally, this prospective simulation exercise may not be representative of prospective modelling in industry, as API information was limited to sparse details. 43 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the OrBiTo database were selected for the exercise. Over 4000 simulation output files were generated, representing over 2550 study arm-institution-software combinations and approximately 600 human clinical study arms simulated with overlap. 84% of the simulated study arms represented administration of immediate release formulations, 11% prolonged or delayed release, and 5% intravenous (i.v.). Higher percentages of i.v. predicted area under the curve (AUC) were within two-fold of observed (52.9%) compared to per oral (p.o.) (37.2%), however, F-oral and relative AUC (F-rel) between p.o. formulations and solutions were generally well predicted (64.7% and 75.0%). Predictive performance declined progressing from i.v. to solution and immediate release tablet, indicating the compounding error with each layer of complexity. Overall performance was comparable to previous large-scale evaluations. A general overprediction of AUC was observed with average fold error (AFE) of 1.56 over all simulations. AFE ranged from 0.0361 to 64.0 across the 43 APIs, with 25 showing overpredictions. Discrepancies between software packages were observed for a few APIs, the largest being 606, 171, and 81.7-fold differences in AFE between SimCYP and GI-Sim, however average performance was relatively consistent across the three software platforms.
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42.
  • Mohammed, Przha Fadhil, et al. (författare)
  • Role of Cytokines (IL-17 & IL-33), FGF-18, and WNT-5 in the Pathogenesis of Patients with Established Type II Diabetes
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A. - : University of Sulaimani. - 1812-4100. ; 25:2, s. 450-459
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Biomarker investigation is important to detect the presence/severity of hyperglycemia, implying diabetes/pre-diabetes, or over time, as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and other vascular complications related to diabetes.Objectives: To determine the role and level of certain cytokines, FGF-18, and WNT5A in the serum of diabetic patients.Patients and Methods: A case-control comparative study was conducted on 50 healthy individuals and 100 diabetic patients. Then; a validated questionnaire was used to collect the participants’ data. Next, participants’ serum level of IL-17, IL-33, FGF-18, and WNT5A was determined using the ELISA technique and the blood level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C).Results: A highly significant difference in the levels of HbA1C and FGF-18 and a significant difference in levels of IL-17 and IL-33, with no significant difference in WNT-5A level, were seen between the studied groups. There was no significant difference between the biomarkers level and each gender, age, BMI, and duration of DM in the patients (p>0.05). A positive correlation was observed between the number of symptoms in the patients and levels of IL-17 (p=0.003) and IL-33 (p=0.018). Also, a positive correlation between IL-17 and IL33 (Rho=0.874, p<0.001), IL-17 and FGF-18 (p=0.023), as well as between IL-33 and FGF-18 (p=0.041) were seen.Conclusion: It is realized that IL-17, IL33, and FGF-18 expression are directly related to DM, Additionally, a positive correlation between most biomarkers was seen. The detection of the cytokines’ levels and their relations with diabetic will affect the diagnosis, knowledge about the disease immunology, and thereafter effects on the treatments of patients with diabetic depending on our findings.
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43.
  • Mohammed, Zainab Khaleel, et al. (författare)
  • Interplay of clinical biomarkers in allergic asthma diagnosis and severity : A case-control study
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Cellular and Molecular Biology. - : CMB Association. - 0145-5680 .- 1165-158X. ; 70:5, s. 69-75
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Given asthma’s large phenotypic diversity, the study was aimed to use specific biomarkers to characterize Allergic asthma (AA) and its severity. Blood was collected from 42 healthy controls (HCs) and 96 patients with AA. Biomarkers related to blood cell number and function: total leukocyte count (TLCs), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), immunoglobulin E (IgE), tryptase and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) as well as remodelling biomarkers (Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), (MMP-16), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-18) and (FGF-23) and alpha-skeletal muscle actin-1 (ACTa-1) were measured. Significant differences were observed in hematological parameters with higher levels of total leukocytes, eosinophil, and basophil counts in the AA group compared to HCs. The disease group also had significantly higher levels of several serum biomarkers (IgE, TPs, ECP, MMP-9, MMP-16, FGF-18, FGF-23, and ACTa-1) compared to HC. Forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) had a strong negative correlation with ECP, IgE, and ACTa-1. FEV1 was negatively correlated with MMP-16 and tryptase. Patients with AA have higher levels of several biomarkers, such as MMP-9, MMP-16, FGF-18, FGF-23, IgE, tryptase, and ACTa-1. In addition, IgE, tryptase, ACTa-1, and MMP-16 are related to lung function impairment in AA. This indicates that measuring multiple biomarkers may be of value in the future when diagnosing and monitoring AA.
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44.
  • Munk, P., et al. (författare)
  • Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.
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45.
  • Pilesjo, Petter, et al. (författare)
  • Features of the international MSC educational programme in environmental management and modelling
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Geodesy and Cartography. - : Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. - 2029-6991 .- 2029-7009. ; 44:4, s. 134-139
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • “International Msc Educational Programme in Environmental Management and Modelling” (GeoNetC) is a European Commission funded project under ERASMUS+: Higher Education – International Capacity Building programme (Project No 561967-EPP-1-2015-1-SE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP). It began in October 2015 and ended in October 2018. Initiated by the Lund University and partners from the Middle East countries, the GeoNetC project is an ambitious project aiming to match labour market needs with geospatial education offer both in Europe and Middle East countries. The aim of this three-year project is to enable European universities to exchange best practices and innovation with each other and with Middle Eastern universities regarding the mismatch between Europe’s geospatial education and training and the geospatial education in Middle East countries. There is a growing need for well-trained students at all levels – vocational, bachelors, masters – in the field of geospatial technologies. Obviously there is a growing number of jobs available in land surveying, mapping data collection, data processing, data delivery and turning data into information in both European and Middle East countries. Through cooperation, all partners will improve the quality of their respective academic programs. The European partners will make their courses more attractive and well adjusted for students from the Middle East. As well, they will increase the general quality and add state-of-the-art learning components to their offerings, and the partners from the region will significantly increase the academic level and quality in the education they provide. There will be spin-offs into other subjects than environment/Geomatics, since both the pedagogic models developed (e.g. e-Learning) and communication and administrative tools can be used throughout the partner universities. Therefore, this partnership cooperation will be of great value to Partner Countries as well as to Programme Countries. A number of distance learning courses/modules are developed jointly by partner institutions in Europe and the Middle East. The main aim of the network is to promote the use of spatial information and earth observation for environmental management and modelling through capacity building and institutional development, via a network in which all partners would contribute from their own positions of strength. All 13 modules are following EU higher education standards regarding e.g. ECTS, and learning outcomes. The outcome of the project, in terms of courses/modules, will be freely used among the partners, with the possibilities of offering individual courses or a whole MSc programme, whether individually or together. All produced material was evaluated/quality controlled by an external evaluation group of independent experts within environmental management and modelling, higher education, as well as pedagogy.
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46.
  • Plomion, Christophe, et al. (författare)
  • Oak genome reveals facets of long lifespan
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: NATURE PLANTS. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2055-026X .- 2055-0278. ; 4:7, s. 440-452
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Oaks are an important part of our natural and cultural heritage. Not only are they ubiquitous in our most common landscapes' but they have also supplied human societies with invaluable services, including food and shelter, since prehistoric times(2). With 450 species spread throughout Asia, Europe and America(3), oaks constitute a critical global renewable resource. The longevity of oaks (several hundred years) probably underlies their emblematic cultural and historical importance. Such long-lived sessile organisms must persist in the face of a wide range of abiotic and biotic threats over their lifespans. We investigated the genomic features associated with such a long lifespan by sequencing, assembling and annotating the oak genome. We then used the growing number of whole-genome sequences for plants (including tree and herbaceous species) to investigate the parallel evolution of genomic characteristics potentially underpinning tree longevity. A further consequence of the long lifespan of trees is their accumulation of somatic mutations during mitotic divisions of stem cells present in the shoot apical meristems. Empirical(4) and modelling(5) approaches have shown that intra-organismal genetic heterogeneity can be selected for(6) and provides direct fitness benefits in the arms race with short-lived pests and pathogens through a patchwork of intra-organismal phenotypes(7). However, there is no clear proof that large-statured trees consist of a genetic mosaic of clonally distinct cell lineages within and between branches. Through this case study of oak, we demonstrate the accumulation and transmission of somatic mutations and the expansion of disease-resistance gene families in trees.
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47.
  • Prencipe, Alessandro, 1994- (författare)
  • Nanophotonic devices in thin film lithium niobate
  • 2024
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Photonic devices play a fundamental role in today’s society and are a central building blocks for numerous applications, ranging from modern internet to sensing and manufacturing, and photonics is foreseen to be the backbone of future quantum internet and quantum communication systems thanks to the long coherence time of light. At variance with electronic integrated circuits, where silicon has been the material of election for many decades, in the case of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) there are numerous options available for the material substrate. One of the most promising platforms for future PICs is thin film lithium niobate (TFLN). Lithium niobate (LN) is a ferroelectric crystal characterized by a wide transparency window and excellent electro- and nonlinear optical properties. Additionally the thin film format allows the implementation of submicrometric devices, characterized by a footprint similar to the one realized on silicon and silicon nitride but with improved capabilities in terms of coherent electrical control of light and more efficient on-chip photon-photon interactions. This thesis demonstrates a few novel nanophotonic devices and contributes to the quickly developing TFLN technology platform, encompassing also hybrid integration processes. In term of monolithic TFLN nanowaveguide components, nanostructuring capabilities for ultrasmall footprint photonic devices have been developed and utilized to implement high quality factor resonators based on waveguide integrated phase shifted Bragg gratings (PSBG). The response of these devices, operating at telecom wavelength and characterized by a transmission bandwidth as narrow as 8.8 pm (corresponding to a quality factor Q in excess of 1.7×105) and by a footprint smaller than 500 μm2, was analyzed with the help of a model based on coupled mode theory (CMT) showing excellent agreement with the experimental data. This model provides insights on fabricated device losses and useful guidelines for the design of optimized PSBG. While spanning the full parameter space for device fabrication and optimization, deviations from such a model were also experimentally observed. Upon further investigation, these effects were explained as the results of a Fano resonance occurring in the PSBG structure involving the interaction of TE00 and TM01 modes in the supporting waveguide. The effect results in a narrowband and asymmetric response which can be tuned upon changing the waveguide design, as confirmed by experiments and simulations. The excellent sensitivity to refractive index changes of PSBG devices was leveraged to develop a comprehensive study of the electro- and the thermo- optical properties of X-cut TFLN. The study highlights the advantages and the limits of both approaches to device trimming and reconfigurability. The thesis includes also experimental contributions to dispersion-engineered TFLN waveguides, whose properties were characterized for fundamental TE and TM modes as function of the waveguide geometry in the telecom band by means of dual comb spectroscopy. This thesis addresses also hybrid photonic devices for on-chip light detection and emission, specifically demonstrating the integration of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and erbium emitters in TFLN. SNSPDs based on niobium-titanium-nitride (NbTiN) were integrated onto single mode TFLN nanowaveguides and their spectral sensitivity was leveraged to implement on-chip wavelength meters working in the telecom C- and L- bands, achieving photon counting and spectral sensitivity on a single waveguide- integrated device. Furthermore, a process for the effective incorporation of Er ions in TFLN was successfully developed in collaboration with researches at the university of Manchester. Structural and optical characterization of the Er:TFLN samples indicates essentially no disruption to the intrinsic properties of the LN crystal. The photoluminescence from the implanted films, emitting in the C-band, was studied as a function of temperature. The results hold promise for the implementation of a complete platform for on-chip quantum photonic circuits in the 1550 nm band, capable of operating at cryogenic temperature comprising on-demand single photon sources, electro-optic photon routing and manipulation as well as detection in TFLN circuits.
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48.
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49.
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50.
  • Sepanlou, Sadaf G., et al. (författare)
  • The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. - 2468-1253. ; 5:3, s. 245-266
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (collectively referred to as cirrhosis in this paper) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, although the burden and underlying causes differ across locations and demographic groups. We report on results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 on the burden of cirrhosis and its trends since 1990, by cause, sex, and age, for 195 countries and territories. Methods We used data from vital registrations, vital registration samples, and verbal autopsies to estimate mortality. We modelled prevalence of total, compensated, and decompensated cirrhosis on the basis of hospital and claims data. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. Estimates are presented as numbers and age-standardised or age-specific rates per 100 000 population, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). All estimates are presented for five causes of cirrhosis: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and other causes. We compared mortality, prevalence, and DALY estimates with those expected according to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) as a proxy for the development status of regions and countries. Findings In 2017, cirrhosis caused more than 1.32 million (95% UI 1.27-1.45) deaths (440000 [416 000-518 000; 33.3%] in females and 883 000 [838 000-967 000; 66.7%] in males) globally, compared with less than 899 000 (829 000-948 000) deaths in 1990. Deaths due to cirrhosis constituted 2.4% (2.3-2.6) of total deaths globally in 2017 compared with 1.9% (1.8-2.0) in 1990. Despite an increase in the number of deaths, the age-standardised death rate decreased from 21.0 (19.2-22.3) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 16.5 (15.8-18-1) per 100 000 population in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest age-standardised death rate among GBD super-regions for all years of the study period (32.2 [25.8-38.6] deaths per 100 000 population in 2017), and the high-income super-region had the lowest (10.1 [9.8-10-5] deaths per 100 000 population in 2017). The age-standardised death rate decreased or remained constant from 1990 to 2017 in all GBD regions except eastern Europe and central Asia, where the age-standardised death rate increased, primarily due to increases in alcohol-related liver disease prevalence. At the national level, the age-standardised death rate of cirrhosis was lowest in Singapore in 2017 (3.7 [3.3-4.0] per 100 000 in 2017) and highest in Egypt in all years since 1990 (103.3 [64.4-133.4] per 100 000 in 2017). There were 10.6 million (10.3-10.9) prevalent cases of decompensated cirrhosis and 112 million (107-119) prevalent cases of compensated cirrhosis globally in 2017. There was a significant increase in age-standardised prevalence rate of decompensated cirrhosis between 1990 and 2017. Cirrhosis caused by NASH had a steady age-standardised death rate throughout the study period, whereas the other four causes showed declines in age-standardised death rate. The age-standardised prevalence of compensated and decompensated cirrhosis due to NASH increased more than for any other cause of cirrhosis (by 33.2% for compensated cirrhosis and 54.8% for decompensated cirrhosis) over the study period. From 1990 to 2017, the number of prevalent cases snore than doubled for compensated cirrhosis due to NASH and more than tripled for decompensated cirrhosis due to NASH. In 2017, age-standardised death and DALY rates were lower among countries and territories with higher SDI. Interpretation Cirrhosis imposes a substantial health burden on many countries and this burden has increased at the global level since 1990, partly due to population growth and ageing. Although the age-standardised death and DALY rates of cirrhosis decreased from 1990 to 2017, numbers of deaths and DALYs and the proportion of all global deaths due to cirrhosis increased. Despite the availability of effective interventions for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B and C, they were still the main causes of cirrhosis burden worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. The impact of hepatitis B and C is expected to be attenuated and overtaken by that of NASH in the near future. Cost-effective interventions are required to continue the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis, and to achieve early diagnosis and prevention of cirrhosis due to alcohol-related liver disease and NASH.
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